The hoary-throated spinetail was originally described in genus Synallaxis.[4] In the early twentieth century some authors moved it into the newly created genus Poecilurus. By 2000 the merger of Poecilurus into Synallaxis was generally accepted and a study published in 2011 confirmed that placement. That study also established that the hoary-throated spinetail is a sister species to the white-whiskered spinetail (S. candei) and the rufous-breasted spinetail (S. erythrothorax).[5][6]
The hoary-throated spinetail is 14.5 to 16 cm (5.7 to 6.3 in) long. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have grayish lores, dark rufous cinnamon ear coverts, and a rufous streak behind the eye. Their crown is gray-brown and their nape, back, rump, and uppertail coverts bright rufous. Their wings are rufous with dusky tips on their flight feathers. Their tail is rufous. Their throat is dull black with white tips on the feathers. Their underparts are mostly rufous cinnamon with pale ochraceous lower flanks and buffy or pale cinnamon-white in the center of their belly. Their iris is dark reddish brown, their maxilla blackish gray, their mandible blue-gray with a blackish tip, and their legs and feet blue-gray.[7][8]
Distribution and habitatedit
The hoary-throated spinetail has a very restricted range in the extreme northern Amazon Basin. It is found only along several tributaries of the Branco River in the Brazilian state of Roraima and Guyana's Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region. It inhabits gallery forest along the watercourses, which flow through grasslands called "Lavrado" in Brazil and the Rupununi savannah in Guyana. The total length of the narrow bands it inhabits is less than 600 km (370 mi). It favors dense undergrowth heavy with vines and Inga shrubs.[7][8]
Behavioredit
Movementedit
The hoary-throated spinetail is a year-round resident.[1]
Feedingedit
Nothing is known about the hoary-throated spinetail's diet or foraging behavior, though it is assumed to feed on arthropods like other Synallaxis spinetails.[7]
Breedingedit
Nothing is known about the hoary-throated spinetail's breeding biology. It is assumed to build a stick nest similar to those of other Synallaxis spinetails.[7]
Songs and calls
Listen to hoary-throated spinetail on xeno-canto
Vocalizationedit
The hoary-throated spinetail makes a "double-noted 'tuh-tih', the second note higher". It is not known if this is a song or a call.[8]
Statusedit
The IUCN originally in 1988 assessed the hoary-throated spinetail as Near Threatened, then in 1994 as Vulnerable, in 2000 as Endangered, in 2005 again as Vulnerable, in 2008 again as Endangered, and since 2012 as Critically Endangered. It has a very small range and an estimated population of 1500 to 7000 mature individuals that is believed to be decreasing. "The gallery forests within the species[sic] range are being rapidly converted into rice plantations [and] [b]urning of vegetation, such as the fires that spread through Roraima in 1999, may be another major threat." "Forest loss across the species's[sic] range is likely to become extremely rapid."[1] "About 60% of the gallery forest within the species’ range is inside indigenous reserves" which are not formally protected, and rice is illegally farmed in them by non-indigenous people.[7]
Referencesedit
^ abcBirdLife International (2018). "Hoary-throated Spinetail Synallaxis kollari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22702393A128222975. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22702393A128222975.en. Retrieved 7 December 2023.|date= / |doi= mismatch
^ abGill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
^Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien (in Latin). Vienna: Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1938. p. 158.
^Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
^Derryberry, E. P., S. Claramunt, G. Derryberry, R. T. Chesser, J. Cracraft, A. Aleixo, J. Pérez-Emán, J. V. Remsen, Jr., and R. T. Brumfield. (2011). Lineage diversification and morphological evolution in a large-scale continental radiation: the Neotropical ovenbirds and woodcreepers (Aves: Furnariidae). Evolution 65(10):2973–2986. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01374.x
^ abcdeVale, M. M. (2020). Hoary-throated Spinetail (Synallaxis kollari), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.hotspi1.01 retrieved December 7, 2023
^ abcvan Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 214. ISBN978-0-19-530155-7.
