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Iceboat

August 31, 2023

An iceboat (occasionally spelled ice boat or traditionally called an ice yacht) is a recreational or competition sailing craft supported on metal runners for traveling over ice. One of the runners is steerable. Originally, such craft were boats with a support structure, riding on the runners and steered with a rear blade, as with a conventional rudder. As iceboats evolved, the structure became a frame with a seat or cockpit for the iceboat sailor, resting on runners. Steering was shifted to the front.

An iceboat at the 2011 DN European Championships in Nasva, Estonia
Ice sailing in the Netherlands in 1938.

Because of their low resistance to forward motion over ice, iceboats are capable of speeds exceeding 60 miles per hour (100 km/h). Because of their speed, iceboats are used both for recreation and for racing. Racing craft typically carry one person.

A related activity, land sailing, employs sailing craft similar to iceboats, but riding on wheels instead of runners.

History Edit

 
Ice boat on Saint Lawrence River, Quebec City, c. 1858–1860
 
Classic iceboats on the Hudson River at Barrytown, NY
 
Ice Boating in Toledo, Ohio

The history of iceboating began in Europe in areas where smooth ice was found in the bays of the Baltic Sea and the canals of the Netherlands. Initially boats were used for commerce, but soon evolved into pleasure craft—"ice yachts". Ice sailing came to North America, where the sailing craft evolved into recreational and racing versions.

Venues Edit

Iceboating began in the 17th century as a documented means of transport on the frozen Gulf of Riga and the canals of the Netherlands into the 18th century.[1] Ice boats carried cargo on Dutch canals during the 17th century.[2]

The first iceboats were introduced on New York State's Hudson River in the United States in 1790, where the practice flourished as a sport. The first recorded boat, built in 1790 by Oliver Booth of Poughkeepsie, was a square box atop three runners, the two forward runners being nailed to the box and the third acted as a rudder operated by a tiller. This type of craft was accessible to sportsmen of modest means.[3]

In the mid-19th century, two "ice yachting" clubs had formed, the Poughkeepsie Ice Yacht Club (1865) and the Hudson River Ice Yacht Club (1870), where wealthy boat owners sailed large iceboats with up to seven crew members. Boats were as long as 69 feet (21 m) and sailed as fast as 107 miles per hour (172 km/h), a record exceeding any other conveyance in 1885, set by the Icicle.[1] The first American Challenge Pennant occurred in 1881 on the Hudson river with five ice-yacht clubs competing. Races were sailed five times around a triangular course with one-mile legs, two of which were to windward. Iceboats were divided into four classes with sail areas ranging from less than 300 square feet to over 600 square feet.[4]

By the beginning of the 20th century, iceboating had spread to Minnesota (Lake Minnetonka and White Bear Lake), Wisconsin (Lake Winnebago and Lake Pepin), Michigan (Lake St. Clair), and venues in Maine and Vermont. In Canada, there were venues on Lake Ontario (Kingston) and the Saint Lawrence River.[4]

A European ice sailing club formed first in Sweden (1901), followed by the European Ice Yachting Union, which formed in 1928 with member states Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Sweden, Austria, and Germany.[1]

Evolution of design Edit

 
Dutch Iceboats, 17th century

17th-century Dutch ice yachts consisted of flat-bottomed sailboats atop a cross-wise plank, resting on outboard metal runners, which carried the bulk of the weight of the craft. At the stern was a steering runner, attached to a rudder-like structure. to which are affixed four steel runners, one each at bow, stern and each end of the planking. These boats used conventional gaff mainsails and jibs, attached to the mast by travellers. A tiller or wheel stern controls the steering runner.[4]

In the 19th century iceboats evolved into a box, riding on cross-pieces, supported by runners. These "stern-steerer" iceboats were generally rigged as sloops, with a jib sail forward of the mast, although the catboat style with a single sail was also used.[3] In 1879 the archetypical Hudson River iceboat began to emerge. The Robert Scott, designed and built by H. Relyea, had a single backbone and wire guy-ropes. The mast on subsequent boats were stepped further forward than in the past with shortened jibs were shortened and the center of effort and resistance brought into balance, aligning both with the main runners.[5] The shallow cockpit box became elliptical.[4] A few "Class A'' stern steerers with at least 250 square feet (23 m2) of sail area survived in to the late 20th century.[6]

