Horse worship is a spiritual practice with archaeological evidence of its existence during the Iron Age and, in some places, as far back as the Bronze Age. The horse was seen as divine, as a sacred animal associated with a particular deity, or as a totem animal impersonating the king or warrior. Horse cults and horse sacrifice were originally a feature of Eurasian nomad cultures. While horse worship has been almost exclusively associated with Indo-European culture, by the Early Middle Ages it was also adopted by Turkic peoples.
The Uffington White Horse
Horse worship still exists today in various regions of South Asia.
The history of horse domestication is still a debated topic. The most widely accepted theory is that the horse was domesticated somewhere in the western Eurasian steppes. Various archaeological cultures including the Botai in Kazakhstan and Dereivka in Ukraine are proposed as possible candidates. However, widespread use of horses on the steppes is only noted from the late part of the third millennium BCE.[1]
The world's oldest horse burial and signs of horse worship (such as horse figurines among grave goods) were discovered at the Syezzheye cemetery of Samara culture in the Bogatovsky District.[2][3] The cemetery is dated to the 1st half of the 4th millennium BC.[4]
Iron Age
The Uffington White Horse in the United Kingdom, is dated to the Iron Age (800 BC–100 AD) or the late Bronze Age (1000–700 BC) in Britain; deposits of fine silt removed from the horse's 'beak' were scientifically dated to the late Bronze Age.[5]
The French archaeologist Patrice Méniel has demonstrated, based on examination of animal bones from many archaeological sites, a lack of hippophagy (horse eating) in ritual centres and burial sites in Gaul, although there is some evidence for hippophagy from earlier settlement sites in the same region.[6]
Horse oracles are also attested in later times (see Arkona below).
There is some reason to believe that Poseidon, like other water gods, was originally conceived under the form of a horse. In Greek art, Poseidon rides a chariot that was pulled by a hippocampus or by horses that could ride on the sea, and sailors sometimes drowned horses as a sacrifice to Poseidon to ensure a safe voyage.
In the cave of PhigaliaDemeter was, according to popular tradition, represented with the head and mane of a horse, possibly a relic of the time when a non-specialized corn-spirit bore this form. Her priests were called Poloi (Greek for "colts") in Laconia.
This seems related to the archaic myth by which Poseidon once pursued Demeter; She spurned his advances, turning herself into a mare so that she could hide in a herd of horses; he saw through the deception and became a stallion and captured her. Their child was a horse, Arion, which was capable of human speech.
This bears some resemblance to the Norse mythology reference to the gender-changing Loki having turned himself into a mare and given birth to Sleipnir, "the greatest of all horses".
Tacitus (Germania) mentions the use of white horses for divination by the Germanic tribes:
But to this nation it is peculiar, to learn presages and admonitions divine from horses also. These are nourished by the State in the same sacred woods and groves, all milk-white and employed in no earthly labour. These yoked in the holy chariot, are accompanied by the Priest and the King, or the Chief of the Community, who both carefully observed his actions and neighing. Nor in any sort of augury is more faith and assurance reposed, not by the populace only, but even by the nobles, even by the Priests. These account themselves the ministers of the Gods, and the horses privy to his will.
The Welsh legend of Rhiannon and the Irish legend of Macha, although first recorded in Christian times, may indicate memories of horse worship. The white horse of Rhiannon is another example of cultic use of white horses, which seems to be an Indo-European phenomenon.[8]
The temple fortress of Arkona, at Cape Arkona on the German island of Rügen, was the religious centre of the SlavicRani in the Early Middle Ages. The temple, dedicated to the deity Svantevit, housed an important horse oracle in Slavic times, where the behaviour of a white stallion could decide peace or war – recalling the above account by Tacitus.
In India, horse worship in the form of worship of Hayagriva dates back to 2000 BC,[9] when the Indo-Aryan people started to migrate into the Indus valley.[10] The Indo-Aryans worshipped the horse for its speed, strength, and intelligence.[11][12] To this day, the worship of Hayagriva exists among the followers of Hinduism.[13]
^Gerling, Claudia (2015-07-01). Prehistoric Mobility and Diet in the West Eurasian Steppes 3500 to 300 BC: An Isotopic Approach. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 220. ISBN9783110311211.
