The growth of human hair occurs everywhere on the body except for the soles of the feet, the inside of the mouth, the lips, the backs of the ears, the palms of the hands, some external genital areas, the navel, scar tissue, and, apart from eyelashes, the eyelids.[1] Hair is a stratified squamouskeratinizedepithelium made of multi-layered flat cells whose rope-like filaments provide structure and strength to the hair shaft. The protein called keratin makes up hair and stimulates hair growth. Hair follows a specific growth cycle with three distinct and concurrent phases: anagen, catagen, and telogen. Each phase has specific characteristics that determine the length of the hair.
The body has different types of hair, including vellus hair and androgenic hair, each with its own type of cellular construction. This varied construction gives the hair unique characteristics, serving specific purposes, mainly warmth (redundant in modern humans) and physical protection.[2] Most humans develop the longest thickest hair on their scalps and (mostly observed in males) faces. This hair will usually grow to several feet before terminating, but many humans develop much longer hair.
Hair grows at different speeds and different lengths. Its composition causes different colors and textures, which influence how long the hair strands grow.
Marianne Ernst, a German "Long hair model".
The three stages of hair growth are the anagen, catagen, and telogen phases. Each strand of hair on the human body is at its own stage of development. Once the cycle is complete, it restarts and a new strand of hair begins to form. The growth rate of hair varies from individual to individual depending on their age, genetic predisposition and a number of environmental factors. It is commonly stated that hair grows about 1 cm per month on average; however reality is more complex, since not all hair grows at once. Scalp hair was reported to grow between 0.6 cm and 3.36 cm per month. The growth rate of scalp hair somewhat depends on age (hair tends to grow more slowly with age), sex, and ethnicity.[3] Thicker hair (>60 µm) grows generally faster (11.4 mm per month) than thinner (20-30 µm) hair (7.6 mm per month).[4]
It was previously thought that Caucasian hair grew more quickly than Asian hair and that the growth rate of women's hair was faster than that of men.[3] However, more recent research has shown that the growth rate of hair in men and women does not significantly differ[5] and that the hair of Chinese people grew more quickly than the hair of French Caucasians and West and Central Africans.[6] The quantity of hair hovers in a certain range depending on hair colour.[7][8] An average blonde person has 150,000 hairs, a brunette has 110,000, a black-haired person has 100,000, and a redhead has 90,000.[9] Hair growth stops after a human's death. Visible growth of hair on the dead body happens only because of skin drying out due to water loss.[10]
Anagen phase
The anagen phase, known as the growth phase, is when the hair physically grows approximately 1 cm per month.[11] It begins in the papilla and can last from three to five years.[12] The span at which the hair remains in this stage of growth is determined by genetics. The longer the hair stays in the anagen phase, the longer it will grow. During this phase, cells neighboring the papilla in a germinative layer divide to produce new hair fibers,[13] and the follicle buries itself into the dermal layer of the skin to nourish the strand. About 85%–90% of the hairs on one's head are in the anagen phase at any given time.
Catagen phase
The catagen phase, or the transitional phase, allows the follicle to renew itself (in a sense). During this time, which lasts about two weeks, the hair follicle shrinks due to disintegration and the papilla detaches and "rests," cutting the hair strand off from its nourishing blood supply. Signals sent out by the body (that only selectively affect 1 percent of all hair of one's body at any given time) determine the end of melanin production in the hair bulb and apoptosis of follicular melanocytes.[14] Ultimately, the follicle is 1/6 its original length, causing the hair shaft to be pushed upward.
Growth inhibitors and disorders
In most people, scalp hair growth will halt due to follicle devitalization after reaching a length of generally two or three feet. Exceptions to this rule can be observed in individuals with hair development abnormalities, which may cause an unusual length of hair growth.[15]
Chemotherapy
Most chemotherapy drugs work by attacking rapidly dividing cells. Rapid cell replication is one of the hallmarks of cancer; however, hair follicle cells also grow and divide quickly. Consequently, the chemotherapy drugs usually inhibit hair growth.[16] The dose and type of medicine will determine the severity of hair loss. Once the course of chemotherapy has ended, new hair growth may begin after three to 10 weeks.
Alopecia is a hair loss disease that can occur in anyone at any stage of life.[17] Specifically alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that causes hair to spontaneously fall out. It is mainly characterized by bald patches on the scalp or other parts of the body, and can ultimately cause baldness across the entire body. This disease interferes with the hair growth cycle by causing a follicle to prematurely leave the anagen, or active growth, phase and enter the resting, or telogen, phase. The hair growth in the affected follicles is lessened or stopped completely.
Traction alopecia is caused by adding too much strain on the hair on one's head. Tight ponytails and other styles that require added tension to the hair are often what cause this disease. It can also occur on the face in areas where the hair is often styled. Plucking or waxing one's eyebrows frequently, for example, can yield suppressed hair growth in the area.
On the scalp, the hair is usually known to be lost around the hair line, leaving the densest amount of hair at the crown. Small vellus hair will often replace the hair that is lost.
Radiation therapy to the head
Human hair follicles are very sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy administered to the head, most commonly used to treat cancerous growths within the brain. Hair shedding may start as soon as two weeks after the first dose of radiation and will continue for a couple of weeks. Hair follicles typically enter the telogen phase, and regrowth should commence 2.5 to 3 months after the hair begins to shed. Regrowth may be sparser after treatment.
