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Humboldt's sapphire

March 16, 2024

Humboldt's sapphire or Humboldt's hummingbird (Chrysuronia humboldtii) is a species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama.[5][4]

Humboldt's sapphire
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Chrysuronia
Species:
C. humboldtii
Binomial name
Chrysuronia humboldtii
(Bourcier & Mulsant, 1852)
Synonyms
  • Hylocharis grayi humboldtii[3]
  • Hylocharis humboldtii[3]
  • Amazilia humboldtii[4]

Taxonomy and systematics edit

Humboldt's sapphire was formerly placed in the genera Hylocharis and Amazilia. It was moved by most taxonomic systems to Chrysuronia based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014.[6][7][5][3][8][9] However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) retains it in Amazilia.[4] At one time the species was treated as a subspecies of the blue-headed hummingbird (C. grayi).[3]

Humboldt's sapphire is monotypic.[5]

Description edit

Humboldt's sapphire is 9 to 12.5 cm (3.5 to 4.9 in) long. Males weigh 6.3 to 6.6 g (0.22 to 0.23 oz) and females 5.8 to 6.4 g (0.20 to 0.23 oz). Males have a straightish coral red bill with a black tip. Females' bills have a black maxilla with red at its base and a mostly pinkish mandible with a black tip. Adult males have a deep blue forehead and center of the throat. Their crown is dull dark blue-green and the rest of their upperparts metallic green to bronze-green. Their tail is dark metallic green to blue with dusky gray tips on the outer feathers. Their chest, sides of the neck, and cheeks are blue-green to green, their sides green, and the center of their belly and their undertail coverts white. Adult females have a blue crown and metallic green to bronze-green upperparts and tail; their outer tail feathers have dusky gray tips. Their underparts are mostly white with bright green flecks on the sides of the throat and breast. Juvenile males have much white below, with a bronze-flecked breast, and their crown and face are dull dark bluish green.[10]

Distribution and habitat edit

Humboldt's sapphire is found in a narrow Pacific coastal band from extreme southeastern Panama through western Colombia into northwestern Ecuador's Esmeraldas Province. It inhabits mangroves and adjacent wet secondary forest, mostly below 50 m (160 ft) of elevation. It is most common in stands of Pacific (or tea) mangrove (Pelliciera rhizophorae).[10]

Behavior edit

Movement edit

The movements of Humboldt's sapphire, if any, have not been documented.[10]

Feeding edit

The Humboldt's sapphire's preferred nectar source is the flowers of tea mangrove, though it has been observed feeding at flowering trees, shrubs, and herbs near the mangrove belt. In addition to nectar, it feeds on insects taken by hawking from a perch or by gleaning from vegetation.[10]

Breeding edit

Humboldt's sapphires in breeding condition have been noted between January and May. Males gather at leks to sing to females. No other information on the species' breeding phenology is known and its nest has not been described.[10]

 

Songs and calls
Listen to Humboldt's sapphire on xeno-canto

Vocalization edit

Xeno-canto and Cornell University's Macaulay Library have only a few recordings of Humboldt's sapphire vocalizations. What is thought to be its song is "a repeated high-pitched phrase comprising hissing notes and trills, 'tee-tsee-see-tsee-see-trtrt-tsee-see-trtrt'." It also makes "a descending squeaky twittering" call.[10]

Status edit

The IUCN has assessed Humboldt's sapphire as being of Least Concern. It has a fairly large range and an estimated population of between 20,000 and 50,000 mature individuals, though the latter is believed to be decreasing. Its mangrove habitat is slowly being converted to shrimp farming, but because the species also uses secondary forest the population's rate of decline is not high enough for a Near Threatened assessment.[1] It is considered uncommon in Panama, very local in Colombia, and very rare in Ecuador.[10]

References edit

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2021). "Humboldt's Hummingbird Amazilia humboldtii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c d Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
  4. ^ a b c HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
  5. ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  6. ^ McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.
  7. ^ Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3. PMID 29245495.
  8. ^ "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds". American Ornithological Society. June 29, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  9. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
  10. ^ a b c d e f g del Hoyo, J., N. Collar, G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2021). Humboldt's Sapphire (Chrysuronia humboldtii), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.humsap2.01.1 retrieved September 12, 2022