In the early 1900s some smaller iceboats, called scooters, were designed to traverse both ice and water with a shallow, oval 15×5 feet (4.6×1.5 m) hull on fixed runners. These sailing craft were steered by manipulating the sails, there being no rudder.[4]

The traditional stern-steerer boats were largely replaced by front steering boats in the 1930s, following the development of this style by Walter Beauvois of Williams Bay, Wisconsin in a boat named the Beau Skeeter.[2] This boat led to the "Skeeter" class, and the Skeeter Ice Boat Club formed on Geneva Lake, Wisconsin. The Skeeter class adopted the logo of a mosquito on their sail, and has evolved into an aerodynamically clean machine. The Skeeter class is limited to just 75 square feet (7.0 m2) of sail.[7]

In 1937, The Detroit News sponsored a new home-buildable ice boat design, which became the International DN. In 1968 Dick Slates of Pewaukee, Wisconsin designed and built the Nite with two wooden prototypes. The design was refined and fiberglass production began in 1970.[5]

Speed Edit

 
Diagram of apparent wind (VA) on an iceboat on different points of sail

Iceboats designs dating from the mid 20th century onwards typically consist of a triangular or cross-shaped frame, supported by three skate blades called "runners", with the steering runner in front. Runners are made of iron or steel with sharpened edges, which hold onto the ice, preventing slippage sideways from the lateral force of the wind developed by the sails, as they develop propulsive lift. Given their low forward resistance, iceboats can sail up to five times the speed of the true wind.[8][9] Because the velocity of the iceboat (VB) is so much greater than the true wind velocity (VT), the apparent wind (VA) is only a few degrees from the direction of travel on most points of sail and the sail is close-hauled in each. VA is generated by the combination of iceboat velocity (VB) and true wind velocity (VT).[10]

Attainable speeds Edit

Different classes of iceboat can achieve speeds, as follow.

  • International DN: 55–68 miles per hour (89–109 km/h).[8][11]
  • Skeeter: 84 miles per hour (135 km/h).
  • Classic iceboats: While claimed speeds for such craft have been as high as 140 miles per hour (230 km/h) in the early 20th century,[12] other sources cast doubt on both the technology for achieving and for measuring such speeds at those times.[13]

Race courses Edit

Because of the high boat speeds, iceboat race courses are established around fixed marks which are to be rounded in a one-way route, enhancing boat-to-boat traffic safety. The courses are a straight line upwind and downwind, which necessitates tacking upwind and jibing downwind.[1]

Classes Edit

Among the classes of iceboat are sailing craft that have associations in Europe and North America: IceOptimist, International DN, and Monotype XV. Others are regional in North America: Nite, Renegade, and Skeeter.

  •  

    IceOptimists

  •  

    International DN class iceboats at the start of a race in Znin, Poland

  •  

    Monotype XV

IceOptimist Edit

The IceOptimist is a youth iceboat class that uses the sails and the rig of the International Optimist dinghy. The first design was built in Estonia in 1978, with scaled-down elements of a DN. In 2002, the class was registered under the guardianship of IDNIYRA Europe with the permission of IODA. World and European Championships are sailed each winter with a fleet of approximately 40 racers.[14]

International DN Edit

The International DN class is the most popular class in both North America and Europe.[citation needed] It is a one-person wood boat twelve feet long with a cross-plank eight feet long that carries a mast 16 feet (4.88 m) high. Modern competitive DNs use flexible masts commonly made of composite materials.[15] The DN 60 derives its name from the 1937 request of The Detroit News for a high-performance, inexpensive, home-built iceboat design. Modern DNs share many one-design features with the original boat, including the basic aerodynamic fuselage design, runner configurations and 60 square feet (5.6 m2) of high-performance sail.[16]

