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Hyperrealism (visual arts)

Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution photograph. Hyperrealism is considered an advancement of photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 1970s.[1] Carole Feuerman is the forerunner in the hyperrealism movement along with Duane Hanson and John De Andrea.[2][3]

Duane Hanson, Woman Eating, polyester resin, fiberglass, polychromed in oil paint with clothes, table, chair and accessories, Smithsonian American Art Museum, 1971

History edit

The art dealer Isy Brachot coined the French word hyperréalisme, meaning hyperrealism, as the title of a major exhibition and catalogue at his gallery in Brussels in 1973. The exhibition was dominated by such American photorealists as Ralph Goings, Chuck Close, Don Eddy, Robert Bechtle and Richard McLean; but it included such influential European artists as Domenico Gnoli, Gerhard Richter, Konrad Klapheck, and Roland Delcol [fr]. Since then, hyperealisme has been used by European artists and dealers to apply to painters influenced by the photorealists. Among contemporary European hyperrealist painters we find Gottfried Helnwein, Willem van Veldhuizen and Tjalf Sparnaay, Roger Wittevrongel, as well as the French Pierre Barraya, Jacques Bodin, Ronald Bowen, François Bricq, Gérard Schlosser, Jacques Monory, Bernard Rancillac, Gilles Aillaud and Gérard Fromanger.[4]

 
Charles Bell, Circus Act, Silkscreen on Paper, Smithsonian American Art Museum, 1995

Early 21st century hyperrealism was founded on the aesthetic principles of photorealism. American painter Denis Peterson, whose pioneering works are universally viewed as an offshoot of photorealism, first used[5] "hyperrealism" to apply to the new movement and its splinter group of artists.[5][6][7] Graham Thompson wrote "One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is also called super-realism or hyper-realism and painters like Richard Estes, Denis Peterson, Audrey Flack, and Chuck Close often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs."[5]

However, hyperrealism is contrasted with the literal approach found in traditional photorealist paintings of the late 20th century.[8] Hyperrealist painters and sculptors use photographic images as a reference source from which to create a more definitive and detailed rendering, one that often, unlike photorealism, is narrative and emotive in its depictions. Strict Photorealist painters tended to imitate photographic images, omitting or abstracting certain finite detail to maintain a consistent over-all pictorial design.[9][10] They often omitted human emotion, political value, and narrative elements. Since it evolved from pop art, the photorealistic style of painting was uniquely tight, precise, and sharply mechanical with an emphasis on mundane, everyday imagery.[11]

Hyperrealism, although photographic in essence, often entails a softer, much more complex focus on the subject depicted, presenting it as a living, tangible object. These objects and scenes in hyperrealism paintings and sculptures are meticulously detailed to create the illusion of a reality not seen in the original photo. That is not to say they're surreal, as the illusion is a convincing depiction of (simulated) reality. Textures, surfaces, lighting effects, and shadows appear clearer and more distinct than the reference photo or even the actual subject itself.[12]

Hyperrealism has its roots in the philosophy of Jean Baudrillard, "the simulation of something which never really existed."[13] As such, hyperrealists create a false reality, a convincing illusion based on a simulation of reality, the digital photograph. Hyperreal paintings and sculptures are an outgrowth of extremely high-resolution images produced by digital cameras and displayed on computers. As photorealism emulated analog photography, hyperrealism uses digital imagery and expands on it to create a new sense of reality.[5][14] Hyperrealistic paintings and sculptures confront the viewer with the illusion of manipulated high-resolution images, though more meticulous.[15]

Style and methods edit

The hyperrealist style focuses much more of its emphasis on details and the subjects. Hyperreal paintings and sculptures are not strict interpretations of photographs, nor are they literal illustrations of a particular scene or subject. Instead, they use additional, often subtle, pictorial elements to create the illusion of a reality which in fact either does not exist or cannot be seen by the human eye.[16] Furthermore, they may incorporate emotional, social, cultural and political thematic elements as an extension of the painted visual illusion; a distinct departure from the older and considerably more literal school of photorealism.[17]

