Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions.[1][2]
Immunosuppression
Micrograph showing an opportunistic infection due to immunosuppression - large (blue) cell below-center-left infected with a polyomavirus. Urine cytology specimen.
AzathioprineWhite blood cells (and red blood cells)
Administration of immunosuppressive medications or immunosuppressants is the main method for deliberately inducing immunosuppression; in optimal circumstances, immunosuppressive drugs primarily target hyperactive components of the immune system.[5] People in remission from cancer who require immunosuppression are not more likely to experience a recurrence.[6] Throughout its history, radiation therapy has been used to decrease the strength of the immune system.[7] Dr. Joseph Murray of Brigham and Women's Hospital was given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 for work on immunosuppression.[8]
Steroids were the first class of immunosuppressant drugs identified, though side-effects of early compounds limited their use. The more specific[vague]azathioprine was identified in 1960, but it was the discovery of ciclosporin in 1980 (together with azathioprine) that allowed significant expansion of transplantation to less well-matched donor-recipient pairs as well as broad application to lung transplantation, pancreas transplantation, and heart transplantation.[3] After an organ transplantation, the body will nearly always reject the new organ(s) due to differences in human leukocyte antigen between the donor and recipient. As a result, the immune system detects the new tissue as "foreign", and attempts to remove it by attacking it with white blood cells, resulting in the death of the donated tissue. Immunosuppressants are administered in order to help prevent rejection; however, the body becomes more vulnerable to infections and malignancy during the course of such treatment.[11][12][13]
Immunodeficiency is also a potential adverse effect of many immunosuppressant drugs, in this sense, the scope of the term immunosuppression in general includes both beneficial and potential adverse effects of decreasing the function of the immune system.[14]
B cell deficiency and T cell deficiency are immune impairment that individuals are born with or are acquired, which in turn can lead to immunodeficiency problems.[15]Nezelof syndrome is an example of an immunodeficiency of T-cells.[16]
^"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". National Cancer Institute. 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
^Wiseman, Alexander C. (2016-02-05). "Immunosuppressive Medications". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 11 (2): 332–343. doi:10.2215/CJN.08570814. ISSN 1555-9041. PMC4741049. PMID 26170177.
^Shelton, Edward; Laharie, David; Scott, Frank I.; Mamtani, Ronac; Lewis, James D.; Colombel, Jean-Frederic; Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N. (July 2016). "Cancer Recurrence Following Immune-Suppressive Therapies in Patients With Immune-Mediated Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Gastroenterology. 151 (1): 97–109.e4. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.03.037. PMC4925196. PMID 27039969.
^Ladwig, Gail B.; Ackley, Betty J.; Makic, Mary Beth Flynn (2016-03-15). Mosby's Guide to Nursing Diagnosis - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 28. ISBN9780323390279.
^"Joseph E. Murray - Facts". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
^"Immunosuppression". National Cancer Institute. 2015-04-29. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
^Chandrashekara, S. (2012). "The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: A review". Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 44 (6): 665–671. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.103235. ISSN 0253-7613. PMC3523489. PMID 23248391.
^"Transplant rejection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
^"Immunology of Transplant Rejection: Overview, History, Types of Grafts". 2017-03-09. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Charles A Janeway, Jr; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark J. (2001). "Responses to alloantigens and transplant rejection". Garland Science. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Lallana, Enrico C; Fadul, Camilo E (2011). "Toxicities of Immunosuppressive Treatment of Autoimmune Neurologic Diseases". Current Neuropharmacology. 9 (3): 468–477. doi:10.2174/157015911796557939. ISSN 1570-159X. PMC3151601. PMID 22379461.
^"Immunodeficiency (Primary and Secondary). Information". patient.info. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
^Disorders, National Organization for Rare (2003). NORD Guide to Rare Disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 408. ISBN9780781730631. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
Further readingEdit
Boraschi, Diana; Penton-Rol, Giselle (2016-01-25). Immune Rebalancing: The Future of Immunosuppression. Academic Press. ISBN9780128033364.Retrieved 6 May 2017.