Monotype XV Edit

The Monotype XV is a class of stern-steering iceboat based on a 1932 design by an Estonian, Erik von Holst. It may be single or double-handed. The One-Design class is built according to close specifications, little changed since the 1930s. It is the largest one-design iceboat class in Europe and the only double-handed iceboat class for which there are international championships. The 205-kilogram (452 lb) is 7.5×4.2 metres (25×14 ft) in length and width with a 7.2-metre (24 ft) high mast.[17]

Nite Edit

Nite is a class of iceboat that has a two-seat side-by-side fiberglass fuselage and a 67-square-foot (6.2 m2) sail. It is constructed according to tight specifications.[18]

Renegade Edit

The Renegade is a class of home-built iceboat whose prototype appeared in 1947 in Wisconsin, designed by Elmer Millenbach to be carried atop an automobile.[19] Plans were published in 1950.[20] It has a 67-square-foot (6.2 m2) sail on a flexible aerodynamic spar.[9]

Skeeter Edit

The Skeeter class is divided into sub-classes (A, B and C) all of which are limited to 75 square feet (7.0 m2) of sail area.[21] A-class boats may be single or two-place tandem with a mast that does not exceed 28.5 feet (8.7 m). They may incorporate carbon fiber construction.[16] B-class boats have seats for two (side by side). C-class skeeters may be single or two-place tandem with a mast that does not exceed 20.25 feet (6.17 m).[22]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d Editors (February 17, 2020). "Iceboating | sport". Britannica.com. Retrieved April 14, 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ a b Spectre, Peter H. (2006). A mariner's book of days, 2007. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Sheridan House. ISBN 1-57409-226-X. OCLC 173009383.
  3. ^ a b Levine, David (November 19, 2013). "Explore the History of Ice Yachting in the Hudson Valley". www.hvmag.com. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ice-Yachting" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 241–242.
  5. ^ a b Fisher, Daniel (March 7, 2014). "As The Hudson River Freezes, Classic Ice Yachts Emerge". Forbes. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  6. ^ Bentsen, Ellen (January 1981). Wisconsin Ice Monsters. Yachting. pp. 61–3.
  7. ^ Andrews, Candice Gaukel (2006). Great Wisconsin Winter Weekends. Big Earth Publishing. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-931599-71-9.
  8. ^ a b Dill, Bob (March 2003), "Sailing Yacht Design for Maximum Speed" (PDF), The 16th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, Anapolis: SNAME
  9. ^ a b . Four Lakes Ice Yacht Club. Archived from the original on March 9, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
  10. ^ See page 204 of Bethwaite, Frank (2007). High Performance Sailing. Adlard Coles Nautical. ISBN 978-0-7136-6704-2.
  11. ^ Dill, Bob (February 2004). "Putting Numbers on Iceboat Performance" (PDF). International DN Ice Yacht Racing Association Newsletter.
  12. ^ Smith, Doug (January–February 2004). Sailing on slivers of steel. Boy Scouts of America, Inc. pp. 17–21.
  13. ^ Dill, Bob (March 2004). "Sailing Yacht Design for Maximum Speed" (PDF). The 16th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium. Anapolis.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "ICE OPTI and DN JUNIOR – IDNIYRA – Europe". idniyra.eu. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  15. ^ . December 27, 2017. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  16. ^ a b Staff (January 1982). "Endless winter, the iceboater's dream". Changing Times-The Kiplinger Magazine. 36 (1): 58–9.
  17. ^ Whitehorse, Deb (March 4, 2019). "Monotype XV European Championship". iceboat.org. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  18. ^ "Class Rules" (PDF). International Nite Class Association. July 30, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  19. ^ Millenbach, Elmer. "The Renegade Story". iceboat.org. International Skeeter Association. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  20. ^ Brennan, Walter X. (December 1950). "Building the Renegade Ice Yacht" (PDF). Science and Mechanics: 181–99.
  21. ^ "International Skeeter Association". iceboat.org. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  22. ^ Class committee (October 16, 2016). "General rules and regulations of the International Skeeter Association" (PDF). Retrieved April 14, 2020.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iceboats.
  • DN Class World Portal
  • Video overview of DN iceboating

