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Hypergamy

January 01, 1970

Hypergamy (colloquially referred to as "dating up" or "marrying up"[1]) is a term used in social science for the act or practice of a person dating or marrying a spouse of higher social status or sexual capital than themselves.

Esther is crowned in this 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld.

The antonym "hypogamy"[a] refers to the inverse: marrying a person of lower social class or status (colloquially "marrying down"). Both terms were invented in the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century while translating classical Hindu law books, which used the Sanskrit terms anuloma and pratiloma, respectively, for the two concepts.[2]

The term hypergyny is used to describe the overall practice of women marrying up, since the men would be marrying down.[3]

Research edit

One study found that women are more selective in their choice of marriage partners than are men.[4][5]

A study done by the University of Minnesota in 2017 found that females generally prefer dominant males as mates.[6] Research conducted throughout the world strongly supports the position that women prefer marriage with partners who are culturally successful or have high potential to become culturally successful. The most extensive of these studies included 10,000 people in 37 cultures across six continents and five islands. Women rated "good financial prospect" higher than men did in all cultures. In 29 samples, the "ambition and industriousness" of a prospective mate were more important for women than for men. Meta-analysis of research published from 1965 to 1986 revealed the same sex difference (Feingold, 1992). Across studies, 3 out of 4 women rated socioeconomic status as more important in a prospective marriage partner than did the average man.

Gilles Saint-Paul (2008) proposes a mathematical model that purports to demonstrate that human female hypergamy occurs because women have greater lost mating opportunity costs from monogamous mating (given their slower reproductive rate and limited window of fertility compared to men), and thus must be compensated for this cost of marriage. By this argument, marriage reduces the overall genetic quality of her offspring by precluding the possibility of impregnation by a genetically higher quality male, albeit without his parental investment, but the reduction may be compensated by greater levels of parental investment by her genetically lower quality husband.[dubious – discuss]. At the end of his introduction, Saint-Paul states his model is consistent with statistics published by Bertrand et al (2013) but also notes that in US Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) data gathered the same year "aggregate evidence is not so clear-cut."[7]

An empirical study examined the mate preferences of subscribers to a computer dating service in Israel that had a highly skewed sex ratio (646 men for 1,000 women). Despite this skewed sex ratio, they found that "On education and socioeconomic status, women on average express greater hypergamic selectivity; they prefer mates who are superior to them in these traits... while men express a desire for an analogue of hypergamy based on physical attractiveness; they desire a mate who ranks higher on the physical attractiveness scale than they themselves do."[8]: 51 

One study did not find a statistical difference in the number of women or men "marrying-up" in a sample of 1,109 first-time married couples in the United States.[9]

Another study found traditional marriage practices in which men "marry down" in education do not persist for long once women have the educational advantage.[10]

Additional studies of mate selection in dozens of countries around the world have found men and women report prioritizing different traits when it comes to choosing a mate, with both groups favoring attractive partners in general, but men tending to prefer women who are young while women tend to prefer men who are rich, well educated, and ambitious.[11] They argue that as societies shift towards becoming more gender-equal, women's mate selection preferences shift as well. Some research supports that theory,[12] including a 2012 analysis of a survey of 8,953 people in 37 countries, which found that the more gender-equal a country, the likelier male and female respondents were to report seeking the same qualities in each other rather than different ones.[13]

In a 2016 paper that explored the income difference between couples in 1980 and 2012, researcher Yue Qian noted that the tendency for women to marry men with higher incomes than themselves still persists in the modern era.[14]

Prevalence edit

It is becoming less common for women to marry older men. Hypergamy does not necessitate the man being older; rather, it requires him to have higher status. The term 'social equals' typically pertains to shared social circles rather than economic equality.[15][16][17]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Not to be confused with the botanical term "hypogynous".

