Distance from the origin O to the line E calculated with the Hesse normal form. Normal vector in red, line in green, point O shown in blue.
It is written in vector notation as
The dot indicates the scalar product or dot product. Vector points from the origin of the coordinate system, O, to any point P that lies precisely in plane or on line E. The vector represents the unitnormal vector of plane or line E. The distance is the shortest distance from the origin O to the plane or line.
Derivation/Calculation from the normal form
Note: For simplicity, the following derivation discusses the 3D case. However, it is also applicable in 2D.
In the normal form,
a plane is given by a normal vector as well as an arbitrary position vector of a point . The direction of is chosen to satisfy the following inequality
By dividing the normal vector by its magnitude, we obtain the unit (or normalized) normal vector
and the above equation can be rewritten as
Substituting
we obtain the Hesse normal form
In this diagram, d is the distance from the origin. Because holds for every point in the plane, it is also true at point Q (the point where the vector from the origin meets the plane E), with , per the definition of the Scalar product
The magnitude of is the shortest distance from the origin to the plane.
References
^Bôcher, Maxime (1915), Plane Analytic Geometry: With Introductory Chapters on the Differential Calculus, H. Holt, p. 44.
^John Vince: Geometry for Computer Graphics. Springer, 2005, ISBN9781852338343, pp. 42, 58, 135, 273
hesse, normal, form, named, after, otto, hesse, equation, used, analytic, geometry, describes, line, displaystyle, mathbb, plane, euclidean, space, displaystyle, mathbb, hyperplane, higher, dimensions, primarily, used, calculating, distances, point, plane, dis. The Hesse normal form named after Otto Hesse is an equation used in analytic geometry and describes a line in R 2 displaystyle mathbb R 2 or a plane in Euclidean space R 3 displaystyle mathbb R 3 or a hyperplane in higher dimensions 1 2 It is primarily used for calculating distances see point plane distance and point line distance Distance from the origin O to the line E calculated with the Hesse normal form Normal vector in red line in green point O shown in blue It is written in vector notation as r n 0 d 0 displaystyle vec r cdot vec n 0 d 0 The dot displaystyle cdot indicates the scalar product or dot product Vector r displaystyle vec r points from the origin of the coordinate system O to any point P that lies precisely in plane or on line E The vector n 0 displaystyle vec n 0 represents the unit normal vector of plane or line E The distance d 0 displaystyle d geq 0 is the shortest distance from the origin O to the plane or line Derivation Calculation from the normal form EditNote For simplicity the following derivation discusses the 3D case However it is also applicable in 2D In the normal form r a n 0 displaystyle vec r vec a cdot vec n 0 a plane is given by a normal vector n displaystyle vec n as well as an arbitrary position vector a displaystyle vec a of a point A E displaystyle A in E The direction of n displaystyle vec n is chosen to satisfy the following inequality a n 0 displaystyle vec a cdot vec n geq 0 By dividing the normal vector n displaystyle vec n by its magnitude n displaystyle vec n we obtain the unit or normalized normal vector n 0 n n displaystyle vec n 0 vec n over vec n and the above equation can be rewritten as r a n 0 0 displaystyle vec r vec a cdot vec n 0 0 Substituting d a n 0 0 displaystyle d vec a cdot vec n 0 geq 0 we obtain the Hesse normal form r n 0 d 0 displaystyle vec r cdot vec n 0 d 0 In this diagram d is the distance from the origin Because r n 0 d displaystyle vec r cdot vec n 0 d holds for every point in the plane it is also true at point Q the point where the vector from the origin meets the plane E with r r s displaystyle vec r vec r s per the definition of the Scalar product d r s n 0 r s n 0 cos 0 r s 1 r s displaystyle d vec r s cdot vec n 0 vec r s cdot vec n 0 cdot cos 0 circ vec r s cdot 1 vec r s The magnitude r s displaystyle vec r s of r s displaystyle vec r s is the shortest distance from the origin to the plane References Edit Bocher Maxime 1915 Plane Analytic Geometry With Introductory Chapters on the Differential Calculus H Holt p 44 John Vince Geometry for Computer Graphics Springer 2005 ISBN 9781852338343 pp 42 58 135 273External links EditWeisstein Eric W Hessian Normal Form MathWorld Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hesse normal form amp oldid 1122110076, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,