Hernando de Talavera
Hernando de Talavera, O.S.H. (c. 1430 – 14 May 1507) was a Spanish clergyman and councilor to Queen Isabel of Castile. He began his career as a monk of the Order of Saint Jerome, was appointed the queen's confessor and with her support and patronage, became the Archbishop of Granada.
Hernando de Talavera | |
|---|---|
| Archbishop of Granada | |
Fray Hernando de Talavera (1656-57), by Juan de Valdés Leal, Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | Archdiocese of Granada |
| In office | 1492–1500 |
| Predecessor | Newly established |
| Successor | Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1428 Talavera de la Reina, Spain |
| Died | 14 May 1507 (age 79) Granada, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Ávila (1485–1492) |
Talavera also served on the royal council and was relied upon to undertake important assignments for the Crown. In 1479 he was sent to Portugal to ensure that Isabel’s rival, Juana of Castile, entered a convent as previously agreed. In 1486, Talavera facilitated an introduction between Christopher Columbus and Isabel, after which the queen instructed Talavera to establish a commission to consider the feasibility of the Columbus proposal.
After the conquest of Granada in 1492, Talavera was appointed the first Archbishop of Granada, a position he held until 1500. He was known for his efforts to convert Muslims to Christianity through education and persuasion rather than force. He was also a long-time opponent of the Spanish Inquisition, a position that ultimately led to his denouncement and arrest by the Inquisitor Diego Rodríguez de Lucero. Talavera was ultimately cleared of these charges by the intervention of Pope Julius II.
Biography edit
Talavera was born around 1430 in Talavera de la Reina. His ancestry is obscure. He may have been illegitimate, his mother from a converso family and his father part of the Alvarez de Toledo family, lords of Oropesa (they later financed part of his education).[1] He entered the University of Salamanca at the age of fifteen and received a Bachelor of Arts three years later. He continued with his studies in theology and law and eventually took a position at the university teaching moral philosophy.[2]
He left the university in 1460 and became an ordained priest. In 1466 he joined the Hieronymite order at the monastery, San Leonardo de Alba de Tormes. In 1470 he was appointed prior of the Monastery of Nuestra Señora del Prado in Valladolid,[3] where he developed extensive reforms for the order.[4]
Royal councilor edit
In the early 1470s, his religious writings and reform efforts brought him to the attention of the newly-crowned queen, Isabel I of Castile. Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza, a key supporter of Isabel, may have introduced Talavera to the court. By 1475, Talavera became Isabel's confessor and in January, 1476, he presented her with a treatise, "How all loyal Christians should renew their spirits during Advent." More than just an Advent sermon, it was both an inspirational spiritual tract and a politically astute guide that had a lifelong influence on queen's approach to her reign.[5]
Talavera also served on the royal council and was relied upon to undertake important assignments for the Crown. In 1479 he was sent to Portugal to ensure that Isabel's rival, Juana of Castile, entered a convent as previously agreed. He also headed a commission to look at royal prerogatives in the Canary Islands.[6] At Isabel's request, Talavera mentored a young Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca who later became the powerful, defacto minister of Spain's emerging colonial empire.[7]
In 1485, when Christopher Columbus approached the Spanish Crown to propose his voyage of discovery, Talavera was likely one of his first contacts at court. He facilitated an introduction between Columbus and Isabel around 1486 and was instructed by the queen to establish a commission to investigate the feasibility of the Columbus proposal. The commission seems to have met only intermittently and it was not until 1490 that the board recommended against the plan. Later, in 1492, Fernando and Isabel overrode the board's decision and decided to sponsor Columbus.[8]
Talavera was appointed to the bishopric of Ávila in 1486. The population in Ávila included prominent Jewish and mudéjar communities. His experience in dealing with these religious minorities would later influence his approach to the Muslim population in Granada when he became archbishop there.[9]
Archbishop of Granada edit
After the conquest of Granada in 1492, the rights of the Muslim majority to practice their religion was guaranteed in the terms of surrender set forth by Spain. In 1493, Talavera was appointed Archbishop of Granada, a challenging assignment that demonstrated the Crown's trust in his abilities. However, it also marked a turning point in his influence at court when Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros was named to replace him as Isabel's confessor.[10]
Talavera's preferred approach was the peaceful conversion of the population to Christianity, explaining to them in their own language the nature of the Christian religion and its superiority over Islam. He promoted the study of the Arabic language, a language he learned himself and encouraged his clergy to do likewise. The Granadines respected Talavera and were grateful for his adherence to the terms of the peace agreement but his approach yielded few converts.