References edit

  1. ^ Abgarian, Almara (21 October 2018). "What is hypergamy and are some people prone to it?". metro.co.uk. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  2. ^ Shah, A. M. (6 December 2012), The Structure of Indian Society: Then and Now, Routledge, pp. 37–, ISBN 978-1-136-19770-3
  3. ^ Dickemann, Mildred (May 1979). "The ecology of mating systems in hypergynous dowry societies". Social Science Information. 18 (2): 163–195. doi:10.1177/053901847901800201. S2CID 144749330. It seemed clear from my materials that, as long ago proposed by Risley (1908) and Rivers (1921), this practice was a product of hypergyny, the upward flow of brides in a society which, being pyramidal, had fewer grooms at the top
  4. ^ Geary, David C.; Vigil, Jacob; Byrd-Craven, Jennifer (2003). "Evolution of human mate choice". The Journal of Sex Research. 41 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1080/00224490409552211. PMID 15216422. S2CID 6848381. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  5. ^ Geary, David C.; Vigil, Jacob; Byrd-Craven, Jennifer (2003). "Evolution of Human Mate Choice" (PDF). web.simmons.edu. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  6. ^ "Women's Mate Preferences". ResearchGate. January 2017. p. 3. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  7. ^ Saint-Paul, G. (2008). "Genes, Legitimacy and Hypergamy: Another look at the economics of marriage.] Econstor, IZA Discussion Papers, No. 4456". Journal of Demographic Economics. 81 (4): 331–377. doi:10.1017/dem.2015.8. hdl:10419/36029.
  8. ^ Bokek-Cohen, Y.; Peres, Y. & Kanazawa, S. (2007). "Rational choice and evolutionary psychology as explanations for mate selectivity" (PDF). Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology. 2 (2): 42–55. doi:10.1037/h0099356.
  9. ^ Dalmia, Sonia; Sicilian, Paul (2008). "Kids Cause Specialization: Evidence for Becker's Household Division of Labor Hypothesis". International Advances in Economic Research. 14 (4): 448–459. doi:10.1007/s11294-008-9171-x. S2CID 153727934.
  10. ^ Esteve, Albert (2016-11-21). "The End of Hypergamy: Global Trends and Implications". Population and Development Review. 42 (4): 615–625. doi:10.1111/padr.12012. PMC 5421994. PMID 28490820.
  11. ^ Cashdan, Elizabeth (1996). (PDF). Evolutionary Anthropology. 5 (4): 134–143. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1996)5:4<134::AID-EVAN3>3.0.CO;2-G. S2CID 83722614. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-12.
  12. ^ Hadfield, Elaine (1995). (PDF). Vol. 26. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. pp. 728–750. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-29.
  13. ^ Zentner, M.; Mitura, K (1 October 2012). "Stepping out of the caveman's shadow: nations' gender gap predicts degree of sex differentiation in mate preferences". Psychological Science. 23 (10): 1176–85. doi:10.1177/0956797612441004. PMID 22933455. S2CID 3099690.
  14. ^ Yue Qian (2016). "Gender Asymmetry in Educational and Income Assortative Marriage". Journal of Marriage and Family. 79 (2): 318–336. doi:10.1111/jomf.12372.
  15. ^ Rutter, Virginia (2011). The Gender of Sexuality: Exploring Sexual Possibilities. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (Gender Lens Series). p. 19. ISBN 978-0742570030.
  16. ^ Coltrane, Scott (2008). Gender and Families (Gender Lens Series). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 94. ISBN 978-0742561519.
  17. ^ McVeigh, Tracy (2012-04-07). "Shift in marriage patterns 'has effect on inequality'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-14.