August 31, 2023
iceboat, iceboat, occasionally, spelled, boat, traditionally, called, yacht, recreational, competition, sailing, craft, supported, metal, runners, traveling, over, runners, steerable, originally, such, craft, were, boats, with, support, structure, riding, runn. An iceboat occasionally spelled ice boat or traditionally called an ice yacht is a recreational or competition sailing craft supported on metal runners for traveling over ice One of the runners is steerable Originally such craft were boats with a support structure riding on the runners and steered with a rear blade as with a conventional rudder As iceboats evolved the structure became a frame with a seat or cockpit for the iceboat sailor resting on runners Steering was shifted to the front An iceboat at the 2011 DN European Championships in Nasva Estonia source source source source source source Ice sailing in the Netherlands in 1938 Because of their low resistance to forward motion over ice iceboats are capable of speeds exceeding 60 miles per hour 100 km h Because of their speed iceboats are used both for recreation and for racing Racing craft typically carry one person A related activity land sailing employs sailing craft similar to iceboats but riding on wheels instead of runners Contents 1 History 1 1 Venues 1 2 Evolution of design 2 Speed 2 1 Attainable speeds 2 2 Race courses 3 Classes 3 1 IceOptimist 3 2 International DN 3 3 Monotype XV 3 4 Nite 3 5 Renegade 3 6 Skeeter 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory Edit Ice boat on Saint Lawrence River Quebec City c 1858 1860 Classic iceboats on the Hudson River at Barrytown NY Ice Boating in Toledo OhioThe history of iceboating began in Europe in areas where smooth ice was found in the bays of the Baltic Sea and the canals of the Netherlands Initially boats were used for commerce but soon evolved into pleasure craft ice yachts Ice sailing came to North America where the sailing craft evolved into recreational and racing versions Venues Edit Iceboating began in the 17th century as a documented means of transport on the frozen Gulf of Riga and the canals of the Netherlands into the 18th century 1 Ice boats carried cargo on Dutch canals during the 17th century 2 The first iceboats were introduced on New York State s Hudson River in the United States in 1790 where the practice flourished as a sport The first recorded boat built in 1790 by Oliver Booth of Poughkeepsie was a square box atop three runners the two forward runners being nailed to the box and the third acted as a rudder operated by a tiller This type of craft was accessible to sportsmen of modest means 3 In the mid 19th century two ice yachting clubs had formed the Poughkeepsie Ice Yacht Club 1865 and the Hudson River Ice Yacht Club 1870 where wealthy boat owners sailed large iceboats with up to seven crew members Boats were as long as 69 feet 21 m and sailed as fast as 107 miles per hour 172 km h a record exceeding any other conveyance in 1885 set by the Icicle 1 The first American Challenge Pennant occurred in 1881 on the Hudson river with five ice yacht clubs competing Races were sailed five times around a triangular course with one mile legs two of which were to windward Iceboats were divided into four classes with sail areas ranging from less than 300 square feet to over 600 square feet 4 By the beginning of the 20th century iceboating had spread to Minnesota Lake Minnetonka and White Bear Lake Wisconsin Lake Winnebago and Lake Pepin Michigan Lake St Clair and venues in Maine and Vermont In Canada there were venues on Lake Ontario Kingston and the Saint Lawrence River 4 A European ice sailing club formed first in Sweden 1901 followed by the European Ice Yachting Union which formed in 1928 with member states Latvia Lithuania Estonia Sweden Austria and Germany 1 Evolution of design Edit Dutch Iceboats 17th century17th century Dutch ice yachts consisted of flat bottomed sailboats atop a cross wise plank resting on outboard metal runners which carried the bulk of the weight of the craft At the stern was a steering runner attached to a rudder like structure to which are affixed four steel runners one each at bow stern and each end of the planking These boats used conventional gaff mainsails and jibs attached to the mast by travellers A tiller or wheel stern controls the steering runner 4 In the 19th century iceboats evolved into a box riding on cross pieces supported by runners These stern steerer iceboats were generally