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Hamama

May 03, 2024

This article is about the town in Palestine. For the town in Lebanon, see Hammana.

Hamama (Arabic: حمامة; also known in Byzantine times as Peleia) was a Palestinian town of over 5,000 inhabitants that was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.[3][4] It was located 24 kilometers north of Gaza. It was continuously inhabited from the Mamluk period (in the 13th century) until 1948.[7]

Hamama
حمامة
Hamameh[1]
People of Hamama with governor Aref al Aref and Julian Asquith, in 1943
Etymology: "dove"[2]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Hamama (click the buttons)
Hamama
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°41′35″N 34°35′32″E / 31.69306°N 34.59222°E / 31.69306; 34.59222
Palestine grid111/122
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictGaza
Date of depopulation4 November 1948[5]
Area
 • Total41,366 dunams (41.4 km2 or 16.0 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total5,070[3][4]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesNitzanim,[6] Beit Ezra,[6] Eshkolot[6]

its ruins are today in the north of the Israeli city of Ashkelon.

Etymology edit

Hamama's earliest recorded name is Peleia, dating to the Roman period. It translates as "dove", and when the Arabs conquered it through the Rashidun Caliphate in the seventh century, the town received its Arabic name Hamama meaning "dove", reflecting its Byzantine roots.

Underlying Hamama's Late Ottoman and British Mandate toponymy, is a limited stratum of pre-Ottoman village names. To this pre-existing stratum, residents added new place names referring in cases to families living in or around the village. The great importance of land as the main means of production in Hamama’s agrarian society, is reflected by many place names relating to the soil and its characteristics.[8]

History edit

In the fifth century CE, the site consisted of the Byzantine town of Peleia. [9]

Remains from the fifth and sixth century CE have been found here, together with Byzantine ceramics.[10] A fragment of a Greek stone inscription was discovered at this site and is currently held in the collection of the Louvre in Paris.[11]

Hamama was located near the site of a battle in 1099 between the Crusaders and the Fatimids, resulting in a Crusader victory.[9] Later Hamama passed into Muslim Mamluk hands, and by 1333/4 CE (734 H.) some of the income from the village formed part of a waqf of the tomb (turba) and madrasa of Aqbugha b. Abd Allah in Cairo.[12] In 1432, it is reported that the Mamluk sultan Barsbay passed through the village. In this period, a renowned scholar and preacher at the al-Aqsa Mosque, Ahmad al-Shafi'i (1406–1465), was born there.[9]

Ottoman era edit

Hamama, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. In first Ottoman tax register of 1526/7 the village had a population of 31 Muslim households and one bachelor, and it belonged to the nahiya of Gaza (Gaza Sanjak).[13] In the tax registers of 1596 it had a population of 84 Muslim households, an estimated 462 persons. The villagers paid taxes on goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 6,800 akçe. All of the revenue went to a waqf.[14]Its residents came from various places, including the Hauran, and Egypt.[15]

The seventeenth-century traveller al-Nabulsi recorded that the tomb (qabr) of Shaykh Ibrahim Abi Arqub was located in the village,[16] while the Syrian Sufi teacher and traveller Mustafa al-Bakri al-Siddiqi (1688-1748/9) visited Hamama in the first half of the eighteenth century, after leaving al-Jura.[17]

Marom and Taxel have shown that during the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, nomadic economic and security pressures led to settlement abandonment around Majdal ‘Asqalān, and the southern coastal plain in general. The population of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements, while the lands of abandoned settlements continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages. Thus, Hamama absorbed the lands of Ṣandaḥanna, Mi‘ṣaba, and excluded the lands of Bashsha, an exclave of al-Majdal.[18]

Hamama appears on Jacotin's map drawn-up during Napoleon's invasion in 1799, though its position is interchanged with that of Majdal.[19][20] In 1838, Hamameh was noted as a Muslim village in the Gaza district.[21]

In 1863, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village, and noted a mosque constructed with ancient materials. The village had a population of "at least eight hundred souls".[22] He further noted: "The gardens of Hamama are outstandingly fertile. They are divided by living fences of huge cactus pears, and are planted with olive, fig, pomegranate, mulberry and apricot trees. Here and there slender palm trees and broad treetops of sycamore trees rise above them."[23]

An official Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed that Hamame had 193 houses and a population of 635, although it only counted the men.[24][25]

British Mandate era edit

Under the British Mandate in Palestine, a village council was established to administer local affairs, and Hamama had a mosque, and two primary schools for boys and girls established in 1921.[26] In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Hamama had a population of 2,731; 2,722 Muslims and 9 Christians,[27] where all the Christians were Orthodox.[28] The population had increased in the 1931 census to 3,405; 3,401 Muslims and 4 Christians, in a total of 865 houses.[29]