^Kuzʹmina, Elena Efimovna (2007). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. ISBN9789004160545.
^Васильев И.Б., Матвеева Г.И. Могильник у с. Съезжее на р. Самаре // Советская археология. 1979. №4.
^Darvill, Timothy (1996). Prehistoric Britain from the Air: A study of space, time and society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ISBN9780521551328.
^Society for Ancient Medicine Review. Department of Classical Studies, University of Pennsylvania. 1993. p. 131. Hippophagy in pre-Roman Gaul can no longer be denied MULDER, J., 'A Historical Review of Wound Treatment in Animals,'
^Robert Hans van Gulik. Hayagrīva: The Mantrayānic Aspect of Horse-cult in China and Japan. Brill Archive. p. 9.
^Gavin Floyd (1996), An introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
^Mārg̲, Volume 43. p. 77.Originally from = University of Michigan
^T. Volker (1950). The Animal in Far Eastern Art: And Especially in the Art of the Japanese Netzsuke, with References to Chinese Origins, Traditions, Legends, and Art. BRILL. p. 102.
^Jagannath Cult in North - East India by Prof. Byomakesh Tripathy and Dr. Prabhas Kumar Singh
Méniel, Patrice Les Sacrifices d'animaux chez les gaulois. Paris, Editions Errance. ISBN2-87772-068-3
Nantonos & Ceffyl (2005) Geographical Distribution of Epona
Tacitus, Germania. Thomas Gordon, translator. Available online
W. H. Corkill, Horse Cults in Britain, Folklore (1950).
Robert Hans van Gulik, Hayagrīva: The Mantrayānic Aspect of Horse-cult in China and Japan (1935)
December 27, 2022
horse, worship, spiritual, practice, with, archaeological, evidence, existence, during, iron, some, places, back, bronze, horse, seen, divine, sacred, animal, associated, with, particular, deity, totem, animal, impersonating, king, warrior, horse, cults, horse. Horse worship is a spiritual practice with archaeological evidence of its existence during the Iron Age and in some places as far back as the Bronze Age The horse was seen as divine as a sacred animal associated with a particular deity or as a totem animal impersonating the king or warrior Horse cults and horse sacrifice were originally a feature of Eurasian nomad cultures While horse worship has been almost exclusively associated with Indo European culture by the Early Middle Ages it was also adopted by Turkic peoples The Uffington White Horse Horse worship still exists today in various regions of South Asia Contents 1 Bronze Age 2 Iron Age 3 Germanic 4 Gallo Roman 5 Early medieval 6 India 7 See also 8 Notes 9 ReferencesBronze AgeMain article Domestication of the horse The history of horse domestication is still a debated topic The most widely accepted theory is that the horse was domesticated somewhere in the western Eurasian steppes Various archaeological cultures including the Botai in Kazakhstan and Dereivka in Ukraine are proposed as possible candidates However widespread use of horses on the steppes is only noted from the late part of the third millennium BCE 1 The world s oldest horse burial and signs of horse worship such as horse figurines among grave goods were discovered at the Syezzheye cemetery of Samara culture in the Bogatovsky District 2 3 The cemetery is dated to the 1st half of the 4th millennium BC 4 Iron AgeThe Uffington White Horse in the United Kingdom is dated to the Iron Age 800 BC 100 AD or the late Bronze Age 1000 700 BC in Britain deposits of fine silt removed from the horse s beak were scientifically dated to the late Bronze Age 5 The French archaeologist Patrice Meniel has demonstrated based on examination of animal bones from many archaeological sites a lack of hippophagy horse eating in ritual centres and burial sites in Gaul although there is some evidence for hippophagy from earlier settlement sites in the same region 6 Horse oracles are also attested in later times see Arkona below There is some reason to believe that Poseidon like other water gods was originally conceived under the form of a horse In Greek art Poseidon rides a chariot that was pulled by a hippocampus or by horses that could ride on the sea and sailors sometimes drowned horses as a sacrifice to Poseidon to ensure a safe voyage In the cave of Phigalia Demeter was according to popular tradition represented with the head and mane of a horse possibly a relic of the time when a non specialized corn spirit bore this form Her priests were called Poloi Greek for colts in Laconia This seems related