External links edit

  •   The dictionary definition of hypergamy at Wiktionary

January 01, 1970
hypergamy, this, article, relies, excessively, references, primary, sources, please, improve, this, article, adding, secondary, tertiary, sources, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, july, 2021, learn, when, remove, this, message, colloquia. This article relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Hypergamy news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message Hypergamy colloquially referred to as dating up or marrying up 1 is a term used in social science for the act or practice of a person dating or marrying a spouse of higher social status or sexual capital than themselves Esther is crowned in this 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld The antonym hypogamy a refers to the inverse marrying a person of lower social class or status colloquially marrying down Both terms were invented in the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century while translating classical Hindu law books which used the Sanskrit terms anuloma and pratiloma respectively for the two concepts 2 The term hypergyny is used to describe the overall practice of women marrying up since the men would be marrying down 3 Contents 1 Research 2 Prevalence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksResearch editOne study found that women are more selective in their choice of marriage partners than are men 4 5 A study done by the University of Minnesota in 2017 found that females generally prefer dominant males as mates 6 Research conducted throughout the world strongly supports the position that women prefer marriage with partners who are culturally successful or have high potential to become culturally successful The most extensive of these studies included 10 000 people in 37 cultures across six continents and five islands Women rated good financial prospect higher than men did in all cultures In 29 samples the ambition and industriousness of a prospective mate were more important for women than for men Meta analysis of research published from 1965 to 1986 revealed the same sex difference Feingold 1992 Across studies 3 out of 4 women rated socioeconomic status as more important in a prospective marriage partner than did the average man Gilles Saint Paul 2008 proposes a mathematical model that purports to demonstrate that human female hypergamy occurs because women have greater lost mating opportunity costs from monogamous mating given their slower reproductive rate and limited window of fertility compared to men and thus must be compensated for this cost of marriage By this argument marriage reduces the overall genetic quality of her offspring by precluding the possibility of impregnation by a genetically higher quality male albeit without his parental investment but the reduction may be compensated by greater levels of parental investment by her genetically lower quality husband dubious discuss At the end of his introduction Saint Paul states his model is consistent with statistics published by Bertrand et al 2013 but also notes that in US Bureau of Labor and Statistics BLS data gathered the same year aggregate evidence is not so clear cut 7 An empirical study examined the mate preferences of subscribers to a computer dating service in Israel that had a highly skewed sex ratio 646 men for 1 000 women Despite this skewed sex ratio they found that On education and socioeconomic status women on average express greater hypergamic selectivity they prefer mates who are superior to them in these traits while men express a desire for an analogue of hypergamy based on physical attractiveness they desire a mate who ranks higher on the physical attractiveness scale than they themselves do 8 51 One study did not find a statistical difference in the number of women or men marrying up in a sample of 1 109 first time married couples in the United States 9 Another study found traditional marriage practices in which men marry down in education do not persist for long once women have the educational advantage 10 Additional studies of mate selection in dozens of countries around the world have found men and women report prioritizing different traits when it comes to choosing a mate with both groups favoring attractive partners in general but men tending to prefer women who are young while women tend to prefer men who are rich well educated and ambitious 11 They argue that as societies shift towards becoming more gender equal women s mate selection preferences shift as well Some research supports that theory 12 including a 2012 analysis of a survey of 8 953 people in 37 countries which found that the more gender equal a country the likelier male and female respondents were to report seeking the same qualities in each other rather than different ones 13 In a 2016 paper that explored the income difference between couples in 1980 and 2012 researcher Yue Qian noted that the tendency for women to marry men with higher incomes than themselves still persists in the modern era 14 Prevalence editIt is becoming less common for women to marry older men Hypergamy does not necessitate the man being older rather it requires him to have higher status The term social equals typically pertains to shared social circles rather than economic equality 15 16 17 See also editDating Dating preferences Eligible bachelor Erotic capital Evolutionary psychology Exogamy Men s rights movement Female privilege Gold digging Mating system Polygamy Polygyny threshold model Resource acquisition ability Sexual selection Social psychology Social status Socioeconomics Trophy wife UtilitarianismNotes edit Not to be confused with the botanical term hypogynous References edit Abgarian Almara 21 October 2018 What is hypergamy and are some people prone to it metro co uk Retrieved 2 July 2019 Shah A M 6 December 2012 The Structure of Indian Society Then and Now Routledge pp 37 ISBN 978 1 136 19770 3 Dickemann Mildred May 1979 The ecology of mating systems in hypergynous dowry societies Social Science Information 18 2 163 195 doi 10 1177 053901847901800201 S2CID 144749330 It seemed clear from my materials that as long ago proposed by Risley 1908 and Rivers 1921 this practice was a product of hypergyny the upward flow of brides in a society which being pyramidal had fewer grooms at the top Geary David C Vigil Jacob Byrd Craven Jennifer 2003 Evolution of human mate choice The Journal of Sex Research 41 1 27 42 doi 10 1080 00224490409552211 PMID 15216422 S2CID 6848381 Retrieved 30 December 2020 Geary David C Vigil Jacob Byrd Craven Jennifer 2003 Evolution of Human Mate Choice PDF web simmons edu Retrieved 30 December 2020 Women s Mate Preferences ResearchGate January 2017 p 3 Retrieved 16 November 2021 Saint Paul G 2008 Genes Legitimacy and Hypergamy Another look at the economics of marriage Econstor IZA Discussion Papers No 4456 Journal of Demographic Economics 81 4 331 377 doi 10 1017 dem 2015 8 hdl 10419 36029 Bokek Cohen Y Peres Y amp Kanazawa S 2007 Rational choice and evolutionary psychology as explanations for mate selectivity PDF Journal of Social Evolutionary and Cultural Psychology 2 2 42 55 doi 10 1037 h0099356 Dalmia Sonia Sicilian Paul 2008 Kids Cause Specialization Evidence for Becker s Household Division of Labor Hypothesis International Advances in Economic Research 14 4 448 459 doi 10 1007 s11294 008 9171 x S2CID 153727934 Esteve Albert 2016 11 21 The End of Hypergamy Global Trends and Implications Population and Development Review 42 4 615 625 doi 10 1111 padr 12012 PMC 5421994 PMID 28490820 Cashdan Elizabeth 1996 Women s Mating Strategies PDF Evolutionary Anthropology 5 4 134 143 doi 10 1002 SICI 1520 6505 1996 5 4 lt 134 AID EVAN3 gt 3 0 CO 2 G S2CID 83722614 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 04 12 Hadfield Elaine 1995 Men s and Women s Preferences in Marital Partners in the United States Russia and Japan PDF Vol 26 Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology pp 728 750 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 12 03 Retrieved 2013 11 29 Zentner M Mitura K 1 October 2012 Stepping out of the caveman s shadow nations gender gap predicts degree of sex differentiation in mate preferences Psychological Science 23 10 1176 85 doi 10 1177 0956797612441004 PMID 22933455 S2CID 3099690 Yue Qian 2016 Gender Asymmetry in Educational and Income Assortative Marriage Journal of Marriage and Family 79 2 318 336 doi 10 1111 jomf 12372 Rutter Virginia 2011 The Gender of Sexuality Exploring Sexual Possibilities Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers Gender Lens Series p 19 ISBN 978 0742570030 Coltrane Scott 2008 Gender and Families Gender Lens Series Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 94 ISBN 978 0742561519 McVeigh Tracy 2012 04 07 Shift in marriage patterns has effect on inequality The Guardian Retrieved 2018 11 14 External links edit nbsp The dictionary definition of hypergamy at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hypergamy amp oldid 1221368769, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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