A disease is holoendemic when essentially every individual in a population is infected.[1][2]
Although the infection is ubiquitous, symptoms of disease do not appear equally across age groups. The young are more likely to express pathogenic responses, whilst the older hosts will carry the disease asymptomatically, or with reduced damage, due to adaptive immunity. Therefore, holoendemic diseases differ from hyperendemic[3] diseases, of which symptoms are expressed equally by members across all age groups of a population.[4][5]
Holoendemicity is frequently seen with malaria, specifically the strain caused by Plasmodium falciparum, in several regions of sub-Saharan Africa (one study found that 98.6% of the population had traces of the pathogen within a 4 month period[6]). While individuals of all ages risk exposure to malaria, those under the age of five are particularly susceptible to the disease. Children account for the majority of both local and global malaria cases[7] because they lack the adaptive immunity that comes with repeated exposure.[8] Other examples of holoendemic diseases include ocular trachoma in certain areas in sub-Saharan Africa, where virtually all children in those populations have been infected,[9] and hepatitis B in areas of the Marquesas Islands.[10]
Referencesedit
^"Holoendemic definition". Miriam Webster's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
^Stich, August; Oster, N.; Abdel-Aziz, I.Z.; Stieglbauer, G.; Coulibaly, B.; Wickert, H.; McLean, J.; Kouyaté, B.A.; et al. (2006). "Malaria in a holoendemic area of Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study". Parasitology Research. 98 (6): 596–599. doi:10.1007/s00436-005-0104-9. PMID 16416123. S2CID 27192358. Note:"In the study area, like other holoendemic areas, youth is a risk factor for malaria. In comparison, adults in such areas have acquired permunition and can more readily resist infection and tolerate various symptoms associated with malaria."
^Trape, Jean-Francois; Rogier, Christophe; Konate, Lassana; Diagne, Nafissatou; Bouganali, Hilaire; Canque, Bruno; Legros, Fabrice; Badji, Assane; Ndiaye, Gora (1994-08-01). "The Dielmo Project: a Longitudinal Study of Natural Malaria Infection and the Mechanisms of Protective Immunity in a Community Living in a Holoendemic Area of Senegal". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 51 (2): 123–137. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.123. ISSN 0002-9637. PMID 8074247. Notes: "The incidence of malaria attacks was 40 times higher in children 0--4 years of age than in adults more than 40 years old. Our findings suggest that sterile immunity and clinical protection are never fully achieved in humans continuously exposed since birth to intense transmission."
^. World Health Organization. December 2015. ISBN978-92-4-156515-8. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
^Rogier, Christophe; Trape, Jean-Francois; Commenges, Daniel (1996-06-01). "Evidence for an Age-Dependent Pyrogenic Threshold of Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia in Highly Endemic Populations". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 54 (6): 613–619. CiteSeerX10.1.1.887.5845. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.613. ISSN 0002-9637. PMID 8686780. Note: "From then on, it decreased with age (P < 0.001), first rapidly in children, then slowly in adults, as is classically observed in areas of malaria holoendemicity."
^Lewallen, Susan; Courtright, Paul (2001). "Blindness in Africa: present situation and future needs". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 85 (8): 897–903. doi:10.1136/bjo.85.8.897. PMC1724094. PMID 11466240. Notes: "Although the prevalence of active disease is similar for boys and girls, adult women tend to have more active disease than adult men, probably due to their more frequent interaction with children. In some areas trachoma is holoendemic—every child acquires active trachoma and every adult shows evidence of conjunctival scarring."