 
Hamada 1930 1:20,000
 
Hamada 1945 1:250,000 (lower left)

In the 1945 statistics Hamama had a population of 5,070; 5,000 Muslims, 10 Christians and 60 Jews,[3] with a total of 41,366 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[4] Of this, 1,356 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 4,459 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 28,890 for cereals,[30] while 167 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[31]

In 1946, the boys' school had an enrollment of 338, and the girls' school an enrollment of 46. Its inhabitants engaged primarily in fishing and agriculture, cultivating grain, citrus, apricots, almonds, figs, olives, watermelons, and cantaloupes. Due to the existence of sand dunes in the north part of the town, trees were planted on parts of those lands to prevent soil erosion.[26] During the Mandate time, the village was visited by inspectors from the Department of Antiquities who noted two mosques. One of these, known as Shaykh Ibrahim Abi Arqub, included marble columns and capitals in the iwan. The other mosque, known as Shaykh Hamid, also incorporated marble fragments. Neither of these mosques have survived.[16]

1948, and aftermath edit

According to reports published by the newspaper Felesteen, Hamama was first drawn into the 1948 Arab-Israeli War after a group of workers from the town laboring in the adjacent fields were struck by Jewish residents from Nitzanim on January 22, 1948, leaving fifteen Arabs wounded.[32] Two days later, a unit from Nitzanim opened fire on Hamama residents, killing one, and on February 17, a group of workers waiting for a bus on the road between Isdud and the town were fired upon, wounding two.[26]

It was captured by Israel from the Egyptian Army in the first stage of Operation Yoav on October 28. By then several refugees from nearby towns were in Hamama, most of them, along with many of Hamama's residents, fled with the withdrawing Egyptian troops.[33]

At the end of November 1948, Coastal Plain District troops carried out sweeps of the villages around and to the south of Majdal. Hamama was one of the villages named in the orders to the IDF battalions and engineers platoon, that the villagers were to be expelled to Gaza, and the IDF troops were "to prevent their return by destroying their villages." The path leading to the village was to be mined. The IDF troops were ordered to carry out the operation "with determination, accuracy and energy".[34] The operation took place on 30 November. The troops found "not a living soul" in Hamama. However, the destruction of the villages was not completed immediately due to the dampness of the houses and the insufficient amount of explosives.[35]

Mohammed Dahlan's family is originally from Hamama.

In 1992 it was noted: "No traces of village houses or landmarks remain. The site is overgrown with wild vegetation, including tall grasses, weeds, and bushes. It also contains cactuses. The surrounding land is unused."[6]

References edit

  1. ^ Conder and Kitchener, SWP II, 1882, p. 418
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 267
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 31
  4. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 45
  5. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #286. Also gives the cause of depopulation.
  6. ^ a b c d Khalidi, 1992, p. 100
  7. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-10-01). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003. ISSN 0305-7488.
  8. ^ Marom, Roy. "Arabic Toponymy around Ashkelon: The Village of Hamama as a Case Study". escholarship.org. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  9. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, pp. 97-98
  10. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 869
  11. ^ "XIV. Hamama", Volume 3 South Coast: 2161-2648, De Gruyter, pp. 231–232, 2014-07-14, doi:10.1515/9783110337679.231, ISBN 978-3-11-033767-9, retrieved 2024-02-23
  12. ^ MPF, 10 No. 30. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 146
  13. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-10-01). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003. ISSN 0305-7488.
  14. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 142. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 98.
  15. ^ Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 382
  16. ^ a b Petersen, 2001, p. 146
  17. ^ Khalidi, 1992, p. 98.
  18. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-10-01). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003. ISSN 0305-7488.
  19. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 173 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Palestine Exploration Quarterly Jan-Apr 1944. Jacotin's Map of Palestine. D.H.Kellner. p. 161.
  21. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 118
  22. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 129 -130
  23. ^ translated by Moshe Gilad, 'This Explorer Visited Israel in the 19th Century and Found It to Be Anything but Empty', 22 February 2022, Haaretz
  24. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 154
  25. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 131, noted 291 houses
  26. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 99
  27. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 8
  28. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XIII, p. 44
  29. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 3
  30. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 86
  31. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 136
  32. ^ Elhassani, Abdelkarim (2012). From Hamama to Montreal. Xlibris Corporation LLC. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4797-4125-0.
  33. ^ Morris, 1987, p.220, quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.99.
  34. ^ Coastal Plain District HQ to battalions 151 and ´1 Volunteers`, etc., 19:55 hours, 25 Nov. 1948, IDFA (=Israeli Defence Forces and Defence Ministry Archive) 6308\49\\141. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. 517
  35. ^ Coastal Plain HQ to Southern Front\Operations, 30 Nov. 1948, IDFA 1978\50\\1; and Southern Front\Operations to General Staff Divisions, 2. Dec. 1948, IDFA 922\75\\1025. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. 518