Hyperrealist painters and sculptors make allowances for some mechanical means of transferring images to the canvas or mold, including preliminary drawings or grisaille underpaintings and molds. Photographic slide projections or multi media projectors are used to project images onto canvases and rudimentary techniques such as gridding may also be used to ensure accuracy.[18] Sculptures utilize polyesters applied directly onto the human body or mold. Hyperrealism requires a high level of technical prowess and virtuosity to simulate a false reality. As such, hyperrealism incorporates and often capitalizes upon photographic limitations such as depth of field, perspective and range of focus. Anomalies found in digital images, such as fractalization, are also exploited to emphasize their digital origins by some hyperrealist painters, such as Chuck Close, Denis Peterson, Bert Monroy and Robert Bechtle.[19]

Themes edit

 
La hora del té by Mexican painter Magda Torres Gurza [es] (oil on canvas, 90×140 cm).

Subject matter ranges from portraits, figurative art, still life, landscapes, cityscapes and narrative scenes. The more recent hyperrealist style is much more literal than photorealism as to exact pictorial detail with an emphasis on social, cultural or political themes. This also is in stark contrast to the newer concurrent photorealism with its continued avoidance of photographic anomalies. Hyperrealist painters at once simulate and improve upon precise photographic images to produce optically convincing visual illusions of reality, often in a social or cultural context.[20][21]

Some hyperrealists have exposed totalitarian regimes and third world military governments through their narrative depictions of the legacy of hatred and intolerance.[22] Denis Peterson and Gottfried Helnwein depicted political and cultural deviations of societal decadence in their work. Peterson's work[5] focused on diasporas, genocides and refugees.[23] Helnwein developed unconventionally narrative work that centered on past, present and future deviations of the holocaust. Provocative subjects include enigmatic imagery of genocides, their tragic aftermath and the ideological consequences.[24][25] Thematically, these controversial hyperreal artists aggressively confronted the corrupted human condition through narrative paintings as a phenomenological medium.[26] These lifelike paintings are an historical commentary on the grotesque mistreatment of human beings.[27][28]

Hyperreal paintings and sculptures further create a tangible solidity and physical presence through subtle lighting and shading effects. Shapes, forms and areas closest to the forefront of the image visually appear beyond the frontal plane of the canvas; and in the case of sculptures, details have more clarity than in nature.[29] Hyperrealistic images are typically 10 to 20 times the size of the original photographic reference source, yet retain an extremely high resolution in color, precision and detail. Many of the paintings are achieved with an airbrush, using acrylics, oils or a combination of both. Ron Mueck's lifelike sculptures are scaled much larger or smaller than life and finished in incredibly convincing detail through the meticulous use of polyester resins and multiple molds. Bert Monroy's digital images appear to be actual paintings taken from photographs, yet they are fully created on computers.

