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History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth

February 15, 2024

The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex has 1.2 million African-Americans, the 2nd-largest metro population of African-Americans in Texas.[1]

In 2007, Black Enterprise magazine ranked Dallas as a "Top 10 city for African-Americans".[2]

History edit

Freed slaves began to locate to the Dallas area when slavery was abolished.[3]

Freedmen’s Cemetery was established in 1861.[4]

The Hamilton Park neighborhood was one of the first suburbs in Texas built for African Americans in 1953.[5]

In the mid-1800s, lynchings of African Americans took place in Dealey Plaza.[6]

In the late 19th century, there were over 11,000 black people in Dallas.[6]

In the 1990s, the number of African-Americans making annual incomes of $100,000 or more (adjusted to $75,000 as of 1990, from the circa 2005 number) increased by 300%. Around 2005, increasing numbers of African-Americans moved to suburban communities to the north.[7]

In 1995, Dallas elected its first black mayor, Ron Kirk.[8]

The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex gained approximately 259,000 new African-Americans between 2010 and 2020, or a nearly 27% increase, 10th of U.S. metropolitan statistical areas during that time span.[9] According to the Brookings Institution, in years 2006-2010 the DFW area had an annual average of 7,678 black people migrate into the area, giving it the 4th-highest inward black migration of all U.S. metropolitan areas.

In 2012 Jamie Thompson of D Magazine stated that Dallas "still suffers from an image problem among black professionals who perceive other cities—Atlanta; Chicago; Houston; or Washington, D.C.—as being more appealing and friendly to blacks".[10]

In 2019, Dallas elected its second black mayor, Eric Johnson.[11]

In addition to the New Great Migration, since around 2010, many African Americans have been moving to the metroplex for its affordable cost of living and job opportunities.[12][13]

Geography edit

In 1850 there were at least 207 black people in Dallas County, making up less than 10% of the county population.[6] Historically, the black community was strongly concentrated in the inner-city areas of Dallas and Fort Worth but that has slowly changed since the 1980s.[14]

In the northern suburbs, the black population rate has grown 178% since the 1990s. The strongest growth is in the southern suburbs; for example, Cedar Hill was approximately 51.9% black in 2010, after a gain of more than 12,500 new black residents since 2000.[15] The southern suburbs (DeSoto, Duncanville, Lancaster, Cedar Hill) have been noted as the core of the African-American middle class and upper middle class community in the metroplex.[9]

Stop Six is a historically black neighborhood in Fort Worth.

In 2005, Mansfield had 62 households of African-Americans with annual incomes of at least $100,000; there were none in 1990 with the equivalent in 1990 dollars ($75,000).[16] That same year, the median income of African-American households in Rowlett was higher than the overall median income for that city.[17]

Politics and economy edit

In 1995, the city of Dallas elected its first black mayor Ron Kirk. He held office from 1995 to 2002. In 2019, Dallas elected its second black mayor, Eric Johnson.

Dallas' Black Chamber of Commerce was established in 1926 and is the oldest in the United States.[18] Fort Worth and some surrounding cities also have a black chamber of commerce.

Media edit

The Dallas Weekly is the largest African-American-centric publication based in the region.[19] The Dallas Examiner is the other widely circulated African-American-centric publication in the metroplex.[20]

Other black newspapers include the Dallas edition of African-American News and Issues, Black Economic Times, Community Quest, The Dallas Post Tribune, LaVita News/The Black Voice in Arlington, Minority Business News, and Minority Opportunity News Gazette.[21]

The Dallas Express was published in the city from 1892 to 1970.[22]

Education edit

Primary and secondary schools edit

 
Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts, a magnet school, was previously a school reserved for black children

Segregation era edit

In the era before the racial integration of schools, Dallas Independent School District had five high schools for blacks: Booker T. Washington, Lincoln, James Madison,[23] and two others for a brief period: Franklin D. Roosevelt,[24] and L. G. Pinkston.[25] Other schools for black children included George Washington Carver Elementary School (in West Dallas), Benjamin Franklin Darrell Elementary School, Frederick Douglass Elementary School, Eagle Ford Elementary School, Joseph J. Rhoads Elementary School, H.S. Thompson Elementary School, Phyllis Wheatley Elementary School, and Colonial School.[24]

