This article is missing information about about Filipino nurses post-WWII.. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page.(March 2024)
Since the 1890s, the United States has periodically relied upon Filipino nurses to help meet the needs of the healthcare system.[1] This collaboration has been a significant contributor to the migration of Filipinos to the U.S., as Filipino citizens increasingly had personal connections in America. Since 1960, more than 150,000 nurses have migrated from the Philippines.[2]
After the Spanish–American War (1898), the U.S. acquired control over the Philippines and conferred U.S. national status upon the islands' population. The U.S. Army trained and recruited Filipinos as Volunteer Auxiliary and Contract Nurses to serve in the Philippines, focusing on tropical diseases.[3] The hospitals founded served two U.S. interests: treating their soldiers and exporting Western "civilized" culture to the Philippines.[2] Several nurses were sent to San Francisco and New York City for further training and employment. In 1907, formalized nursing education patterned on the U.S. curriculum was established in the Philippines to train nurses there. A shortage of nurses was increasingly urgent due to the epidemics of tuberculosis, typhoid and other communicable disease and the start of World War I. The Pensionado Act (1903) established and legislated a formalized framework to send Filipino pensionados (government subsidized scholars) to the United States for further education and training. Some stayed in the U.S. for employment. A continuous influx of Filipino nurses worked in New York City, and helped to meet to the demands of healthcare at that time. The Philippine Nurses Association – New York was established in 1928 by the Filipino nurses with the goals of promoting cultural understanding and streamlining professional guidance to other Filipino nurses. The first president was Marta Ubana, who completed her Bachelor of Science in Teachers College, Columbia University.[4][citation needed]
1940s-1970sedit
Exchange Visitor Programedit
In 1948, Congress passed the Smith-Mundt Act, which created the Exchange Visitor Program.[5] The program allowed students and skilled workers to stay in the U.S. for a two-year period to promote cultural exchange.[6] While the program was largely intended to counteract propaganda disseminated by the Soviet Union at the outset of the Cold War, it came at a time when the U.S. had again found itself in the midst of a postwar nursing shortage. Hospitals quickly began sponsoring Filipino women who had been trained in U.S.-style nursing programs abroad.[2][7] For this reason, despite being open to all countries, the EVP induced a wave of Filipino migration.[7] By the late 1960s, Filipino applicants, the vast majority of whom were nurses, made up 80% of participants in the program.[8]
Immigration and Nationality Actedit
In 1965, Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act, which made it easier for Filipino nurses to petition to stay in the U.S. permanently. In addition, hospitals had caught on to the fact that many of their nurses came from the Philippines and started actively recruiting women to come.[7] The Act had a provision which created a visa for skilled laborers. As a result, nurses could now not only come permanently, but bring their families as well. This brought a wave of immigrants from the Philippines, some of whom may have been taking advantage of the program. In the years immediately after the passage of the INA, board exam passing rates for nurses from the Philippines were very low, leading to the establishment of the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools.[9]
The same year that the INA was passed, Medicare and Medicaid were also created, making healthcare more accessible for millions of Americans who had limited access. Nineteen million Americans enrolled in the programs' first year.[10] The demand for healthcare workers in the U.S. once more outpaced its supply.
Ferdinand Marcos, the president of the Philippines from 1966-1986, saw the emigration of nurses as a potential solution to a domestic economic crisis. The country was struggling with high rates of unemployment. Nurses living abroad decreased the amount of competition within the job market.[11] Further, many nurses continued to send money home to family overseas, which Marcos hoped might stimulate the economy. Marcos actively encouraged the emigration of nurses as a means to stabilize the economy. This temporary effort became formalized as a program to encourage the export of nurses.[8] While the program was intended to be a temporary, it became deeply embedded in the nation's economy and did not end until 2022. In 2005, 85% of the Philippine's nurses were employed internationally.[12]
AIDS Crisisedit
During the 1980s, HIV/AIDS was discovered, first becoming apparent in the metropolitan centers and then widening to a nationwide crisis. The disease was initially thought to be unique to men who have sex with men, with the earliest reports of AIDS-related Kaposi's Sarcoma being described as a "gay cancer."[13] While this was quickly proven untrue, the idea of HIV/AIDS as a "gay disease" remained prominent. This contributed to the stigma against the disease and people affected by it. This association, combined with the initial lack of understanding as to how the virus was transmitted and the fear that that caused, led to the refusal by many medical professionals to treat people with AIDS.[14] In 1986, the American Medical Association released guidelines allowing physicians who were "emotionally unable" to care for AIDS patients to refer them to another clinician.[15]
^ abc"Why are there so many Filipino nurses in the U.S.?". Berkeley. 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
^ abMasselink, Leah E.; Shoou-Yih, Daniel Lee (March 21, 2012). "Government officials' representation of nurses and migration in the Philippines". Health Policy and Planning. 28 (1): 90–99. doi:10.1093/heapol/czs028. PMID 22437505. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
^"Filipino Nurses Working in the U.S." www.conexusmedstaff.com. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
^"A brief history of Medicare in America". medicareresources.org. 2022-12-01. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
^O'Neil, Kevin (2004-01-01). "Labor Export as Government Policy: The Case of the Philippines".