Hyperrealists edit

References edit

  1. ^ Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism - One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1
  2. ^ "Fragments Born of Water, Earth and Fire—Beyond Hyperrealism". 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
  3. ^ Phillips, Renee (May 2018). "Carole A. Feuerman ~ Leading Hyperrealist". Retrieved 2018-07-24.
  4. ^ . www.hyperrealism.net. Archived from the original on 2009-01-01. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
  5. ^ a b c d e Thompson, Graham, American Culture in the 1980s, Edinburgh University Press, 2007, pp. 77–79.
  6. ^ Jean-Pierre Criqui, Jean-Claude Lebensztejn interview, Artforum International, 2003-06-01
  7. ^ Robert Bechtle: A Retrospective by Michael Auping, Janet Bishop, Charles Ray, and Jonathan Weinberg. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, USA (2005). ISBN 978-0-520-24543-3
  8. ^ Mayo, Deborah G., 1996, Error and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 57–72.
  9. ^ Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.
  10. ^ Nochlin, Linda, The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, Art In America. 61 (November – December 1973). p. 98.
  11. ^ [1] 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. p. 12.
  13. ^ Jean Baudrillard, "Simulacra and Simulation", Ann Arbor Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1981
  14. ^ Horrocks, Chris and Zoran Jevtic. Baudrillard For Beginners. Cambridge: Icon Books, 1996. pp. 80–84.
  15. ^ Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism - One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. pp. 1–4.
  16. ^ Fleming, John and Honour, Hugh The Visual Arts: A History, 3rd Edition. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 1991. pp. 680–710.
  17. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980.
  18. ^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. pp. 12–13.
  19. ^ Battock, Gregory. Preface to Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1980. pp. 8–10.
  20. ^ Petra Halkes, "A Fable in Pixels and Paint - Gottfried Helnwein's American Prayer". Image & Imagination, Le Mois de la Photo à Montréal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-7735-2969-1.
  21. ^ Alicia Miller, "The Darker Side of Playland: Childhood Imagery from the Logan Collection at SFMOMA", Artweek, US, 2000-11-01.
  22. ^ Jean Baudrillard, "The Precession of Simulacra", in Media and Cultural Studies : Keyworks, Durham & Kellner, eds. ISBN 0-631-22096-8.
  23. ^ Robert Ayers, Art Critic, "Art Without Edges: Images of Genocide in Lower Manhattan", Art Info, 2006-06-02 . Archived from the original on 2007-05-04. Retrieved 2007-04-29..
  24. ^ [2] 2007-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ . Helnwein.com. 2006-04-10. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  26. ^ George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society (2004). ISBN 978-0-7619-8812-0
  27. ^ Rywalt, Chris. "Christoper Rywalt, "Denis Peterson", NYC Art, June 7, 2006". Crywalt.com. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  28. ^ Robert Flynn Johnson, Curator in Charge, "The Child - Works by Gottfried Helnwein", California Palace of the Legion of Honor, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, ISBN 0-88401-112-7, 2004.
  29. ^ Boorstin, Daniel (1992). The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-74180-0.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "Hyperrealism - 50 Years of Painting". Kunsthal. 2017. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  31. ^ cs:Michal Ožibko
  32. ^ "Hatching, crosshatching, scribbling: how Oscar Ukonu works his ballpoint magic | Cyprus Mail". Cyprus Mail. 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  33. ^ http://www02.zkm.de/thek/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=37 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine www02.zkm.de]

Further reading edit

  • Taylor, John Russell; Bollaert, Maggie (2009). Exactitude – Hyperrealist Art Today. USA: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500238639.
  • World Hyperrealism Database - List of artists, exhibitions, critics, and theoretical texts

External links edit

  •   The dictionary definition of hyperrealism at Wiktionary
  •   Media related to Hyperrealism at Wikimedia Commons
  • Hyperrealism artists at the museum of art