9th Ward School was the first secondary school for black children; its name was changed to Dallas Colored High School in 1893, and in 1927 the building was converted to B.F. Darrell Elementary School, named after a principal at Dallas Colored High. The former Dallas Colored transitioned into Booker T. Washington High School, which opened in 1922. Colored School No. 4 became Frederick Douglass Elementary School in 1902. In 1930 Phyllis Wheatley Elementary was built. In 1939 Lincoln High School, the second black high school, opened. Carver Elementary opened in 1954. In 1955, due to the increasing number of black students around Fair Park, the former Lagow Elementary School for white children was converted into the Joseph J. Rhoads Elementary School for black children; it was the first racially converted school in Dallas.[24] In 1956 the former Forest Avenue High School for whites was converted into Madison High for blacks.[26] Colonial School was converted into a school for black children in 1957. Roosevelt opened in 1963.[24]

The Catholic church operated St. Peter's Academy for black children in Dallas.[24]

Carrollton Colored School was the school for black children in the Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District in the segregation era.[24]

Post-segregation edit

Around 2005 increasing numbers of African-American students attended schools in the Best Southwest area. Wealthier African-American parents often moved to different school districts to get perceived better educations for their children.[27] Around that same time period increasing numbers of wealthier African-American families were sending their children to private schools; in 2001 there were 5,400 black students in the region's private schools.[28]

From 2000 to 2010 the number of black students in Dallas ISD decreased by 20,000. In 2010 that was the lowest in the post-1965 history of DISD. One reason for the decline in the percentage of black students is the move of black people to suburbs; they did so due to a perception that public schools there have a higher quality than those in DISD, as well as general desires for higher quality housing and lower crime environments. Another reason was the growth in charter schools which take students who would otherwise attend DISD schools; in 2010 5,900 black students attending charter schools in the area lived in the DISD boundaries. Other reasons for the decline in the percentage of black students included a perception that DISD has moved its focus away from black students and towards Hispanic students, and the fact that many Hispanics have moved into traditionally black neighborhoods.[29]

Colleges and universities edit

 
Paul Quinn College

Paul Quinn College is the only HBCU in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.

In 1961, Bishop College, a black college in Marshall, moved to Dallas but closed in 1988.[24]

In the late 1940s, Texas Vocational School provided black World War II veterans vocational courses.[24]

The University of Texas at Arlington leads Texas in awarding the most bachelor's and master's degrees to African-Americans.[30]

Recreation edit

The DFW metroplex is also home to one of the largest HBCU football classics in the country with the State Fair Classic.[31]

Dallas Black Restaurant Week promotes and celebrates some black owned restaurants and culinary professionals in the DFW Metroplex.[32]

Dallas Black Pride is the largest black LGBT celebration in Texas.[33]

Notable African-American cultural point of interest includes the African-American Museum of Dallas in Fair Park and the Dallas Black Dance Theatre and The Black Academy of Arts and Letters both in downtown.[18] The South Dallas Cultural Center places a heavy emphasis on supporting and displaying blacks in the performing, literary, and visual arts. In Fort Worth, The Lenora Roll Heritage Center Museum and National Multicultural Western Heritage Museum houses history highlighting African-American culture primarily in the North Texas region.[34] In Irving, the Jackie Townsell Bear Creek Heritage Center is a museum that tells the story of Bear Creek of West Irving, one of the oldest established black communities in North Texas.[35]

