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Hieraaetus

January 01, 1970

The genus Hieraaetus, sometimes known as small eagles or hawk-eagles, denotes a group of smallish eagles usually placed in the accipitrid subfamilies Buteoninae[1] or Aquilinae.[2]

Hieraaetus
H. wahlbergi
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Subfamily: Aquilinae
Genus: Hieraaetus
Kaup, 1844
Type species
Falco pennatus
Species

See text

They are generally medium-sized birds of prey inhabiting Europe, Asia, Africa, New Guinea and Australia. However, a recently extinct species, the New Zealand Haast's eagle, was the largest eagle ever known, weighing up to 17 kg (37 lb), with a 3 m (9.8 ft) wingspan.[3]

Taxonomy and species edit

The genus Hieraaetus was introduced in 1844 by the German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup with the booted eagle as the type species.[4][5] The name combines the Ancient Greek hierax meaning "hawk" with aetos meaning "eagle".[6]

Molecular genetic research has found Hieraaetus to be polyphyletic with Aquila.[note 1][note 2][note 3]

Hieraaetus kienerii was found to be most distinct,[2][9] and has been assigned to a separate genus, Lophotriorchis.[10][11]

After DNA sequences from remains of the extinct giant Haast's eagle were found to be similar to those of the little eagle,[12] it has been reclassified from Harpagornis moorei to the genus Hieraeetus.[3]

The British Ornithological Union moved Bonelli's and booted eagles to Aquila in 2005, but was silent on the position of the non-European Ayres', little, and pygmy eagles.[13]

This could create a taxonomic problem: the booted eagle is the type species of Hieraaetus, moving it would make that name a junior synonym of Aquila. Consequently, should any other hawk-eagles be retained as a distinct group, they would need to get a different genus name. As of 2014, the BOU lists the booted eagle on their Category D and E lists as H. pennatus, not A. pennata.[14]

Christidis and Boles (2008) used an alternative approach. Accepting that both Aquila and Hieraaetus are polyphyletic, they moved spilogaster and fasciatus to the genus Aquila and retained the other former Hieraaetus group along with morphnoides and Aquila wahlbergi within the new delimitation of Hieraaetus.[15]

Sometimes the entire genus is merged into Aquila. This was the approach taken with The Clements Checklist between 2001 and 2009: starting in the 2001 revisions to the 5th edition,[16] and retained in the printed 6th edition of 2007.[17]

The Clements Checklist, in its 2009 revisions, followed the same approach as Christidis & Boles, moving Aquila wahlbergi into Hieraaetus; restoring the booted, little and Ayres' eagles back to Hieraaetus.[10]

The pygmy eagle, or New Guinea hawk-eagle, H. morphnoides weiskei was formerly considered a subspecies of the little eagle H. morphnoides; it has been recognized as a separate species by some authorities.[18]

The genus contains five species.[19]

Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
  Hieraaetus wahlbergi Wahlberg's eagle Africa
  Hieraaetus ayresii Ayres's hawk-eagle Africa
  Hieraaetus pennatus Booted eagle Eurasia and Africa
  Hieraaetus weiskei Pygmy eagle New Guinea
  Hieraaetus morphnoides Little eagle Australia

Extinct species edit

Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
  †Hieraaetus moorei Haast's eagle New Zealand, extinct

Former species edit

Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
  Aquila spilogaster
(formerly H. fasciatus spilogaster
or A. fasciatus spilogaster)		 African hawk-eagle Sub-Saharan Africa
excluding rainforests
  Aquila fasciata
(formerly H. fasciatus)		 Bonelli's eagle Mediterranean
and southern Asia
  Lophotriorchis kienerii
(formerly H. kienerii)		 Rufous-bellied eagle Asia