hyperrealism, visual, arts, hyperrealism, genre, painting, sculpture, resembling, high, resolution, photograph, hyperrealism, considered, advancement, photorealism, methods, used, create, resulting, paintings, sculptures, term, primarily, applied, independent,. Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high resolution photograph Hyperrealism is considered an advancement of photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 1970s 1 Carole Feuerman is the forerunner in the hyperrealism movement along with Duane Hanson and John De Andrea 2 3 Duane Hanson Woman Eating polyester resin fiberglass polychromed in oil paint with clothes table chair and accessories Smithsonian American Art Museum 1971 Contents 1 History 2 Style and methods 3 Themes 4 Hyperrealists 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory editThe art dealer Isy Brachot coined the French word hyperrealisme meaning hyperrealism as the title of a major exhibition and catalogue at his gallery in Brussels in 1973 The exhibition was dominated by such American photorealists as Ralph Goings Chuck Close Don Eddy Robert Bechtle and Richard McLean but it included such influential European artists as Domenico Gnoli Gerhard Richter Konrad Klapheck and Roland Delcol fr Since then hyperealisme has been used by European artists and dealers to apply to painters influenced by the photorealists Among contemporary European hyperrealist painters we find Gottfried Helnwein Willem van Veldhuizen and Tjalf Sparnaay Roger Wittevrongel as well as the French Pierre Barraya Jacques Bodin Ronald Bowen Francois Bricq Gerard Schlosser Jacques Monory Bernard Rancillac Gilles Aillaud and Gerard Fromanger 4 nbsp Charles Bell Circus Act Silkscreen on Paper Smithsonian American Art Museum 1995 Early 21st century hyperrealism was founded on the aesthetic principles of photorealism American painter Denis Peterson whose pioneering works are universally viewed as an offshoot of photorealism first used 5 hyperrealism to apply to the new movement and its splinter group of artists 5 6 7 Graham Thompson wrote One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s It is also called super realism or hyper realism and painters like Richard Estes Denis Peterson Audrey Flack and Chuck Close often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs 5 However hyperrealism is contrasted with the literal approach found in traditional photorealist paintings of the late 20th century 8 Hyperrealist painters and sculptors use photographic images as a reference source from which to create a more definitive and detailed rendering one that often unlike photorealism is narrative and emotive in its depictions Strict Photorealist painters tended to imitate photographic images omitting or abstracting certain finite detail to maintain a consistent over all pictorial design 9 10 They often omitted human emotion political value and narrative elements Since it evolved from pop art the photorealistic style of painting was uniquely tight precise and sharply mechanical with an emphasis on mundane everyday imagery 11 Hyperrealism although photographic in essence often entails a softer much more complex focus on the subject depicted presenting it as a living tangible object These objects and scenes in hyperrealism paintings and sculptures are meticulously detailed to create the illusion of a reality not seen in the original photo That is not to say they re surreal as the illusion is a convincing depiction of simulated reality Textures surfaces lighting effects and shadows appear clearer and more distinct than the reference photo or even the actual subject itself 12 Hyperrealism has its roots in the philosophy of Jean Baudrillard the simulation of something which never really existed 13 As such hyperrealists create a false reality a convincing illusion based on a simulation of reality the digital photograph Hyperreal paintings and sculptures are an outgrowth of extremely high resolution images produced by digital cameras and displayed on computers As photorealism emulated analog photography hyperrealism uses digital imagery and expands on it to create a new sense of reality 5 14 Hyperrealistic paintings and sculptures confront the viewer with the illusion of manipulated high resolution images though more meticulous 15 Style and methods editThe hyperrealist style focuses much more of its emphasis on details and the subjects Hyperreal paintings and sculptures are not strict interpretations of photographs nor are they literal illustrations of a particular scene or subject Instead they use additional often subtle pictorial elements to create the illusion of a reality which in