Notable people edit

 
Erykah Badu

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, TX | Data USA". datausa.io.
  2. ^ "Top 10 CITIES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS 2007 - Black Enterprise". www.blackenterprise.com. May 2007.
  3. ^ "1865: African Americans Learn of their Freedom and Begin to Settle throughout Dallas – Engage Dallas". Southern Methodist University. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  4. ^ "Juneteenth: A look at how freedmen shaped Dallas/Fort Worth". Dallas Examiner. June 19, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  5. ^ "The African American Experience in Dallas". Visitdallas.com. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Allen, Leona; Joyce King (February 23, 2018). "Do you know black history in Dallas?". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  7. ^ LaFleur, Jennifer (June 25, 2005). "Black wealth blossoms in suburbs". The Dallas Morning News. from the original on January 12, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  8. ^ Dallas, City of (1995). 1995 Mayoral Canvass. Dallas, Texas: City of Dallas. p. 4.
  9. ^ a b Greenblatt, Alan. . www.governing.com. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012.
  10. ^ Thompson, Jamie (May 2012). "Why Young Black Professionals Are Wary of Dallas". D Magazine. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  11. ^ . aframnews.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019.
  12. ^ Reniqua Allen (July 8, 2017). "Racism Is Everywhere, So Why Not Move South?". The New York Times. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  13. ^ Dan Bilefsky (June 21, 2011). "For New Life, Blacks in City Head to South". The New York Times. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  14. ^ Crawford, Selwyn and Michael E. Young. "." The Dallas Morning News. February 27, 2011. Retrieved on August 5, 2016.
  15. ^ Census shows black population expanding in Dallas Fort Worth suburbs dallasnews.com February 27, 2011[dead link]
  16. ^ Crawford, Selwyn (June 25, 2005). "MANSFIELD: Good schools, home value drew couple". The Dallas Morning News. from the original on January 12, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  17. ^ LaFleur, Jennifer (June 25, 2005). "ROWLETT: City puts out welcome mat". The Dallas Morning News. from the original on January 12, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
  18. ^ a b . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  19. ^ "Dallas Weekly". Dallas Weekly.
  20. ^ Gilmore • •, Courtney (February 17, 2017). "The Dallas Examiner Gives Voice to Black Community". Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  21. ^ "Leaders of black press optimistic". The Dallas Morning News. August 2, 2002. from the original on August 11, 2002. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  22. ^ "The Dallas Express". The Portal to Texas History. February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  23. ^ "Dallas' three original all-black high schools join forces for 50-year reunion". The Dallas Morning News. July 3, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h "African American Schools in Dallas." Marion Butts Collection, Dallas Public Library. Retrieved on August 3, 2018.
  25. ^ Hacker, Holly K. "Would a new Pinkston High really cost $130 million? Hard to say 2015-11-21 at the Wayback Machine" (). The Dallas Morning News. October 29, 2015. Retrieved on November 21, 2015. The attached contemporary article "School Begins 'Great Effort' in Education" describes it as a "Negro High School" (a school legally earmarked for black children).
  26. ^ Ragland, James (October 25, 2012). "Old Forest Avenue High alumni celebrate Dallas school's heritage, look to the future". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  27. ^ Booth, Herb (June 27, 2005). "Black elite faces school-choice dilemma". The Dallas Morning News. from the original on January 12, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  28. ^ Stewart, Toya Lynn (June 27, 2005). "Parents picking private schools". The Dallas Morning News. from the original on January 12, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  29. ^ Hacker, Holly K.; Tawnell D. Hobbs (June 9, 2010). . The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  30. ^ James Hartley (February 17, 2020). "UT Arlington graduates most African Americans of any university in Texas, report says". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  31. ^ "Top 5 HBCU Football Classics Ranked by Attendance in 2017". December 23, 2017.
  32. ^ "Restaurants".
  33. ^ Pride, Dallas Southern. "Dallas Southern Pride Announces the 2023 Juneteenth Unity Weekend Celebration, June 16-18". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  34. ^ "Black Historical and Genealogical Society". www.tarrantcountyblackhistory.org.
  35. ^ "Jackie Townsell Bear Creek Heritage Center | Irving, TX - Official Website". cityofirving.org.

Further reading edit

  • Lawe, Thedore M. "Racial Politics in Dallas in the Twentieth Century," East Texas Historical Journal (2008) 46#2 pp 27-41; online
  • Mokuria, Vicki, and Diana White. "Cinder and Soul: The Biography of a Historically Significant African-American School in Dallas, Texas." Journal of Social Studies Education Research 12.1 (2021): 76-94. online
  • Phillips, Michael. White metropolis: race, ethnicity, and religion in Dallas, 1841-2001 (University of Texas Press, 2010).
  • Selcer, Richard F. A History of Fort Worth in Black & White: 165 Years of African-American Life (University of North Texas Press, 2015). online
  • Wilson, William H. Hamilton Park: A Planned Black Community in Dallas (JHU Press, 1998) online.

External links edit

  • Tarrant County Black Historical and Genealogical Society
  • "." The Dallas Morning News. – A series of articles about black professionals in DFW