Meanwhile the influence of Cisneros continued to grow and when he was appointed Archbishop of Toledo, he became the senior-ranking member of the Catholic hierarchy in Spain. When he came to Grenada in 1499, Cisneros brought with him a much more aggressive approach to conversion. Overriding Talavera's objections, his actions incited a revolt which threatened Cisneros' life and was only quashed by the timely intervention of royal forces. To avoid further bloodshed, Talavera promised amnesty to any rebels who converted to Christianity and some 50,000 took advantage of his offer.[11]
After the rebellion in the city, Cisneros continued to push his aggressive efforts to convert Muslims in the countryside. A second rebellion ensued and royal forces were again required to put down the rebels. Isabel decided that a peaceful solution was not possible and in February 1502, she issued an edict requiring all adult Muslims in Castile to convert to Christianity or face expulsion.[12][13]
Inquisition edit
Talavera had been opposed to the Spanish Inquisition for many years. After the death of his protector Queen Isabel in 1504, he was denounced by the notorious Inquisitor Diego Rodríguez de Lucero and accused of establishing a synagogue in his palace where he conducted Jewish ceremonies with family and other clerics. In the eyes of Lucero, however, his real crime was likely his long-time opposition to the Inquisition. His relatives and household servants were arrested but Talavera himself was untouched until King Philip authorized his arrest in July 1506. The papal nuncio Giovanni Ruffo appealed to Pope Julius II who cleared Talavera of all charges and ordered him released. Talavera died a short time later on 14 May 1507.[14]
References edit
Further reading edit
English
- Iannuzzi, Isabella (2014). "Hernando de Talavera". In Thomas, David (ed.). Christian-Muslim Relations: A Biographical History Vol. 6 (PDF). Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 60–66.
- Johnston, Mark D. (2015). "Hernando de Talavera on Conduct: Cultural Hegemony in Post-Conquest Granada". Confluencia. 30 (3): 11–22. ISSN 0888-6091.
- Kamen, Henry (2014). The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300180510.
- Liss, Peggy K. (1992). Isabel the Queen. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–126. ISBN 0-19-507356-8. OCLC 25048514.
- McKay, Angus (2003). "Talavera, Hernando, De Archbishop of Granada". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Medieval Iberia : an encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 770–771. ISBN 0-415-93918-6. OCLC 50404104.
- O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 666–671. ISBN 0-8014-0880-6. OCLC 1272494.
- Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge. p. 122. ISBN 0521350972.
- Salomons, Carolyn (2017). "A Church United in Itself: Hernando de Talavera and the Religious Culture of Fifteenth-Century Castile". Catholic Historical Review. 103 (4): 639–662. ISSN 0008-8080.
Spanish
- Vaquero, Quintín Aldea. "Hernando de Talavera". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish).
- Fernández de Madrid, A ; Martínez Medina, Fco J. ; Olmedo, Félix G. "Vida de Fray Fernando de Talavera: primer Arzobispo de Granada". [Granada]: Universidad de Granada, 1992
- Fradejas Lebrero, J. “Bibliografía crítica de fray Hernando de Talavera”. En: Pensamiento medieval Hispano: homenaje a Horacio Santiago-Otero / coord. por Jose María Soto Rábanos, v. 2, 1998, pp. 1347–1358.
- Herrero del Collado, T. “El proceso inquisitorial por delito de herejía contra Hernando de Talavera”. En: Anuario de historia del derecho español, núm. 39, 1969, pp. 671–706
- Iannuzzi, I. “La biografía del reformista fray Wyn Hernando en tiempos de Carlos V”. En: Carlos V europeísmo y universalidad: [congreso internacional,Granada mayo 2000] / coord. por Francisco Sánchez-Montes González, Juan Luis Castellano Castellano, v. 5, 2001, pp. 315–328