March 16, 2024
humboldt, sapphire, humboldt, hummingbird, chrysuronia, humboldtii, species, hummingbird, emeralds, tribe, trochilini, subfamily, trochilinae, found, colombia, ecuador, panama, conservation, statusleast, concern, iucn, cites, appendix, cites, scientific, class. Humboldt s sapphire or Humboldt s hummingbird Chrysuronia humboldtii is a species of hummingbird in the emeralds tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae It is found in Colombia Ecuador and Panama 5 4 Humboldt s sapphireConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesClade StrisoresOrder ApodiformesFamily TrochilidaeGenus ChrysuroniaSpecies C humboldtiiBinomial nameChrysuronia humboldtii Bourcier amp Mulsant 1852 SynonymsHylocharis grayi humboldtii 3 Hylocharis humboldtii 3 Amazilia humboldtii 4 Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Movement 4 2 Feeding 4 3 Breeding 4 4 Vocalization 5 Status 6 ReferencesTaxonomy and systematics editHumboldt s sapphire was formerly placed in the genera Hylocharis and Amazilia It was moved by most taxonomic systems to Chrysuronia based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 6 7 5 3 8 9 However BirdLife International s Handbook of the Birds of the World HBW retains it in Amazilia 4 At one time the species was treated as a subspecies of the blue headed hummingbird C grayi 3 Humboldt s sapphire is monotypic 5 Description editHumboldt s sapphire is 9 to 12 5 cm 3 5 to 4 9 in long Males weigh 6 3 to 6 6 g 0 22 to 0 23 oz and females 5 8 to 6 4 g 0 20 to 0 23 oz Males have a straightish coral red bill with a black tip Females bills have a black maxilla with red at its base and a mostly pinkish mandible with a black tip Adult males have a deep blue forehead and center of the throat Their crown is dull dark blue green and the rest of their upperparts metallic green to bronze green Their tail is dark metallic green to blue with dusky gray tips on the outer feathers Their chest sides of the neck and cheeks are blue green to green their sides green and the center of their belly and their undertail coverts white Adult females have a blue crown and metallic green to bronze green upperparts and tail their outer tail feathers have dusky gray tips Their underparts are mostly white with bright green flecks on the sides of the throat and breast Juvenile males have much white below with a bronze flecked breast and their crown and face are dull dark bluish green 10 Distribution and habitat editHumboldt s sapphire is found in a narrow Pacific coastal band from extreme southeastern Panama through western Colombia into northwestern Ecuador s Esmeraldas Province It inhabits mangroves and adjacent wet secondary forest mostly below 50 m 160 ft of elevation It is most common in stands of Pacific or tea mangrove Pelliciera rhizophorae 10 Behavior editMovement edit The movements of Humboldt s sapphire if any have not been documented 10 Feeding edit The Humboldt s sapphire s preferred nectar source is the flowers of tea mangrove though it has been observed feeding at flowering trees shrubs and herbs near the mangrove belt In addition to nectar it feeds on insects taken by hawking from a perch or by gleaning from vegetation 10 Breeding edit Humboldt s sapphires in breeding condition have been noted between January and May Males gather at leks to sing to females No other information on the species breeding phenology is known and its nest has not been described 10 nbsp Songs and callsListen to Humboldt s sapphire on xeno canto Vocalization edit Xeno canto and Cornell University s Macaulay Library have only a few recordings of Humboldt s sapphire vocalizations What is thought to be its song is a repeated high pitched phrase comprising hissing notes and trills tee tsee see tsee see trtrt tsee see trtrt It also makes a descending squeaky twittering call 10 Status editThe IUCN has assessed Humboldt s sapphire as being of Least Concern It has a fairly large range and an estimated population of between 20 000 and 50 000 mature individuals though the latter is believed to be decreasing Its mangrove habitat is slowly being converted to shrimp farming but because the species also uses secondary forest the population s rate of decline is not high enough for a Near Threatened assessment 1 It is considered uncommon in Panama very local in Colombia and very rare in Ecuador 10 References edit a b BirdLife International 2021 Humboldt s Hummingbird Amazilia humboldtii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 Retrieved 12 September 2022 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 a b c d Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt A Jaramillo D F Lane J F Pacheco M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer Version 24 July 2022 A classification of the bird species of South America American Ornithological Society https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCBaseline htm retrieved July 24 2022 a b c HBW and BirdLife International 2021 Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 6 Available at http datazone birdlife org userfiles file Species Taxonomy HBW BirdLife Checklist v6 Dec21 zip retrieved August 7 2022 a b c Gill F Donsker D Rasmussen P eds August 2022 Hummingbirds IOC World Bird List v 12 2 Retrieved August 9 2022 McGuire J Witt C Remsen J V Corl A Rabosky D Altshuler D Dudley R 2014 Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds Current Biology 24 8 910 916 doi 10 1016 j cub 2014 03 016 PMID 24704078 Stiles F G Remsen J V Jr Mcguire J A 2017 The generic classification of the Trochilini Aves Trochilidae Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny Zootaxa 4353 3 401 424 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4353 3 PMID 29245495 Check list of North and Middle American Birds American Ornithological Society June 29 2021 Retrieved August 9 2021 Clements J F T S Schulenberg M J Iliff S M Billerman T A Fredericks J A Gerbracht D Lepage B L Sullivan and C L Wood 2021 The eBird Clements checklist of Birds of the World v2021 Downloaded from https www birds cornell edu clementschecklist download Retrieved August 25 2021 a b c d e f g del Hoyo J N Collar G M Kirwan and P F D Boesman 2021 Humboldt s Sapphire Chrysuronia humboldtii version 1 1 In Birds of the World J del Hoyo A Elliott J Sargatal D A Christie and E de Juana Editors Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA https doi org 10 2173 bow humsap2 01 1 retrieved September 12 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Humboldt 27s sapphire amp oldid 1210863042, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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