February 15, 2024
history, african, americans, dallas, fort, worth, dallas, fort, worth, metroplex, million, african, americans, largest, metro, population, african, americans, texas, 2007, black, enterprise, magazine, ranked, dallas, city, african, americans, contents, history. The Dallas Fort Worth metroplex has 1 2 million African Americans the 2nd largest metro population of African Americans in Texas 1 In 2007 Black Enterprise magazine ranked Dallas as a Top 10 city for African Americans 2 Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Politics and economy 4 Media 5 Education 5 1 Primary and secondary schools 5 1 1 Segregation era 5 1 2 Post segregation 5 2 Colleges and universities 6 Recreation 7 Notable people 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory editFreed slaves began to locate to the Dallas area when slavery was abolished 3 Freedmen s Cemetery was established in 1861 4 The Hamilton Park neighborhood was one of the first suburbs in Texas built for African Americans in 1953 5 In the mid 1800s lynchings of African Americans took place in Dealey Plaza 6 In the late 19th century there were over 11 000 black people in Dallas 6 In the 1990s the number of African Americans making annual incomes of 100 000 or more adjusted to 75 000 as of 1990 from the circa 2005 number increased by 300 Around 2005 increasing numbers of African Americans moved to suburban communities to the north 7 In 1995 Dallas elected its first black mayor Ron Kirk 8 The Dallas Fort Worth metroplex gained approximately 259 000 new African Americans between 2010 and 2020 or a nearly 27 increase 10th of U S metropolitan statistical areas during that time span 9 According to the Brookings Institution in years 2006 2010 the DFW area had an annual average of 7 678 black people migrate into the area giving it the 4th highest inward black migration of all U S metropolitan areas In 2012 Jamie Thompson of D Magazine stated that Dallas still suffers from an image problem among black professionals who perceive other cities Atlanta Chicago Houston or Washington D C as being more appealing and friendly to blacks 10 In 2019 Dallas elected its second black mayor Eric Johnson 11 In addition to the New Great Migration since around 2010 many African Americans have been moving to the metroplex for its affordable cost of living and job opportunities 12 13 Geography editIn 1850 there were at least 207 black people in Dallas County making up less than 10 of the county population 6 Historically the black community was strongly concentrated in the inner city areas of Dallas and Fort Worth but that has slowly changed since the 1980s 14 In the northern suburbs the black population rate has grown 178 since the 1990s The strongest growth is in the southern suburbs for example Cedar Hill was approximately 51 9 black in 2010 after a gain of more than 12 500 new black residents since 2000 15 The southern suburbs DeSoto Duncanville Lancaster Cedar Hill have been noted as the core of the African American middle class and upper middle class community in the metroplex 9 Stop Six is a historically black neighborhood in Fort Worth In 2005 Mansfield had 62 households of African Americans with annual incomes of at least 100 000 there were none in 1990 with the equivalent in 1990 dollars 75 000 16 That same year the median income of African American households in Rowlett was higher than the overall median income for that city 17 Politics and economy editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2021 In 1995 the city of Dallas elected its first black mayor Ron Kirk He held office from 1995 to 2002 In 2019 Dallas elected its second black mayor Eric Johnson Dallas Black Chamber of Commerce was established in 1926 and is the oldest in the United States 18 Fort Worth and some surrounding cities also have a black chamber of commerce Media editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources History of African Americans in Dallas Fort Worth news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Dallas Weekly is the largest African American centric publication based in the region 19 The Dallas Examiner is the other widely circulated African American centric publication in the metroplex 20 Other black newspapers include the Dallas edition of African American News and Issues Black Economic Times Community Quest The Dallas Post Tribune LaVita News The Black Voice in Arlington Minority Business News and Minority Opportunity News Gazette 21 The Dallas Express was published in the city from 1892 to 1970 22 Education editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it August 2018 Primary and secondary schools edit nbsp Booker T Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts a magnet school was previously a school reserved for black childrenSegregation era edit In the era before the racial integration of schools Dallas Independent School District had five high schools for blacks Booker T Washington Lincoln James Madison 23 and two others for a brief period Franklin D Roosevelt 24 and L G Pinkston 25 Other schools for black children included George Washington Carver Elementary School in West Dallas Benjamin Franklin Darrell Elementary School Frederick Douglass Elementary School Eagle Ford Elementary School Joseph J Rhoads Elementary School H S Thompson Elementary School