^Chanteau, S.; Sechan, Y.; Moulia-Pelat, J. P.; Luquiaud, P.; Spiegel, A.; Boutin, J. P.; Roux, J. F. (June 1993). "The blackfly Simulium buissoni and infection by hepatitis B virus on a holoendemic island of the Marquesas archipelago in French Polynesia". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 48 (6): 763–770. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.763. ISSN 0002-9637. PMID 8333570.
holoendemic, disease, holoendemic, when, essentially, every, individual, population, infected, although, infection, ubiquitous, symptoms, disease, appear, equally, across, groups, young, more, likely, express, pathogenic, responses, whilst, older, hosts, will,. A disease is holoendemic when essentially every individual in a population is infected 1 2 Although the infection is ubiquitous symptoms of disease do not appear equally across age groups The young are more likely to express pathogenic responses whilst the older hosts will carry the disease asymptomatically or with reduced damage due to adaptive immunity Therefore holoendemic diseases differ from hyperendemic 3 diseases of which symptoms are expressed equally by members across all age groups of a population 4 5 Holoendemicity is frequently seen with malaria specifically the strain caused by Plasmodium falciparum in several regions of sub Saharan Africa one study found that 98 6 of the population had traces of the pathogen within a 4 month period 6 While individuals of all ages risk exposure to malaria those under the age of five are particularly susceptible to the disease Children account for the majority of both local and global malaria cases 7 because they lack the adaptive immunity that comes with repeated exposure 8 Other examples of holoendemic diseases include ocular trachoma in certain areas in sub Saharan Africa where virtually all children in those populations have been infected 9 and hepatitis B in areas of the Marquesas Islands 10 References edit Holoendemic definition Miriam Webster s Medical Dictionary Retrieved 2009 04 19 Holoendemic disease Mondofacto 2008 Retrieved 2009 04 19 Medical Definition of Hyperendemic www merriam webster com Retrieved 2017 11 07 Endemic Diseases www ncbi nlm nih gov Retrieved 2017 11 07 Stich August Oster N Abdel Aziz I Z Stieglbauer G Coulibaly B Wickert H McLean J Kouyate B A et al 2006 Malaria in a holoendemic area of Burkina Faso a cross sectional study Parasitology Research 98 6 596 599 doi 10 1007 s00436 005 0104 9 PMID 16416123 S2CID 27192358 Note In the study area like other holoendemic areas youth is a risk factor for malaria In comparison adults in such areas have acquired permunition and can more readily resist infection and tolerate various symptoms associated with malaria Trape Jean Francois Rogier Christophe Konate Lassana Diagne Nafissatou Bouganali Hilaire Canque Bruno Legros Fabrice Badji Assane Ndiaye Gora 1994 08 01 The Dielmo Project a Longitudinal Study of Natural Malaria Infection and the Mechanisms of Protective Immunity in a Community Living in a Holoendemic Area of Senegal The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51 2 123 137 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 1994 51 123 ISSN 0002 9637 PMID 8074247 Notes The incidence of malaria attacks was 40 times higher in children 0 4 years of age than in adults more than 40 years old Our findings suggest that sterile immunity and clinical protection are never fully achieved in humans continuously exposed since birth to intense transmission World Malaria Report 2015 World Health Organization December 2015 ISBN 978 92 4 156515 8 Retrieved November 6 2017 Rogier Christophe Trape Jean Francois Commenges Daniel 1996 06 01 Evidence for an Age Dependent Pyrogenic Threshold of Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia in Highly Endemic Populations The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 54 6 613 619 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 887 5845 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 1996 54 613 ISSN 0002 9637 PMID 8686780 Note From then on it decreased with age P lt 0 001 first rapidly in children then slowly in adults as is classically observed in areas of malaria holoendemicity Lewallen Susan Courtright Paul 2001 Blindness in Africa present situation and future needs British Journal of Ophthalmology 85 8 897 903 doi 10 1136 bjo 85 8 897 PMC 1724094 PMID 11466240 Notes Although the prevalence of active disease is similar for boys and girls adult women tend to have more active disease than adult men probably due to their more frequent interaction with children In some areas trachoma is holoendemic every child acquires active trachoma and every adult shows evidence of conjunctival scarring Chanteau S Sechan Y Moulia Pelat J P Luquiaud P Spiegel A Boutin J P Roux J F June 1993 The blackfly Simulium buissoni and infection by hepatitis B virus on a holoendemic island of the Marquesas archipelago in French Polynesia The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 48 6 763 770 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 1993 48 763 ISSN 0002 9637 PMID 8333570 nbsp This infectious disease article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Holoendemic amp oldid 1190945126, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