rigged as sloops with a jib sail forward of the mast although the catboat style with a single sail was also used 3 In 1879 the archetypical Hudson River iceboat began to emerge The Robert Scott designed and built by H Relyea had a single backbone and wire guy ropes The mast on subsequent boats were stepped further forward than in the past with shortened jibs were shortened and the center of effort and resistance brought into balance aligning both with the main runners 5 The shallow cockpit box became elliptical 4 A few Class A stern steerers with at least 250 square feet 23 m2 of sail area survived in to the late 20th century 6 In the early 1900s some smaller iceboats called scooters were designed to traverse both ice and water with a shallow oval 15 5 feet 4 6 1 5 m hull on fixed runners These sailing craft were steered by manipulating the sails there being no rudder 4 The traditional stern steerer boats were largely replaced by front steering boats in the 1930s following the development of this style by Walter Beauvois of Williams Bay Wisconsin in a boat named the Beau Skeeter 2 This boat led to the Skeeter class and the Skeeter Ice Boat Club formed on Geneva Lake Wisconsin The Skeeter class adopted the logo of a mosquito on their sail and has evolved into an aerodynamically clean machine The Skeeter class is limited to just 75 square feet 7 0 m2 of sail 7 In 1937 The Detroit News sponsored a new home buildable ice boat design which became the International DN In 1968 Dick Slates of Pewaukee Wisconsin designed and built the Nite with two wooden prototypes The design was refined and fiberglass production began in 1970 5 Speed Edit Diagram of apparent wind VA on an iceboat on different points of sailIceboats designs dating from the mid 20th century onwards typically consist of a triangular or cross shaped frame supported by three skate blades called runners with the steering runner in front Runners are made of iron or steel with sharpened edges which hold onto the ice preventing slippage sideways from the lateral force of the wind developed by the sails as they develop propulsive lift Given their low forward resistance iceboats can sail up to five times the speed of the true wind 8 9 Because the velocity of the iceboat VB is so much greater than the true wind velocity VT the apparent wind VA is only a few degrees from the direction of travel on most points of sail and the sail is close hauled in each VA is generated by the combination of iceboat velocity VB and true wind velocity VT 10 Attainable speeds Edit Different classes of iceboat can achieve speeds as follow International DN 55 68 miles per hour 89 109 km h 8 11 Skeeter 84 miles per hour 135 km h Classic iceboats While claimed speeds for such craft have been as high as 140 miles per hour 230 km h in the early 20th century 12 other sources cast doubt on both the technology for achieving and for measuring such speeds at those times 13 Race courses Edit Because of the high boat speeds iceboat race courses are established around fixed marks which are to be rounded in a one way route enhancing boat to boat traffic safety The courses are a straight line upwind and downwind which necessitates tacking upwind and jibing downwind 1 Classes EditAmong the classes of iceboat are sailing craft that have associations in Europe and North America IceOptimist International DN and Monotype XV Others are regional in North America Nite Renegade and Skeeter IceOptimists International DN class iceboats at the start of a race in Znin Poland Monotype XVIceOptimist Edit The IceOptimist is a youth iceboat class that uses the sails and the rig of the International Optimist dinghy The first design was built in Estonia in 1978 with scaled down elements of a DN In 2002 the class was registered under the guardianship of IDNIYRA Europe with the permission of IODA World and European Championships are sailed each winter with a fleet of approximately 40 racers 14 International DN Edit The International DN class is the most popular class in both North America and Europe citation needed It is a one person wood boat twelve feet long with a cross plank eight feet long that carries a mast 16 feet 4 88 m high Modern competitive DNs use flexible masts commonly made of composite materials 15 The DN 60 derives its name from the 1937 request of The Detroit News for a high performance inexpensive home built iceboat design Modern DNs share many one design features with the original boat including the basic