Thomson, A. W. (2001). Therapeutic Immunosuppression. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9789401007658. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
External linksEdit
PubMed
October 15, 2023
immunosuppression, reduction, activation, efficacy, immune, system, some, portions, immune, system, itself, have, immunosuppressive, effects, other, parts, immune, system, immunosuppression, occur, adverse, reaction, treatment, other, conditions, micrograph, s. Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions 1 2 ImmunosuppressionMicrograph showing an opportunistic infection due to immunosuppression large blue cell below center left infected with a polyomavirus Urine cytology specimen ICD 10 PCSD89 9MeSHD007165 edit on Wikidata In general deliberately induced immunosuppression is performed to prevent the body from rejecting an organ transplant 3 Additionally it is used for treating graft versus host disease after a bone marrow transplant or for the treatment of auto immune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus rheumatoid arthritis Sjogren s syndrome or Crohn s disease This is typically done using medications but may involve surgery splenectomy plasmapheresis or radiation A person who is undergoing immunosuppression or whose immune system is weak for some other reasons such as chemotherapy or HIV is said to be immunocompromised 4 Contents 1 Deliberately induced 2 Non deliberate immunosuppression 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksDeliberately induced EditFurther information Immunosuppressive drug nbsp Azathioprine nbsp White blood cells and red blood cells Administration of immunosuppressive medications or immunosuppressants is the main method for deliberately inducing immunosuppression in optimal circumstances immunosuppressive drugs primarily target hyperactive components of the immune system 5 People in remission from cancer who require immunosuppression are not more likely to experience a recurrence 6 Throughout its history radiation therapy has been used to decrease the strength of the immune system 7 Dr Joseph Murray of Brigham and Women s Hospital was given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 for work on immunosuppression 8 Immunosuppressive drugs have the potential to cause immunodeficiency which can increase susceptibility to opportunistic infection and decrease cancer immunosurveillance 9 Immunosuppressants may be prescribed when a normal immune response is undesirable such as in autoimmune diseases 10 Steroids were the first class of immunosuppressant drugs identified though side effects of early compounds limited their use The more specific vague azathioprine was identified in 1960 but it was the discovery of ciclosporin in 1980 together with azathioprine that allowed significant expansion of transplantation to less well matched donor recipient pairs as well as broad application to lung transplantation pancreas transplantation and heart transplantation 3 After an organ transplantation the body will nearly always reject the new organ s due to differences in human leukocyte antigen between the donor and recipient As a result the immune system detects the new tissue as foreign and attempts to remove it by attacking it with white blood cells resulting in the death of the donated tissue Immunosuppressants are administered in order to help prevent rejection however the body becomes more vulnerable to infections and malignancy during the course of such treatment 11 12 13 Non deliberate immunosuppression Edit nbsp LeukemiaFurther information Immunodeficiency Non deliberate immunosuppression can occur in for example ataxia telangiectasia complement deficiencies many types of cancer and certain chronic infections such as human immunodeficiency virus HIV The unwanted effect in non deliberate immunosuppression is immunodeficiency that results in increased susceptibility to pathogens such as bacteria and viruses 1 Immunodeficiency is also a potential adverse effect of many immunosuppressant drugs in this sense the scope of the term immunosuppression in general includes both beneficial and potential adverse effects of decreasing the function of the immune system 14 B cell deficiency and T cell deficiency are immune impairment that individuals are born with or are acquired which in turn can lead to immunodeficiency problems 15 Nezelof syndrome is an example of an immunodeficiency of T cells 16 See also EditImmunosuppressive drug Discovery and development of mTOR inhibitors BK virus Interleukin 2 immunotherapy B cell deficiency T cell deficiency Treatment methods for preventing organ rejectionReferences Edit a b Immunodeficiency disorders MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia medlineplus gov Retrieved 2017 05 06 NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms National Cancer Institute 2011 02 02 Retrieved 2017 05 06 a b Immunosuppression Overview History Drugs 2017 01 06 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms National Cancer Institute 2011 02 02 Retrieved 2019 11 28 Wiseman Alexander C 2016 02 05 Immunosuppressive Medications Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 11 2 332 343 doi 10 2215 CJN 08570814 ISSN 1555 9041 PMC 4741049 PMID 26170177 Shelton Edward Laharie David Scott Frank I Mamtani Ronac Lewis James D Colombel Jean Frederic Ananthakrishnan Ashwin N July 2016 Cancer Recurrence Following Immune Suppressive Therapies in Patients With Immune Mediated Diseases A Systematic Review and Meta analysis Gastroenterology 151 1 97 109 e4 doi 10 1053 j gastro 2016 03 037 PMC 4925196 PMID 27039969 Ladwig Gail B Ackley Betty J Makic Mary Beth Flynn 2016 03 15 Mosby s Guide to Nursing Diagnosis E Book Elsevier Health Sciences p 28 ISBN 9780323390279 Joseph E Murray Facts www nobelprize org Retrieved 2017 05 12 Immunosuppression National Cancer Institute 2015 04 29 Retrieved 2017 07 13 Chandrashekara S 2012 The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol A review Indian Journal of Pharmacology 44 6 665 671 doi 10 4103 0253 7613 103235 ISSN 0253 7613 PMC 3523489 PMID 23248391 Transplant rejection MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia medlineplus gov Retrieved 2017 07 14 Immunology of Transplant Rejection Overview History Types of Grafts 2017 03 09 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Charles A Janeway Jr Travers Paul Walport Mark Shlomchik Mark J 2001 Responses to alloantigens and transplant rejection Garland Science a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Lallana Enrico C Fadul Camilo E 2011 Toxicities of Immunosuppressive Treatment of Autoimmune Neurologic Diseases Current Neuropharmacology 9 3 468 477 doi 10 2174 157015911796557939 ISSN 1570 159X PMC 3151601 PMID 22379461 Immunodeficiency Primary and Secondary Information patient info Retrieved 2017 07 13 Disorders National Organization for Rare 2003 NORD Guide to Rare Disorders Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins p 408 ISBN 9780781730631 Retrieved 2 June 2017 Further reading EditBoraschi Diana Penton Rol Giselle 2016 01 25 Immune Rebalancing The Future of Immunosuppression Academic Press ISBN 9780128033364 Retrieved 6 May 2017 Thomson A W 2001 Therapeutic Immunosuppression Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 9789401007658 Retrieved 6 May 2017 External links EditPubMed Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Immunosuppression amp oldid 1158014720, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