Bibliography edit

  • Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.
  • Elhassani, Abdelkarim (2012). From Hamama to Montreal. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781479741243.
  • Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
  • Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
  • Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
  • Karmon, Y. (1960). (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  • Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Morris, B. (1987). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1947-1949. Cambridge University Press.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  • MPF: Ipsirli and al-Tamimi (1982): The Muslim Pious Foundations and Real Estates in Palestine. Gazza, Al-Quds al-Sharif, Nablus and Ajlun Districts according to 16th-Century Ottoman Tahrir Registers, Organisation of Islamic Conference, Istanbul 1402/1982. Cited in Petersen (2001).
  • Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
  • Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
  • Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.

External links edit

May 03, 2024
hamama, this, article, about, town, palestine, town, lebanon, hammana, arabic, حمامة, also, known, byzantine, times, peleia, palestinian, town, over, inhabitants, that, depopulated, during, 1948, arab, israeli, located, kilometers, north, gaza, continuously, i. This article is about the town in Palestine For the town in Lebanon see Hammana Hamama Arabic حمامة also known in Byzantine times as Peleia was a Palestinian town of over 5 000 inhabitants that was depopulated during the 1948 Arab Israeli War 3 4 It was located 24 kilometers north of Gaza It was continuously inhabited from the Mamluk period in the 13th century until 1948 7 Hamama حمامةHamameh 1 People of Hamama with governor Aref al Aref and Julian Asquith in 1943Etymology dove 2 1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Hamama click the buttons HamamaLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates 31 41 35 N 34 35 32 E 31 69306 N 34 59222 E 31 69306 34 59222Palestine grid111 122Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictGazaDate of depopulation4 November 1948 5 Area Total41 366 dunams 41 4 km2 or 16 0 sq mi Population 1945 Total5 070 3 4 Cause s of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forcesCurrent LocalitiesNitzanim 6 Beit Ezra 6 Eshkolot 6 its ruins are today in the north of the Israeli city of Ashkelon Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Ottoman era 2 2 British Mandate era 2 3 1948 and aftermath 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External linksEtymology editHamama s earliest recorded name is Peleia dating to the Roman period It translates as dove and when the Arabs conquered it through the Rashidun Caliphate in the seventh century the town received its Arabic name Hamama meaning dove reflecting its Byzantine roots Underlying Hamama s Late Ottoman and British Mandate toponymy is a limited stratum of pre Ottoman village names To this pre existing stratum residents added new place names referring in cases to families living in or around the village The great importance of land as the main means of production in Hamama s agrarian society is reflected by many place names relating to the soil and its characteristics 8 History editIn the fifth century CE the site consisted of the Byzantine town of Peleia 9 Remains from the fifth and sixth century CE have been found here together with Byzantine ceramics 10 A fragment of a Greek stone inscription was discovered at this site and is currently held in the collection of the Louvre in Paris 11 Hamama was located near the site of a battle in 1099 between the Crusaders and the Fatimids resulting in a Crusader victory 9 Later Hamama passed into Muslim Mamluk hands and by 1333 4 CE 734 H some of the income from the village formed part of a waqf of the tomb turba and madrasa of Aqbugha b Abd Allah in Cairo 12 In 1432 it is reported that the Mamluk sultan Barsbay passed through the village In this period a renowned scholar and preacher at the al Aqsa Mosque Ahmad al Shafi i 1406 1465 was born there 9 Ottoman era edit Hamama like the rest of Palestine was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 In first Ottoman tax register of 1526 7 the village had a population of 31 Muslim households and one bachelor and it belonged to the nahiya of Gaza Gaza Sanjak 13 In the tax registers of 1596 it had a population of 84 Muslim households an estimated 462 persons The villagers paid taxes on goats and beehives in addition to occasional revenues a total of 6 800 akce All of the revenue went to a waqf 14 Its residents came from various places including the Hauran and Egypt 15 The seventeenth century traveller al Nabulsi recorded that the tomb qabr of Shaykh Ibrahim Abi Arqub was located in the village 16 while the Syrian Sufi teacher and traveller Mustafa al Bakri al Siddiqi 1688 1748 9 visited Hamama in the first half of the eighteenth century after leaving al Jura 17 Marom and Taxel have shown that during the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries nomadic economic and security pressures led to settlement abandonment around Majdal Asqalan and the southern coastal plain in general The population of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements while the lands of abandoned settlements continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages Thus Hamama absorbed the lands of Ṣandaḥanna Mi ṣaba and excluded the lands of Bashsha an exclave of al Majdal 18 Hamama appears on Jacotin s map drawn up during Napoleon s invasion in 1799 though its position is interchanged with that of Majdal 19 20 In 1838 Hamameh was noted as a Muslim village in the Gaza district 21 In 1863 the French explorer Victor Guerin visited the village and noted a mosque constructed with ancient materials The village had a population of at least eight hundred souls 22 He further noted The gardens of Hamama are outstandingly fertile They are divided by living fences of huge cactus pears and are planted with olive fig pomegranate mulberry and apricot trees Here and there slender palm trees and broad treetops of sycamore trees rise above them 23 An official Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed that Hamame had 193 houses and a population of 635 although it only counted the men 24 25 British Mandate era edit Under the British Mandate in Palestine a village council was established to administer local affairs and Hamama had a mosque and two primary schools for boys and girls established in 1921 26 In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities Hamama had a population of 2 731 2 722 Muslims and 9 Christians 27 where all the Christians were Orthodox 28 The population had increased in the 1931 census to 3 405 3 401 Muslims and 4 Christians in a total of 865 houses 29 nbsp Hamada 1930 1 20 000 nbsp Hamada 1945 1 250 000 lower left In the 1945 statistics Hamama had a population of 5 070 5 000 Muslims 10 Christians and 60 Jews 3 with a total of 41 366 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey 4 Of this 1 356 dunams were used for citrus and bananas 4 459 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land 28 890 for cereals 30 while 167 dunams were built up urban land 31 In 1946 the boys school had an enrollment of 338 and the girls school an enrollment of 46 Its inhabitants engaged primarily in fishing and agriculture cultivating grain citrus apricots almonds figs olives watermelons and cantaloupes Due to the existence of sand dunes in the north part of the town trees were planted on parts of those lands to prevent soil erosion 26 During the Mandate time the village was visited by inspectors from the Department of Antiquities who noted two mosques One of these known as Shaykh Ibrahim Abi Arqub included marble columns and capitals in the iwan The other mosque known as Shaykh Hamid also incorporated marble fragments Neither of these mosques have survived 16 1948 and aftermath edit According to reports published by the newspaper Felesteen Hamama was first drawn into the 1948 Arab Israeli War after a group of workers from the town laboring in the adjacent fields were struck by Jewish residents from Nitzanim on January 22 1948 leaving fifteen Arabs wounded 32 Two days later a unit from Nitzanim opened fire on Hamama residents killing one and on February 17 a group of workers waiting for a bus on the road between Isdud and the town were fired upon wounding two 26 It was captured by Israel from the Egyptian Army in the first stage of Operation Yoav on October 28 By then several refugees from nearby towns were in Hamama most of them along with many of Hamama s residents fled with the withdrawing Egyptian troops 33 At the end of November 1948 Coastal Plain District troops carried out sweeps of the villages around and to the south of Majdal Hamama was one of the villages named in the orders to the IDF battalions and engineers platoon that the villagers were to be expelled to Gaza and the IDF troops were to prevent their return by destroying their villages The path leading to the village was to be mined The IDF troops were ordered to carry out the operation with determination accuracy and energy 34 The operation took place on 30 November The troops found not a living soul in Hamama However the destruction of the villages was not completed immediately due to the dampness of the houses and the insufficient amount of explosives 35 Mohammed Dahlan s family is originally from Hamama In 1992 it was noted No traces of village houses or landmarks remain The site is overgrown with wild vegetation including tall grasses weeds and bushes It also contains cactuses The surrounding land is unused 6 References edit Conder and Kitchener SWP II 1882 p 418 Palmer 1881 p 267 a b c Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 p 31 a b c Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 45 Morris 2004 p xix village 286 Also gives the cause of depopulation a b c d Khalidi 1992 p 100 Marom Roy Taxel Itamar 2023 10 01 Ḥamama The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal Asqalan s hinterland 1270 1750 CE Journal of Historical Geography 82 49 65 doi 10 1016 j jhg 