Some authorities retain Bonelli's eagle and the African hawk-eagle in Hieraaetus. Also, some retain Wahlberg's eagle in Aquila, whilst still recognizing Hieraaetus as a separate genus.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Lerner & Mindell (2005)[2] found three clades containing a mixture of Aquila and Hieraaetus:
    • A. chrysaetos, Spizaetus africanus, H. fasciatus, A. verrauxii, A. audax, A. gurneyi
    • A. nipalensis, A. rapax, A. heliaca.
    • A. wahlbergi, H. ayersii, H. morphnoides (H. m. morphnoides), H. weiskei (H. m. weiskei), H. pennatus.
  2. ^ Helbig et al. (2004)[7] concluded that "Hieraaetus fasciatus/spilogaster are closest to Aquila verreauxii and should be merged with that genus. Wahlberg’s eagle H. wahlbergi, formerly placed in Aquila, is part of a clade including three small Hieraaetus species (pennatus, ayresii, and morphnoides)."
  3. ^ Wink & Sauer-Gürth (2004),[8] comparing sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, also found several clades within the booted eagles that did not correspond to the existing genera:
    • A. adalberti, A. heliaca, A. rapax, A. nipalensis
    • A. audax, H. spilogaster, H. fasciatus, A. verrauxii, A. chrysaetos, A. ch. daphanea
    • A. wahlbergi, H. pennatus, H. morphnoides
    • A. clanga, A. pomarina, Lophoaetus occipitalis
    But they commented: "Because Hieraaetus has been classified as a member of the genus Aquila before, the molecular data would support merging Hieraaetus with Aquila.

References edit

  1. ^ Peters, James Lee (1931). Check-list of birds of the world: volume 1. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.: Harvard University Press. Digitized copy
  2. ^ a b c Lerner, H. R. L.; Mindell, D. P. (2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 327–346. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. PMID 15925523. proof
  3. ^ a b Evans, Kate (November 2018). "Return of the Lost Birds". New Zealand Geographic (154): 30. ISSN 0113-9967.
  4. ^ Kaup, Johann Jakob (1844). Classification der Saugethiere und Vogel (in German). Darmstadt: Carl Wilhelm Leske. p. 120.
  5. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 383.
  6. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ^ Helbig, Andreas J.; Kocum, Annett; Seibold, Ingrid; Braun, Michael J. (2004). "A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (1): 147–164. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.003. PMID 15737588. Smithsonian
  8. ^ Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Heidi (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships in diurnal raptors based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear marker genes". In Chancellor, R. D.; Meyburg, B.-U. (eds.). Raptors Worldwide. WWGBP/MME. pp. 483–498. PDF alternate location
  9. ^ Jan Ove Gjershaug (2006) Taxonomy and conservation status of hawk-eagles (genus Nisaetus) in South-East Asia. Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Fulltext
  10. ^ a b The Clements Checklist team (23 December 2009). "Updates & Corrections – December 2009". The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 21 June 2014. Pages 47-48, Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi, Booted Eagle Aquila pennata, Little Eagle Aquila morphnoides, Ayres's Hawk-Eagle Aquila ayresii. All of these eagles belong in the genus Hieraaetus ... Rufous-bellied Eagle Aquila kienerii This species is not a member of the genus Aquila; it should be placed in the monotypic genus Lophotriorchis