^Masselink, Leah E.; Shoou-Yih, Daniel Lee (2010-07-01). "Nurses, Inc.: Expansion and commercialization of nursing education in the Philippines". Social Science & Medicine. 71 (1): 166–172. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.043. PMID 20399550.
^Freedman, B. (1988). "Health professions, codes, and the right to refuse HIV-infectious patients". The Hastings Center Report. 18 (2): S20-5. doi:10.2307/3562422. JSTOR 3562422. PMID 11650067.
Alegado, Dean T. (1996) "Carl Damaso: A Champion of Hawaii’s Working People", John Okamura (guest editor), Filipino American History: Identity and Community in Hawaii. Honolulu: Social Process in Hawaii, vol. 37, University of Hawaii at Manoa, pp. 26–35.
Brusch, B., Sockalski, J (2007). "International Nurse Migration: Lesson From Philippines." February edition Pubmed.
Choy, C. (2003)"Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History" Durnham, NC. Duke University Press.
Compas, L., Santayana, P. (1994). "The Evolution of Philippine Nursing in New York." New York, New York.
Graf, M. (2001). "Women Nurses in Spanish–American War". Minerva Quarterly Report on Women in the Military. Bnet Publishing.
Espineli Misalucha, Bennette (15 May 2016). "In Nurses, We Trust" (PDF). The FilAm Courier. Hawaii.
January 01, 1970
history, filipino, nurses, united, states, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corres. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message This article is missing information about about Filipino nurses post WWII Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page March 2024 Learn how and when to remove this message Since the 1890s the United States has periodically relied upon Filipino nurses to help meet the needs of the healthcare system 1 This collaboration has been a significant contributor to the migration of Filipinos to the U S as Filipino citizens increasingly had personal connections in America Since 1960 more than 150 000 nurses have migrated from the Philippines 2 Contents 1 Early history 1898 1930 2 1940s 1970s 2 1 Exchange Visitor Program 2 2 Immigration and Nationality Act 3 AIDS Crisis 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingEarly history 1898 1930 editAfter the Spanish American War 1898 the U S acquired control over the Philippines and conferred U S national status upon the islands population The U S Army trained and recruited Filipinos as Volunteer Auxiliary and Contract Nurses to serve in the Philippines focusing on tropical diseases 3 The hospitals founded served two U S interests treating their soldiers and exporting Western civilized culture to the Philippines 2 Several nurses were sent to San Francisco and New York City for further training and employment In 1907 formalized nursing education patterned on the U S curriculum was established in the Philippines to train nurses there A shortage of nurses was increasingly urgent due to the epidemics of tuberculosis typhoid and other communicable disease and the start of World War I The Pensionado Act 1903 established and legislated a formalized framework to send Filipino pensionados government subsidized scholars to the United States for further education and training Some stayed in the U S for employment A continuous influx of Filipino nurses worked in New York City and helped to meet to the demands of healthcare at that time The Philippine Nurses Association New York was established in 1928 by the Filipino nurses with the goals of promoting cultural understanding and streamlining professional guidance to other Filipino nurses The first president was Marta Ubana who completed her Bachelor of Science in Teachers College Columbia University 4 citation needed 1940s 1970s editExchange Visitor Program edit In 1948 Congress passed the Smith Mundt Act which created the Exchange Visitor Program 5 The program allowed students and skilled workers to stay in the U S for a two year period to promote cultural exchange 6 While the program was largely intended to counteract propaganda disseminated by the Soviet Union at the outset of the Cold War it came at a time when the U S had again found itself in the midst of a postwar nursing shortage Hospitals quickly began sponsoring Filipino women who had been trained in U S style nursing programs abroad 2 7 For this reason despite being open to all countries the EVP induced a wave of Filipino migration 7 By the late 1960s Filipino applicants the vast majority of whom were nurses made up 80 of participants in the program 8 Immigration and Nationality Act edit In 1965 Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act which made it easier for Filipino nurses to petition to stay in the U S permanently In addition hospitals had caught on to the fact that many of their nurses came from the Philippines and started actively recruiting women to come 7 The Act had a provision which created a visa for skilled laborers As a result nurses could now not only come permanently but bring their families as well This brought a wave of immigrants from the