aerodynamic fuselage design runner configurations and 60 square feet 5 6 m2 of high performance sail 16 Monotype XV Edit The Monotype XV is a class of stern steering iceboat based on a 1932 design by an Estonian Erik von Holst It may be single or double handed The One Design class is built according to close specifications little changed since the 1930s It is the largest one design iceboat class in Europe and the only double handed iceboat class for which there are international championships The 205 kilogram 452 lb is 7 5 4 2 metres 25 14 ft in length and width with a 7 2 metre 24 ft high mast 17 Nite Edit Nite is a class of iceboat that has a two seat side by side fiberglass fuselage and a 67 square foot 6 2 m2 sail It is constructed according to tight specifications 18 Renegade Edit The Renegade is a class of home built iceboat whose prototype appeared in 1947 in Wisconsin designed by Elmer Millenbach to be carried atop an automobile 19 Plans were published in 1950 20 It has a 67 square foot 6 2 m2 sail on a flexible aerodynamic spar 9 Skeeter Edit The Skeeter class is divided into sub classes A B and C all of which are limited to 75 square feet 7 0 m2 of sail area 21 A class boats may be single or two place tandem with a mast that does not exceed 28 5 feet 8 7 m They may incorporate carbon fiber construction 16 B class boats have seats for two side by side C class skeeters may be single or two place tandem with a mast that does not exceed 20 25 feet 6 17 m 22 See also Edit Sports portalLand sailing Northumberland Strait iceboat Sail boat SailingReferences Edit a b c d Editors February 17 2020 Iceboating sport Britannica com Retrieved April 14 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a last has generic name help a b Spectre Peter H 2006 A mariner s book of days 2007 Dobbs Ferry NY Sheridan House ISBN 1 57409 226 X OCLC 173009383 a b Levine David November 19 2013 Explore the History of Ice Yachting in the Hudson Valley www hvmag com Retrieved April 14 2020 a b c d e Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Ice Yachting Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 14 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 241 242 a b Fisher Daniel March 7 2014 As The Hudson River Freezes Classic Ice Yachts Emerge Forbes Retrieved April 15 2020 Bentsen Ellen January 1981 Wisconsin Ice Monsters Yachting pp 61 3 Andrews Candice Gaukel 2006 Great Wisconsin Winter Weekends Big Earth Publishing p 152 ISBN 978 1 931599 71 9 a b Dill Bob March 2003 Sailing Yacht Design for Maximum Speed PDF The 16th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium Anapolis SNAME a b Commonly Asked Questions Four Lakes Ice Yacht Club Archived from the original on March 9 2011 Retrieved August 25 2010 See page 204 of Bethwaite Frank 2007 High Performance Sailing Adlard Coles Nautical ISBN 978 0 7136 6704 2 Dill Bob February 2004 Putting Numbers on Iceboat Performance PDF International DN Ice Yacht Racing Association Newsletter Smith Doug January February 2004 Sailing on slivers of steel Boy Scouts of America Inc pp 17 21 Dill Bob March 2004 Sailing Yacht Design for Maximum Speed PDF The 16th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium Anapolis a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link ICE OPTI and DN JUNIOR IDNIYRA Europe idniyra eu Retrieved April 10 2020 IDNIYRA International DN Ice Yacht Racing Association December 27 2017 Archived from the original on December 27 2017 Retrieved April 15 2020 a b Staff January 1982 Endless winter the iceboater s dream Changing Times The Kiplinger Magazine 36 1 58 9 Whitehorse Deb March 4 2019 Monotype XV European Championship iceboat org Retrieved April 15 2020 Class Rules PDF International Nite Class Association July 30 2019 Retrieved April 18 2020 Millenbach Elmer The Renegade Story iceboat org International Skeeter Association Retrieved April 18 2020 Brennan Walter X December 1950 Building the Renegade Ice Yacht PDF Science and Mechanics 181 99 International Skeeter Association iceboat org Retrieved April 15 2020 Class committee October 16 2016 General rules and regulations of the International Skeeter Association PDF Retrieved April 14 2020 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iceboats DN Class World Portal Video overview of DN iceboating Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Iceboat amp oldid 1139772112, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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