  11. ^ Haring, E.; Kvaløy, K.; Gjershaug, J.-O.; Røv, N.; Gamauf, A. (2007). "Convergent evolution and paraphyly of the hawk-eagles of the genus Spizaetus (Aves, Accipitridae) – phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial markers". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 45 (4): 353–365. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2007.00410.x. PDF alternate location "Despite the fact that its sister group has not been identified so far, it is advisable to separate it from the genus Hieraaetus and treat it as a different genus. ... Therefore, we propose to give the monotypic species Hieraaetus kienerii the resurrected name Lophotriorchis Sharpe, 1874."
  12. ^ Bunce, M.; Szulkin, M; Lerner, HRL; Barnes, I; Shapiro, B; et al. (2005). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the evolutionary history of New Zealand's extinct giant eagle". PLOS Biol. 3 (1): e9. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030009. PMC 539324. PMID 15660162.
  13. ^ Recommended in
    Sangster, George; Collinson, J. Martin; Helbig, Andreas J.; Knox, Alan G.; Parkin, David T. (10 October 2005). "Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: third report". Ibis. 147 (4): 821–826. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2005.00483.x. S2CID 250043960.
    Also summarized in
    Collinson, Martin (1 June 2006). "Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palearctic lists". British Birds. 99: 306–323. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  14. ^ "Category D species". British Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 July 2014. "Category E species". British Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  15. ^ Les Christidis & Walter E Boles (2008) Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6
  16. ^ Lepage, Denis. "Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) (Gmelin, 1788)". Avibase. Retrieved 21 June 2014. (See also similar pages for the other species.)
  17. ^ Clements, James F. (June 2007). The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 47–48.
  18. ^ The Clements Checklist Team (2012). "Updates & Corrections: September 2012". The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2 July 2014. Page 48, Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides. Elevate the monotypic group Little Eagle (Pygmy) (Hieraaetus morphnoides weiskei) to species rank as Pygmy Eagle (Hieraaetus weiskei). Reference: Gjershaug, J.O., H.R.L. Lerner, and O.H. Diserud. 2009. Taxonomy and distribution of the Pygmy Eagle Aquila (Hieraaetus) weiskei (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae). Zootaxa number 2326: 24–38.
  19. ^ "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors – IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  • Helbig AJ, Kocum A, Seibold I & Braun MJ (2005) A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35(1):147-164 PDF[permanent dead link]
  • Blanford, W. T. (1894). "On the Scientific Names of the Imperial and Spotted Eagles and on the Generic Names of Bonelli's Eagle and the Black Eagle". Ibis. 36 (2): 283–289. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1894.tb07754.x.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hieraaetus.