External linksedit
BirdLife International Species Factsheet
April 14, 2024
hoary, throated, spinetail, hoary, throated, spinetail, synallaxis, kollari, critically, endangered, bird, species, furnariinae, subfamily, ovenbird, family, furnariidae, found, brazil, guyana, conservation, statuscritically, endangered, iucn, scientific, clas. The hoary throated spinetail Synallaxis kollari is a Critically Endangered bird species in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae 2 It is found in Brazil and Guyana 3 Hoary throated spinetailConservation statusCritically Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily FurnariidaeGenus SynallaxisSpecies S kollariBinomial nameSynallaxis kollariPelzeln 1856 Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Movement 4 2 Feeding 4 3 Breeding 4 4 Vocalization 5 Status 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy and systematics editThe hoary throated spinetail was originally described in genus Synallaxis 4 In the early twentieth century some authors moved it into the newly created genus Poecilurus By 2000 the merger of Poecilurus into Synallaxis was generally accepted and a study published in 2011 confirmed that placement That study also established that the hoary throated spinetail is a sister species to the white whiskered spinetail S candei and the rufous breasted spinetail S erythrothorax 5 6 The hoary throated spinetail is monotypic 2 nbsp Illustration by Joseph Smit 1874Description editThe hoary throated spinetail is 14 5 to 16 cm 5 7 to 6 3 in long The sexes have the same plumage Adults have grayish lores dark rufous cinnamon ear coverts and a rufous streak behind the eye Their crown is gray brown and their nape back rump and uppertail coverts bright rufous Their wings are rufous with dusky tips on their flight feathers Their tail is rufous Their throat is dull black with white tips on the feathers Their underparts are mostly rufous cinnamon with pale ochraceous lower flanks and buffy or pale cinnamon white in the center of their belly Their iris is dark reddish brown their maxilla blackish gray their mandible blue gray with a blackish tip and their legs and feet blue gray 7 8 Distribution and habitat editThe hoary throated spinetail has a very restricted range in the extreme northern Amazon Basin It is found only along several tributaries of the Branco River in the Brazilian state of Roraima and Guyana s Upper Takutu Upper Essequibo Region It inhabits gallery forest along the watercourses which flow through grasslands called Lavrado in Brazil and the Rupununi savannah in Guyana The total length of the narrow bands it inhabits is less than 600 km 370 mi It favors dense undergrowth heavy with vines and Inga shrubs 7 8 Behavior editMovement edit The hoary throated spinetail is a year round resident 1 Feeding edit Nothing is known about the hoary throated spinetail s diet or foraging behavior though it is assumed to feed on arthropods like other Synallaxis spinetails 7 Breeding edit Nothing is known about the hoary throated spinetail s breeding biology It is assumed to build a stick nest similar to those of other Synallaxis spinetails 7 nbsp Songs and callsListen to hoary throated spinetail on xeno canto Vocalization edit The hoary throated spinetail makes a double noted tuh tih the second note higher It is not known if this is a song or a call 8 Status editThe IUCN originally in 1988 assessed the hoary throated spinetail as Near Threatened then in 1994 as Vulnerable in 2000 as Endangered in 2005 again as Vulnerable in 2008 again as Endangered and since 2012 as Critically Endangered It has a very small range and an estimated population of 1500 to 7000 mature individuals that is believed to be decreasing The gallery forests within the species sic range are being rapidly converted into rice plantations and b urning of vegetation such as the fires that spread through Roraima in 1999 may be another major threat Forest loss across the species s sic range is likely to become extremely rapid 1 About 60 of the gallery forest within the species range is inside indigenous reserves which are not formally protected and rice is illegally farmed in them by non indigenous people 7 References edit a b c BirdLife International 2018 Hoary throated Spinetail Synallaxis kollari IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T22702393A128222975 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22702393A128222975 en Retrieved 7 December 2023 date doi mismatch a b Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds July 2023 Ovenbirds woodcreepers IOC World Bird List v 13 2 Retrieved July 31 2023 Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt G Del Rio A Jaramillo D F Lane M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer Version 26 November 2023 Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCCountryLists htm retrieved November 27 2023 Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien in Latin Vienna Akademie der Wissenschaften 1938 p 158 Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt G Del Rio A Jaramillo D F Lane M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer Version 26 November 2023 A classification of the bird species of South America American Ornithological Society https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCBaseline htm retrieved November 27 2023 Derryberry E P S Claramunt G Derryberry R T Chesser J Cracraft A Aleixo J Perez Eman J V Remsen Jr and R T Brumfield 2011 Lineage diversification and morphological evolution in a large scale continental radiation the Neotropical ovenbirds and woodcreepers Aves Furnariidae Evolution 65 10 2973 2986 https doi org 10 1111 j 1558 5646 2011 01374 x a b c d e Vale M M 2020 Hoary throated Spinetail Synallaxis kollari version 1 0 In Birds of the World T S Schulenberg Editor Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA https doi org 10 2173 bow hotspi1 01 retrieved December 7 2023 a b c van Perlo Ber 2009 A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil New York Oxford University Press p 214 ISBN 978 0 19 530155 7 External links editBirdLife International Species Factsheet Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hoary throated spinetail amp oldid 1193053949, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