Phyllis Wheatley Elementary School and Colonial School 24 9th Ward School was the first secondary school for black children its name was changed to Dallas Colored High School in 1893 and in 1927 the building was converted to B F Darrell Elementary School named after a principal at Dallas Colored High The former Dallas Colored transitioned into Booker T Washington High School which opened in 1922 Colored School No 4 became Frederick Douglass Elementary School in 1902 In 1930 Phyllis Wheatley Elementary was built In 1939 Lincoln High School the second black high school opened Carver Elementary opened in 1954 In 1955 due to the increasing number of black students around Fair Park the former Lagow Elementary School for white children was converted into the Joseph J Rhoads Elementary School for black children it was the first racially converted school in Dallas 24 In 1956 the former Forest Avenue High School for whites was converted into Madison High for blacks 26 Colonial School was converted into a school for black children in 1957 Roosevelt opened in 1963 24 The Catholic church operated St Peter s Academy for black children in Dallas 24 Carrollton Colored School was the school for black children in the Carrollton Farmers Branch Independent School District in the segregation era 24 Post segregation edit Around 2005 increasing numbers of African American students attended schools in the Best Southwest area Wealthier African American parents often moved to different school districts to get perceived better educations for their children 27 Around that same time period increasing numbers of wealthier African American families were sending their children to private schools in 2001 there were 5 400 black students in the region s private schools 28 From 2000 to 2010 the number of black students in Dallas ISD decreased by 20 000 In 2010 that was the lowest in the post 1965 history of DISD One reason for the decline in the percentage of black students is the move of black people to suburbs they did so due to a perception that public schools there have a higher quality than those in DISD as well as general desires for higher quality housing and lower crime environments Another reason was the growth in charter schools which take students who would otherwise attend DISD schools in 2010 5 900 black students attending charter schools in the area lived in the DISD boundaries Other reasons for the decline in the percentage of black students included a perception that DISD has moved its focus away from black students and towards Hispanic students and the fact that many Hispanics have moved into traditionally black neighborhoods 29 Colleges and universities edit nbsp Paul Quinn CollegePaul Quinn College is the only HBCU in the Dallas Fort Worth metroplex In 1961 Bishop College a black college in Marshall moved to Dallas but closed in 1988 24 In the late 1940s Texas Vocational School provided black World War II veterans vocational courses 24 The University of Texas at Arlington leads Texas in awarding the most bachelor s and master s degrees to African Americans 30 Recreation editThe DFW metroplex is also home to one of the largest HBCU football classics in the country with the State Fair Classic 31 Dallas Black Restaurant Week promotes and celebrates some black owned restaurants and culinary professionals in the DFW Metroplex 32 Dallas Black Pride is the largest black LGBT celebration in Texas 33 Notable African American cultural point of interest includes the African American Museum of Dallas in Fair Park and the Dallas Black Dance Theatre and The Black Academy of Arts and Letters both in downtown 18 The South Dallas Cultural Center places a heavy emphasis on supporting and displaying blacks in the performing literary and visual arts In Fort Worth The Lenora Roll Heritage Center Museum and National Multicultural Western Heritage Museum houses history highlighting African American culture primarily in the North Texas region 34 In Irving the Jackie Townsell Bear Creek Heritage Center is a museum that tells the story of Bear Creek of West Irving one of the oldest established black communities in North Texas 35 Notable people edit nbsp Erykah BaduErykah Badu R amp B soul artist Chris Bosh former NBA player Juanita Craft civil rights activist and politician Kirk Franklin gospel singer Yella Beezy rapper Erica Banks rapper Bobby Sessions rapper The D O C rapper Big Tuck rapper MO3 rapper Lil Twist rapper Bishop T D Jakes gospel preacher Eric Johnson Mayor of Dallas Jill Marie Jones actress Ron Kirk Mayor of Dallas David Mann actor and singer Tamela Mann actress and singer Deion Sanders TV personality and former NFL player A Maceo Smith civil rights activist Emmitt Smith TV personality and former NFL player Spinderella hip hop DJSee also editHistory of the African Americans in Texas History of African Americans in Houston History of African Americans in San Antonio History of African Americans in Austin Demographics of Dallas Fort Worth History of Mexican Americans in Dallas Fort Worth History of Nigerian Americans in Dallas Fort Worth Chinese Americans in Dallas Fort Worth Indian Americans in Dallas Fort WorthReferences edit Dallas Fort Worth Arlington TX Data USA datausa io Top 10 CITIES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS 2007 Black Enterprise www