January 01, 1970
hieraaetus, genus, sometimes, known, small, eagles, hawk, eagles, denotes, group, smallish, eagles, usually, placed, accipitrid, subfamilies, buteoninae, aquilinae, wahlbergi, scientific, classification, domain, eukaryota, kingdom, animalia, phylum, chordata, . The genus Hieraaetus sometimes known as small eagles or hawk eagles denotes a group of smallish eagles usually placed in the accipitrid subfamilies Buteoninae 1 or Aquilinae 2 Hieraaetus H wahlbergi Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Accipitriformes Family Accipitridae Subfamily Aquilinae Genus HieraaetusKaup 1844 Type species Falco pennatusGmelin JF 1788 Species See text They are generally medium sized birds of prey inhabiting Europe Asia Africa New Guinea and Australia However a recently extinct species the New Zealand Haast s eagle was the largest eagle ever known weighing up to 17 kg 37 lb with a 3 m 9 8 ft wingspan 3 Contents 1 Taxonomy and species 1 1 Extinct species 1 2 Former species 2 Notes 3 ReferencesTaxonomy and species editThe genus Hieraaetus was introduced in 1844 by the German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup with the booted eagle as the type species 4 5 The name combines the Ancient Greek hierax meaning hawk with aetos meaning eagle 6 Molecular genetic research has found Hieraaetus to be polyphyletic with Aquila note 1 note 2 note 3 Hieraaetus kienerii was found to be most distinct 2 9 and has been assigned to a separate genus Lophotriorchis 10 11 After DNA sequences from remains of the extinct giant Haast s eagle were found to be similar to those of the little eagle 12 it has been reclassified from Harpagornis moorei to the genus Hieraeetus 3 The British Ornithological Union moved Bonelli s and booted eagles to Aquila in 2005 but was silent on the position of the non European Ayres little and pygmy eagles 13 This could create a taxonomic problem the booted eagle is the type species of Hieraaetus moving it would make that name a junior synonym of Aquila Consequently should any other hawk eagles be retained as a distinct group they would need to get a different genus name As of 2014 the BOU lists the booted eagle on their Category D and E lists as H pennatus not A pennata 14 Christidis and Boles 2008 used an alternative approach Accepting that both Aquila and Hieraaetus are polyphyletic they moved spilogaster and fasciatus to the genus Aquila and retained the other former Hieraaetus group along with morphnoides and Aquila wahlbergi within the new delimitation of Hieraaetus 15 Sometimes the entire genus is merged into Aquila This was the approach taken with The Clements Checklist between 2001 and 2009 starting in the 2001 revisions to the 5th edition 16 and retained in the printed 6th edition of 2007 17 The Clements Checklist in its 2009 revisions followed the same approach as Christidis amp Boles moving Aquila wahlbergi into Hieraaetus restoring the booted little and Ayres eagles back to Hieraaetus 10 The pygmy eagle or New Guinea hawk eagle H morphnoides weiskei was formerly considered a subspecies of the little eagle H morphnoides it has been recognized as a separate species by some authorities 18 The genus contains five species 19 Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution nbsp Hieraaetus wahlbergi Wahlberg s eagle Africa nbsp Hieraaetus ayresii Ayres s hawk eagle Africa nbsp Hieraaetus pennatus Booted eagle Eurasia and Africa nbsp Hieraaetus weiskei Pygmy eagle New Guinea nbsp Hieraaetus morphnoides Little eagle Australia Extinct species edit Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution nbsp Hieraaetus moorei Haast s eagle New Zealand extinct Former species edit Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution nbsp Aquila spilogaster formerly H fasciatus spilogasteror A fasciatus spilogaster African hawk eagle Sub Saharan Africaexcluding rainforests nbsp Aquila fasciata formerly H fasciatus Bonelli s eagle Mediterranean and southern Asia nbsp Lophotriorchis kienerii formerly H kienerii Rufous bellied eagle Asia Some authorities retain Bonelli s eagle and the African hawk eagle in Hieraaetus Also some retain Wahlberg s eagle in Aquila whilst still recognizing Hieraaetus as a separate genus Notes edit Lerner amp Mindell 2005 2 found three clades containing a mixture of Aquila and Hieraaetus A chrysaetos Spizaetus africanus H fasciatus A verrauxii A audax A gurneyi A nipalensis A rapax A heliaca A wahlbergi H ayersii H morphnoides H m morphnoides H weiskei H m weiskei H pennatus Helbig et al 2004 7 concluded that Hieraaetus fasciatus spilogaster are closest to Aquila verreauxii and should be merged with that genus Wahlberg s eagle H wahlbergi formerly placed in Aquila is part of a clade including three small Hieraaetus species pennatus ayresii and morphnoides Wink amp Sauer Gurth 2004 8 comparing sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene also found several clades within the booted eagles that did not correspond to the existing genera A adalberti A heliaca A rapax A nipalensis A audax H spilogaster H fasciatus A verrauxii A chrysaetos A ch daphanea A wahlbergi H pennatus H morphnoides A clanga A pomarina Lophoaetus occipitalis But they commented Because Hieraaetus has been classified as a member of the genus Aquila before the molecular data would support