fact either does not exist or cannot be seen by the human eye 16 Furthermore they may incorporate emotional social cultural and political thematic elements as an extension of the painted visual illusion a distinct departure from the older and considerably more literal school of photorealism 17 Hyperrealist painters and sculptors make allowances for some mechanical means of transferring images to the canvas or mold including preliminary drawings or grisaille underpaintings and molds Photographic slide projections or multi media projectors are used to project images onto canvases and rudimentary techniques such as gridding may also be used to ensure accuracy 18 Sculptures utilize polyesters applied directly onto the human body or mold Hyperrealism requires a high level of technical prowess and virtuosity to simulate a false reality As such hyperrealism incorporates and often capitalizes upon photographic limitations such as depth of field perspective and range of focus Anomalies found in digital images such as fractalization are also exploited to emphasize their digital origins by some hyperrealist painters such as Chuck Close Denis Peterson Bert Monroy and Robert Bechtle 19 Themes edit nbsp La hora del te by Mexican painter Magda Torres Gurza es oil on canvas 90 140 cm Subject matter ranges from portraits figurative art still life landscapes cityscapes and narrative scenes The more recent hyperrealist style is much more literal than photorealism as to exact pictorial detail with an emphasis on social cultural or political themes This also is in stark contrast to the newer concurrent photorealism with its continued avoidance of photographic anomalies Hyperrealist painters at once simulate and improve upon precise photographic images to produce optically convincing visual illusions of reality often in a social or cultural context 20 21 Some hyperrealists have exposed totalitarian regimes and third world military governments through their narrative depictions of the legacy of hatred and intolerance 22 Denis Peterson and Gottfried Helnwein depicted political and cultural deviations of societal decadence in their work Peterson s work 5 focused on diasporas genocides and refugees 23 Helnwein developed unconventionally narrative work that centered on past present and future deviations of the holocaust Provocative subjects include enigmatic imagery of genocides their tragic aftermath and the ideological consequences 24 25 Thematically these controversial hyperreal artists aggressively confronted the corrupted human condition through narrative paintings as a phenomenological medium 26 These lifelike paintings are an historical commentary on the grotesque mistreatment of human beings 27 28 Hyperreal paintings and sculptures further create a tangible solidity and physical presence through subtle lighting and shading effects Shapes forms and areas closest to the forefront of the image visually appear beyond the frontal plane of the canvas and in the case of sculptures details have more clarity than in nature 29 Hyperrealistic images are typically 10 to 20 times the size of the original photographic reference source yet retain an extremely high resolution in color precision and detail Many of the paintings are achieved with an airbrush using acrylics oils or a combination of both Ron Mueck s lifelike sculptures are scaled much larger or smaller than life and finished in incredibly convincing detail through the meticulous use of polyester resins and multiple molds Bert Monroy s digital images appear to be actual paintings taken from photographs yet they are fully created on computers Hyperrealists editAlison Van Pelt Andreas Orosz 30 Antonio Lopez Anthony Brunelli 30 Arinze Stanley Egbe Audrey Flack 30 Augusto Ferrer Dalmau Ben Johnson 30 Ben Schonzeit 30 Bert Monroy Bertrand Meniel 30 Boris Dragojevic CJ Hendry Carole Feuerman Charles Bell 30 Chuck Close 30 Claudio Bravo Clive Head 30 David Kassan David Lynch David Parrish 30 Davis Cone 30 Denis Peterson Dennis Wojtkiewicz Dimitri Desiron 30 Don Eddy 30 Don Jacot 30 Dragan Malesevic Tapi Duane Hanson Eric Dillman Eric Zener Fola David Franz Gertsch 30 Frederic Gracia Gilles Paul Esnault Glennray Tutor Gottfried Helnwein Gus Heinze 30 Hilo Chen Howard Kanovitz Hynek Martinec Ian Hornak Istvan Sandorfi Jack Mendenhall 30 Jerry Ott John Baeder 30 John De Andrea John Kacere 30 John Salt 30 Jorge Melicio Joseph Canger Jose Ramon Muro Juan Francisco Casas Juan Gonzalez Kamalky Laureano Kelvin Okafor Ken Nwadiogbu Lorena Kloosterboer Malcolm Morley Marilyn Minter Mark Jenkins Maurizio Cattelan Michal Ozibko 31 circular reference Noah Creshevsky Oresegun Olumide