blackenterprise com May 2007 1865 African Americans Learn of their Freedom and Begin to Settle throughout Dallas Engage Dallas Southern Methodist University Retrieved December 27 2023 Juneteenth A look at how freedmen shaped Dallas Fort Worth Dallas Examiner June 19 2020 Retrieved April 13 2022 The African American Experience in Dallas Visitdallas com Retrieved April 13 2022 a b c Allen Leona Joyce King February 23 2018 Do you know black history in Dallas The Dallas Morning News Retrieved August 3 2018 LaFleur Jennifer June 25 2005 Black wealth blossoms in suburbs The Dallas Morning News Archived from the original on January 12 2007 Retrieved August 3 2018 Dallas City of 1995 1995 Mayoral Canvass Dallas Texas City of Dallas p 4 a b Greenblatt Alan The New Black South www governing com Archived from the original on June 4 2012 Thompson Jamie May 2012 Why Young Black Professionals Are Wary of Dallas D Magazine Retrieved August 3 2018 Eric Johnson becomes Dallas Second African American Mayor Afram News aframnews com Archived from the original on June 17 2019 Reniqua Allen July 8 2017 Racism Is Everywhere So Why Not Move South The New York Times Retrieved July 9 2017 Dan Bilefsky June 21 2011 For New Life Blacks in City Head to South The New York Times Retrieved July 9 2017 Crawford Selwyn and Michael E Young Census shows black population expanding in Dallas Fort Worth suburbs The Dallas Morning News February 27 2011 Retrieved on August 5 2016 Census shows black population expanding in Dallas Fort Worth suburbs dallasnews com February 27 2011 dead link Crawford Selwyn June 25 2005 MANSFIELD Good schools home value drew couple The Dallas Morning News Archived from the original on January 12 2007 Retrieved August 3 2018 LaFleur Jennifer June 25 2005 ROWLETT City puts out welcome mat The Dallas Morning News Archived from the original on January 12 2007 Retrieved August 5 2018 a b African American Heritage in Dallas Resources and Facts Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved August 3 2018 Dallas Weekly Dallas Weekly Gilmore Courtney February 17 2017 The Dallas Examiner Gives Voice to Black Community Retrieved February 10 2024 Leaders of black press optimistic The Dallas Morning News August 2 2002 Archived from the original on August 11 2002 Retrieved August 3 2018 The Dallas Express The Portal to Texas History February 7 2024 Retrieved February 10 2024 Dallas three original all black high schools join forces for 50 year reunion The Dallas Morning News July 3 2012 Retrieved August 3 2018 a b c d e f g h African American Schools in Dallas Marion Butts Collection Dallas Public Library Retrieved on August 3 2018 Hacker Holly K Would a new Pinkston High really cost 130 million Hard to say Archived 2015 11 21 at the Wayback Machine Archive The Dallas Morning News October 29 2015 Retrieved on November 21 2015 The attached contemporary article School Begins Great Effort in Education describes it as a Negro High School a school legally earmarked for black children Ragland James October 25 2012 Old Forest Avenue High alumni celebrate Dallas school s heritage look to the future The Dallas Morning News Retrieved August 3 2018 Booth Herb June 27 2005 Black elite faces school choice dilemma The Dallas Morning News Archived from the original on January 12 2007 Retrieved August 3 2018 Stewart Toya Lynn June 27 2005 Parents picking private schools The Dallas Morning News Archived from the original on January 12 2007 Retrieved August 3 2018 Hacker Holly K Tawnell D Hobbs June 9 2010 Black flight changing the makeup of Dallas schools The Dallas Morning News Archived from the original on July 3 2010 Retrieved February 8 2017 James Hartley February 17 2020 UT Arlington graduates most African Americans of any university in Texas report says Fort Worth Star Telegram Retrieved November 22 2022 Top 5 HBCU Football Classics Ranked by Attendance in 2017 December 23 2017 Restaurants Pride Dallas Southern Dallas Southern Pride Announces the 2023 Juneteenth Unity Weekend Celebration June 16 18 www prnewswire com Retrieved February 10 2024 Black Historical and Genealogical Society www tarrantcountyblackhistory org Jackie Townsell Bear Creek Heritage Center Irving TX Official Website cityofirving org Further reading editLawe Thedore M Racial Politics in Dallas in the Twentieth Century East Texas Historical Journal 2008 46 2 pp 27 41 onlineMokuria Vicki and Diana White Cinder and Soul The Biography of a Historically Significant African American School in Dallas Texas Journal of Social Studies Education Research 12 1 2021 76 94 onlinePhillips Michael White metropolis race ethnicity and religion in Dallas 1841 2001 University of Texas Press 2010 Selcer Richard F A History of Fort Worth in Black amp White 165 Years of African American Life University of North Texas Press 2015 onlineWilson William H Hamilton Park A Planned Black Community in Dallas JHU Press 1998 online External links editTarrant County Black Historical and Genealogical Society The New Face of Affluence The Dallas Morning News A series of articles about black professionals in DFW Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title History of African Americans in Dallas Fort Worth amp oldid 1205785459, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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