2023 08 003 ISSN 0305 7488 Marom Roy Arabic Toponymy around Ashkelon The Village of Hamama as a Case Study escholarship org Retrieved 2024 04 23 a b c Khalidi 1992 pp 97 98 Dauphin 1998 p 869 XIV Hamama Volume 3 South Coast 2161 2648 De Gruyter pp 231 232 2014 07 14 doi 10 1515 9783110337679 231 ISBN 978 3 11 033767 9 retrieved 2024 02 23 MPF 10 No 30 Cited in Petersen 2001 p 146 Marom Roy Taxel Itamar 2023 10 01 Ḥamama The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal Asqalan s hinterland 1270 1750 CE Journal of Historical Geography 82 49 65 doi 10 1016 j jhg 2023 08 003 ISSN 0305 7488 Hutteroth and Abdulfattah 1977 p 142 Cited in Khalidi 1992 p 98 Grossman D 1986 Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period in Shomron studies Dar S Safrai S eds Tel Aviv Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House p 382 a b Petersen 2001 p 146 Khalidi 1992 p 98 Marom Roy Taxel Itamar 2023 10 01 Ḥamama The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal Asqalan s hinterland 1270 1750 CE Journal of Historical Geography 82 49 65 doi 10 1016 j jhg 2023 08 003 ISSN 0305 7488 Karmon 1960 p 173 Archived 2019 12 22 at the Wayback Machine Palestine Exploration Quarterly Jan Apr 1944 Jacotin s Map of Palestine D H Kellner p 161 Robinson and Smith 1841 vol 3 2nd appendix p 118 Guerin 1869 pp 129 130 translated by Moshe Gilad This Explorer Visited Israel in the 19th Century and Found It to Be Anything but Empty 22 February 2022 Haaretz Socin 1879 p 154 Hartmann 1883 p 131 noted 291 houses a b c Khalidi 1992 p 99 Barron 1923 Table V Sub district of Gaza p 8 Barron 1923 Table XIII p 44 Mills 1932 p 3 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 86 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 136 Elhassani Abdelkarim 2012 From Hamama to Montreal Xlibris Corporation LLC p 32 ISBN 978 1 4797 4125 0 Morris 1987 p 220 quoted in Khalidi 1992 p 99 Coastal Plain District HQ to battalions 151 and 1 Volunteers etc 19 55 hours 25 Nov 1948 IDFA Israeli Defence Forces and Defence Ministry Archive 6308 49 141 Cited in Morris 2004 p 517 Coastal Plain HQ to Southern Front Operations 30 Nov 1948 IDFA 1978 50 1 and Southern Front Operations to General Staff Divisions 2 Dec 1948 IDFA 922 75 1025 Cited in Morris 2004 p 518Bibliography editBarron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R Kitchener H H 1882 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 2 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Dauphin C 1998 La Palestine byzantine Peuplement et Populations BAR International Series 726 in French Vol III Catalogue Oxford Archeopress ISBN 0 860549 05 4 Elhassani Abdelkarim 2012 From Hamama to Montreal Xlibris Corporation ISBN 9781479741243 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Guerin V 1869 Description Geographique Historique et Archeologique de la Palestine in French Vol 1 Judee pt 2 Paris L Imprimerie Nationale Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center Hartmann M 1883 Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem turkischen Staatskalender fur Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht 1871 Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 6 102 149 Hutteroth Wolf Dieter Abdulfattah Kamal 1977 Historical Geography of Palestine Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten Sonderband 5 Erlangen Germany Vorstand der Frankischen Geographischen Gesellschaft ISBN 3 920405 41 2 Karmon Y 1960 An Analysis of Jacotin s Map of Palestine PDF Israel Exploration Journal 10 3 4 155 173 244 253 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 12 22 Retrieved 2018 10 05 Khalidi W 1992 All That Remains The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 Washington D C Institute for Palestine Studies ISBN 0 88728 224 5 Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Morris B 1987 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1947 1949 Cambridge University Press Morris B 2004 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 00967 6 MPF Ipsirli and al Tamimi 1982 The Muslim Pious Foundations and Real Estates in Palestine Gazza Al Quds al Sharif Nablus and Ajlun Districts according to 16th Century Ottoman Tahrir Registers Organisation of Islamic Conference Istanbul 1402 1982 Cited in Petersen 2001 Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Petersen Andrew 2001 A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine British Academy Monographs in Archaeology Vol 1 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 727011 0 Robinson E Smith E 1841 Biblical Researches in Palestine Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea A Journal of Travels in the year 1838 Vol 3 Boston Crocker amp Brewster Socin A 1879 Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 2 135 163 External links editHamama s official site Welcome To Hamama at Palestine Remembered Hamama Zochrot Survey of Western Palestine Map 16 IAA Wikimedia commons Hamama from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hamama amp oldid 1220490328, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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