Philippines some of whom may have been taking advantage of the program In the years immediately after the passage of the INA board exam passing rates for nurses from the Philippines were very low leading to the establishment of the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools 9 The same year that the INA was passed Medicare and Medicaid were also created making healthcare more accessible for millions of Americans who had limited access Nineteen million Americans enrolled in the programs first year 10 The demand for healthcare workers in the U S once more outpaced its supply Ferdinand Marcos the president of the Philippines from 1966 1986 saw the emigration of nurses as a potential solution to a domestic economic crisis The country was struggling with high rates of unemployment Nurses living abroad decreased the amount of competition within the job market 11 Further many nurses continued to send money home to family overseas which Marcos hoped might stimulate the economy Marcos actively encouraged the emigration of nurses as a means to stabilize the economy This temporary effort became formalized as a program to encourage the export of nurses 8 While the program was intended to be a temporary it became deeply embedded in the nation s economy and did not end until 2022 In 2005 85 of the Philippine s nurses were employed internationally 12 AIDS Crisis editDuring the 1980s HIV AIDS was discovered first becoming apparent in the metropolitan centers and then widening to a nationwide crisis The disease was initially thought to be unique to men who have sex with men with the earliest reports of AIDS related Kaposi s Sarcoma being described as a gay cancer 13 While this was quickly proven untrue the idea of HIV AIDS as a gay disease remained prominent This contributed to the stigma against the disease and people affected by it This association combined with the initial lack of understanding as to how the virus was transmitted and the fear that that caused led to the refusal by many medical professionals to treat people with AIDS 14 In 1986 the American Medical Association released guidelines allowing physicians who were emotionally unable to care for AIDS patients to refer them to another clinician 15 See also editBrain drain Filipino American Overseas FilipinoReferences edit Filipino and Filipino American Nurses in the United States School of Nursing Retrieved 2024 03 07 a b c How Filipino Nurses Have Propped Up America s Medical System TIME 2021 05 30 Retrieved 2024 03 07 Filipino Nurses in the U S US nursing shortage may again spur recruitment from PH 2 November 2017 Background of Exchange Vistor Program in the Philippines Exchange Visitors Program of the Philippines www evpcommittee ph Retrieved 2024 03 07 Chapter 1 Purpose and Background USCIS www uscis gov 2023 06 08 Retrieved 2024 03 07 a b c Why are there so many Filipino nurses in the U S Berkeley 2022 Retrieved 2024 03 07 a b Masselink Leah E Shoou Yih Daniel Lee March 21 2012 Government officials representation of nurses and migration in the Philippines Health Policy and Planning 28 1 90 99 doi 10 1093 heapol czs028 PMID 22437505 Retrieved 2024 03 08 Filipino Nurses Working in the U S www conexusmedstaff com Retrieved 2024 03 08 A brief history of Medicare in America medicareresources org 2022 12 01 Retrieved 2024 03 08 O Neil Kevin 2004 01 01 Labor Export as Government Policy The Case of the Philippines Masselink Leah E Shoou Yih Daniel Lee 2010 07 01 Nurses Inc Expansion and commercialization of nursing education in the Philippines Social Science amp Medicine 71 1 166 172 doi 10 1016 j socscimed 2009 11 043 PMID 20399550 https www npr org templates story story php storyId 5391495 Immigrant Nurses Freedman B 1988 Health professions codes and the right to refuse HIV infectious patients The Hastings Center Report 18 2 S20 5 doi 10 2307 3562422 JSTOR 3562422 PMID 11650067 Alegado Dean T 1996 Carl Damaso A Champion of Hawaii s Working People John Okamura guest editor Filipino American History Identity and Community in Hawaii Honolulu Social Process in Hawaii vol 37 University of Hawaii at Manoa pp 26 35 Brusch B Sockalski J 2007 International Nurse Migration Lesson From Philippines February edition Pubmed Choy C 2003 Empire of Care Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History Durnham NC Duke University Press Compas L Santayana P 1994 The Evolution of Philippine Nursing in New York New York New York Graf M 2001 Women Nurses in Spanish American War Minerva Quarterly Report on Women in the Military Bnet Publishing Varona R A 2017 November 2 US nursing shortage may again spur recruitment from PH Retrieved November 13 2019 from https usa inquirer net 7777 us nursing shortage may spur recruitment ph Further reading editEspineli Misalucha Bennette 15 May 2016 In Nurses We Trust PDF The FilAm Courier Hawaii Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title History of Filipino nurses in the United States amp oldid 1222818852, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