merging Hieraaetus with Aquila References edit Peters James Lee 1931 Check list of birds of the world volume 1 Cambridge Mass U S A Harvard University Press Digitized copy a b c Lerner H R L Mindell D P 2005 Phylogeny of eagles Old World vultures and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 2 327 346 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2005 04 010 PMID 15925523 proof a b Evans Kate November 2018 Return of the Lost Birds New Zealand Geographic 154 30 ISSN 0113 9967 Kaup Johann Jakob 1844 Classification der Saugethiere und Vogel in German Darmstadt Carl Wilhelm Leske p 120 Mayr Ernst Cottrell G William eds 1979 Check List of Birds of the World Vol 1 2nd ed Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 383 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 192 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Helbig Andreas J Kocum Annett Seibold Ingrid Braun Michael J 2004 A multi gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles Aves Accipitriformes reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 1 147 164 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2004 10 003 PMID 15737588 Smithsonian Wink Michael Sauer Gurth Heidi 2004 Phylogenetic relationships in diurnal raptors based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear marker genes In Chancellor R D Meyburg B U eds Raptors Worldwide WWGBP MME pp 483 498 PDF alternate location Jan Ove Gjershaug 2006 Taxonomy and conservation status of hawk eagles genus Nisaetus in South East Asia Thesis Norwegian University of Science and Technology Fulltext a b The Clements Checklist team 23 December 2009 Updates amp Corrections December 2009 The Cornell Lab of Ornithology Retrieved 21 June 2014 Pages 47 48 Wahlberg s Eagle Aquila wahlbergi Booted Eagle Aquila pennata Little Eagle Aquila morphnoides Ayres s Hawk Eagle Aquila ayresii All of these eagles belong in the genus Hieraaetus Rufous bellied Eagle Aquila kienerii This species is not a member of the genus Aquila it should be placed in the monotypic genus Lophotriorchis Haring E Kvaloy K Gjershaug J O Rov N Gamauf A 2007 Convergent evolution and paraphyly of the hawk eagles of the genus Spizaetus Aves Accipitridae phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial markers Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45 4 353 365 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0469 2007 00410 x PDF alternate location Despite the fact that its sister group has not been identified so far it is advisable to separate it from the genus Hieraaetus and treat it as a different genus Therefore we propose to give the monotypic species Hieraaetus kienerii the resurrected name Lophotriorchis Sharpe 1874 Bunce M Szulkin M Lerner HRL Barnes I Shapiro B et al 2005 Ancient DNA provides new insights into the evolutionary history of New Zealand s extinct giant eagle PLOS Biol 3 1 e9 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0030009 PMC 539324 PMID 15660162 Recommended in Sangster George Collinson J Martin Helbig Andreas J Knox Alan G Parkin David T 10 October 2005 Taxonomic recommendations for British birds third report Ibis 147 4 821 826 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919X 2005 00483 x S2CID 250043960 Also summarized in Collinson Martin 1 June 2006 Splitting headaches Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palearctic lists British Birds 99 306 323 Retrieved 2 July 2014 Category D species British Ornithologists Union Retrieved 8 July 2014 Category E species British Ornithologists Union Retrieved 8 July 2014 Les Christidis amp Walter E Boles 2008 Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds CSIRO publishing ISBN 978 0 643 06511 6 Lepage Denis Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus Gmelin 1788 Avibase Retrieved 21 June 2014 See also similar pages for the other species Clements James F June 2007 The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World 6th ed Ithaca New York Cornell University Press pp 47 48 The Clements Checklist Team 2012 Updates amp Corrections September 2012 The Cornell Lab of Ornithology Retrieved 2 July 2014 Page 48 Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides Elevate the monotypic group Little Eagle Pygmy Hieraaetus morphnoides weiskei to species rank as Pygmy Eagle Hieraaetus weiskei Reference Gjershaug J O H R L Lerner and O H Diserud 2009 Taxonomy and distribution of the Pygmy Eagle Aquila Hieraaetus weiskei Accipitriformes Accipitridae Zootaxa number 2326 24 38 Hoatzin New World vultures Secretarybird raptors IOC World Bird List www worldbirdnames org Retrieved 2023 07 29 Helbig AJ Kocum A Seibold I amp Braun MJ 2005 A multi gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles Aves Accipitriformes reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 1 147 164 PDF permanent dead link Blanford W T 1894 On the Scientific Names of the Imperial and Spotted Eagles and on the Generic Names of Bonelli s Eagle and the Black Eagle Ibis 36 2 283 289 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919X 1894 tb07754 x nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hieraaetus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hieraaetus amp oldid 1216630069, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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