Oscar Ukonu 32 Otto Duecker Patricia Piccinini Patrick Chuka Paul John Wonner Paul Thek 33 Peter Anton Peter Maier 30 Ralph Goings 30 Randy Dudley 30 Raphaella Spence 30 Richard Estes 30 Richard McLean 30 Robert Bechtle 30 Robert Cottingham 30 Robert Gniewek 30 Robert Neffson Roberto Bernardi 30 Robin Eley Rod Penner 30 Ron Kleemann 30 Ron Mueck Rudolf Hasler Sebastian Kruger Taner Ceylan Terry Rodgers The Kid Tom Blackwell 30 Tjalf Sparnaay 30 Willem van Veldhuizen Yigal Ozeri 30 Zharko BasheskiReferences edit Bredekamp Horst Hyperrealism One Step Beyond Tate Museum Publishers UK 2006 p 1 Fragments Born of Water Earth and Fire Beyond Hyperrealism 2014 03 19 Retrieved 2018 07 24 Phillips Renee May 2018 Carole A Feuerman Leading Hyperrealist Retrieved 2018 07 24 Hyperrealisme le retour www hyperrealism net Archived from the original on 2009 01 01 Retrieved 2017 09 20 a b c d e Thompson Graham American Culture in the 1980s Edinburgh University Press 2007 pp 77 79 Jean Pierre Criqui Jean Claude Lebensztejn interview Artforum International 2003 06 01 Robert Bechtle A Retrospective by Michael Auping Janet Bishop Charles Ray and Jonathan Weinberg University of California Press Berkeley CA USA 2005 ISBN 978 0 520 24543 3 Mayo Deborah G 1996 Error and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge Chicago University of Chicago Press pp 57 72 Chase Linda Photorealism at the Millennium The Not So Innocent Eye Photorealism in Context Harry N Abrams Inc New York 2002 pp 14 15 Nochlin Linda The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II Art In America 61 November December 1973 p 98 1 Archived 2007 03 13 at the Wayback Machine Meisel Louis K Photorealism Harry N Abrams Inc Publishers New York 1980 p 12 Jean Baudrillard Simulacra and Simulation Ann Arbor Mich University of Michigan Press 1981 Horrocks Chris and Zoran Jevtic Baudrillard For Beginners Cambridge Icon Books 1996 pp 80 84 Bredekamp Horst Hyperrealism One Step Beyond Tate Museum Publishers UK 2006 pp 1 4 Fleming John and Honour Hugh The Visual Arts A History 3rd Edition Harry N Abrams Inc New York 1991 pp 680 710 Meisel Louis K Photorealism Harry N Abrams Inc Publishers New York 1980 Meisel Louis K Photorealism Harry N Abrams Inc Publishers New York 1980 pp 12 13 Battock Gregory Preface to Photorealism Harry N Abrams Inc Publishers New York 1980 pp 8 10 Petra Halkes A Fable in Pixels and Paint Gottfried Helnwein s American Prayer Image amp Imagination Le Mois de la Photo a Montreal McGill Queen s University Press 2005 ISBN 0 7735 2969 1 Alicia Miller The Darker Side of Playland Childhood Imagery from the Logan Collection at SFMOMA Artweek US 2000 11 01 Jean Baudrillard The Precession of Simulacra in Media and Cultural Studies Keyworks Durham amp Kellner eds ISBN 0 631 22096 8 Robert Ayers Art Critic Art Without Edges Images of Genocide in Lower Manhattan Art Info 2006 06 02 Browser Compatibility Archived from the original on 2007 05 04 Retrieved 2007 04 29 2 Archived 2007 05 02 at the Wayback Machine Julia Pascal Nazi Dreaming New Statesman UK 2006 04 10 Helnwein com 2006 04 10 Archived from the original on 2012 03 23 Retrieved 2014 05 29 George Ritzer The McDonaldization of Society 2004 ISBN 978 0 7619 8812 0 Rywalt Chris Christoper Rywalt Denis Peterson NYC Art June 7 2006 Crywalt com Retrieved 2014 05 29 Robert Flynn Johnson Curator in Charge The Child Works by Gottfried Helnwein California Palace of the Legion of Honor Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco ISBN 0 88401 112 7 2004 Boorstin Daniel 1992 The Image A Guide to Pseudo Events in America Random House ISBN 978 0 679 74180 0 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Hyperrealism 50 Years of Painting Kunsthal 2017 Retrieved 2017 04 22 cs Michal Ozibko Hatching crosshatching scribbling how Oscar Ukonu works his ballpoint magic Cyprus Mail Cyprus Mail 2021 04 25 Retrieved 2022 03 10 http www02 zkm de thek index php option com content amp task view amp id 31 amp Itemid 37 Archived 2011 07 19 at the Wayback Machine www02 zkm de Further reading editTaylor John Russell Bollaert Maggie 2009 Exactitude Hyperrealist Art Today USA Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0500238639 World Hyperrealism Database List of artists exhibitions critics and theoretical textsExternal links edit nbsp The dictionary definition of hyperrealism at Wiktionary nbsp Media related to Hyperrealism at Wikimedia Commons Hyperrealism artists at the museum of art Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hyperrealism visual arts amp oldid 1213516285, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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