to the archaic myth by which Poseidon once pursued Demeter She spurned his advances turning herself into a mare so that she could hide in a herd of horses he saw through the deception and became a stallion and captured her Their child was a horse Arion which was capable of human speech This bears some resemblance to the Norse mythology reference to the gender changing Loki having turned himself into a mare and given birth to Sleipnir the greatest of all horses Further information EquirriaGermanicTacitus Germania mentions the use of white horses for divination by the Germanic tribes But to this nation it is peculiar to learn presages and admonitions divine from horses also These are nourished by the State in the same sacred woods and groves all milk white and employed in no earthly labour These yoked in the holy chariot are accompanied by the Priest and the King or the Chief of the Community who both carefully observed his actions and neighing Nor in any sort of augury is more faith and assurance reposed not by the populace only but even by the nobles even by the Priests These account themselves the ministers of the Gods and the horses privy to his will Gallo RomanIn Gallo Roman times the worship of Epona was widespread 7 in the north western portions of the Roman Empire Early medieval Hayagriva the Hindu god The Welsh legend of Rhiannon and the Irish legend of Macha although first recorded in Christian times may indicate memories of horse worship The white horse of Rhiannon is another example of cultic use of white horses which seems to be an Indo European phenomenon 8 The temple fortress of Arkona at Cape Arkona on the German island of Rugen was the religious centre of the Slavic Rani in the Early Middle Ages The temple dedicated to the deity Svantevit housed an important horse oracle in Slavic times where the behaviour of a white stallion could decide peace or war recalling the above account by Tacitus Similar horse oracles have been reported from medieval temples in Pomeranian Stettin and Lutitian Rethra and in temples in the Ming Dynasty Tombs IndiaIn India horse worship in the form of worship of Hayagriva dates back to 2000 BC 9 when the Indo Aryan people started to migrate into the Indus valley 10 The Indo Aryans worshipped the horse for its speed strength and intelligence 11 12 To this day the worship of Hayagriva exists among the followers of Hinduism 13 See alsoEpona White horse mythology Horse burial Animal worship Domestication of the horse Horse zodiac Notes Gerling Claudia 2015 07 01 Prehistoric Mobility and Diet in the West Eurasian Steppes 3500 to 300 BC An Isotopic Approach Walter de Gruyter GmbH amp Co KG p 220 ISBN 9783110311211 Kuzʹmina Elena Efimovna 2007 The Origin of the Indo Iranians ISBN 9789004160545 Kuzmina Elena Efimovna 2008 The Prehistory of the Silk Road University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 978 0 8122 4041 2 Vasilev I B Matveeva G I Mogilnik u s Sezzhee na r Samare Sovetskaya arheologiya 1979 4 Darvill Timothy 1996 Prehistoric Britain from the Air A study of space time and society Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 223 ISBN 9780521551328 Society for Ancient Medicine Review Department of Classical Studies University of Pennsylvania 1993 p 131 Hippophagy in pre Roman Gaul can no longer be denied MULDER J A Historical Review of Wound Treatment in Animals Nantonos amp Ceffyl 2005 Hyland p 6 Robert Hans van Gulik Hayagriva The Mantrayanic Aspect of Horse cult in China and Japan Brill Archive p 9 Gavin Floyd 1996 An introduction to Hinduism Cambridge University Press Marg Volume 43 p 77 Originally from University of Michigan T Volker 1950 The Animal in Far Eastern Art And Especially in the Art of the Japanese Netzsuke with References to Chinese Origins Traditions Legends and Art BRILL p 102 Jagannath Cult in North East India by Prof Byomakesh Tripathy and Dr Prabhas Kumar SinghReferencesHyland Ann 2003 The Horse in the Ancient World Stroud Sutton Publishing ISBN 0 7509 2160 9 Meniel Patrice Les Sacrifices d animaux chez les gaulois Paris Editions Errance ISBN 2 87772 068 3 Nantonos amp Ceffyl 2005 Geographical Distribution of Epona Tacitus Germania Thomas Gordon translator Available online W H Corkill Horse Cults in Britain Folklore 1950 Robert Hans van Gulik Hayagriva The Mantrayanic Aspect of Horse cult in China and Japan 1935 Retrieved 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