UV-B
Ultraviolet light levels of either 20 or 50 mJ cm−2 in the UV-B range have been shown to inhibit hair growth, reduce hair melanin and damage hair follicles.[18]
^Buffoli, Barbara; Rinaldi, Fabio; Labanca, Mauro; Sorbellini, Elisabetta; Trink, Anna; Guanziroli, Elena; Rezzani, Rita; Rodella, Luigi F. (2014). "The human hair: from anatomy to physiology". International Journal of Dermatology. 53 (3): 331–341. doi:10.1111/ijd.12362. PMID 24372228. S2CID 1310059.
^Schneider, Marlon R.; Schmidt-Ullrich, Ruth; Paus, Ralf (2009-02-10). "The hair follicle as a dynamic miniorgan". Current Biology. 19 (3): R132–142. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.005. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 19211055.
^ abHarkey, M. R. (December 1993). "Anatomy and physiology of hair". Forensic Science International. Hair Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool for Drugs of Abuse Investigation. 63 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1016/0379-0738(93)90255-9. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 8138238.
^Van Neste DJ, Rushton DH (2016). "Gender differences in scalp hair growth rates are maintained but reduced in pattern hair loss compared to controls". Skin Res Technol. 22 (3): 363–9. doi:10.1111/srt.12274. PMID 26526232. S2CID 19060270.
^Joseph Castro (January 27, 2014). "How Fast Does Hair Grow?". Live Science. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
^Loussouarn, Geneviève; El Rawadi, Charles; Genain, Gilles (2005). "Diversity of hair growth profiles". International Journal of Dermatology. 44 (s1): 6–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02800.x. PMID 16187948. S2CID 39103960.
^"How many hairs are on a human head in total and per square inch?". curlcentric.com. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
^. harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
^"How much hair does a human have on their head?". mevolife.com. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
^"Do your hair and fingernails grow after death?". bbc.com. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
^Ruszczak, Zbigniew (2012). "Hair Disorders and Alopecia". In Elzouki, Abdelaziz Y.; Harfi, Harb A.; Nazer, Hisham M.; Stapleton, F. Bruder; Oh, William; Whitley, Richard J. (eds.). Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics. pp. 1489–508. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_146. ISBN978-3-642-02201-2.
^Braun-Falco, Otto (2000). Dermatology (2., completely rev. ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 1101. ISBN9783540594529.
^Nicolas, Jean-François; Sequeira, Inês (15 October 2012). "Redefining the structure of the hair follicle by 3D clonal analysis". Development. 139 (20): 3741–3751. doi:10.1242/dev.081091. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 22991440.
^Araújo, Rita; Fernandes, Margarida; Cavaco-Paulo, Artur; Gomes, Andreia (2010). "Biology of Human Hair: Know Your Hair to Control It". Biofunctionalization of Polymers and their Applications. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology. Vol. 125. pp. 121–43. doi:10.1007/10_2010_88. hdl:1822/15299. ISBN978-3-642-21948-1. PMID 21072698.
^Grevelman, E. G.; Breed, W. P. M. (2005-03-01). "Prevention of chemotherapy-induced hair loss by scalp cooling". Annals of Oncology. 16 (3): 352–358. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdi088. ISSN 0923-7534. PMID 15642703.
^. 2013-09-27. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
^Lu, Zhongfa; Fischer, Tobias W; Hasse, Sybille; Sugawara, Koji; Kamenisch, York; Krengel, Sven; Funk, Wolfgang; Berneburg, Mark; Paus, Ralf (2009). "Profiling the Response of Human Hair Follicles to Ultraviolet Radiation". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 129 (7): 1790–804. doi:10.1038/jid.2008.418. PMID 19158839.
March 15, 2023
human, hair, growth, regrowth, hair, hair, loss, prevention, management, hair, loss, growth, human, hair, occurs, everywhere, body, except, soles, feet, inside, mouth, lips, backs, ears, palms, hands, some, external, genital, areas, navel, scar, tissue, apart,. For regrowth of hair and hair loss prevention see management of hair loss The growth of human hair occurs everywhere on the body except for the soles of the feet the inside of the mouth the lips the backs of the ears the palms of the hands some external genital areas the navel scar tissue and apart from eyelashes the eyelids 1 Hair is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium made of multi layered flat cells whose rope like filaments provide structure and strength to the hair shaft The protein called keratin makes up hair and stimulates hair growth Hair follows a specific growth cycle with three distinct and concurrent phases anagen catagen and telogen Each phase has specific characteristics that determine the length of the hair The body has different types of hair including vellus hair and androgenic hair each with its own type of cellular construction This varied construction gives the hair unique characteristics serving specific purposes mainly warmth redundant in modern humans and physical protection 2 Most humans develop the longest thickest hair on their scalps and mostly observed in males faces This hair will usually grow to several feet before terminating but many humans develop much longer hair Contents 1 Growth cycle 1 1 Anagen phase 1 2 Catagen phase 2 Growth inhibitors and disorders 2 1 Chemotherapy 2 2 Hair loss 2 3 Radiation therapy to the head 2 4 UV B 3 See also 4 ReferencesGrowth cycle Edit source source source source source source source source source source source source Hair follicle cycling Hair grows at different speeds and different lengths Its composition causes different colors and textures which influence how long the hair strands grow Marianne Ernst a German Long hair model The three stages of hair growth are the anagen catagen and telogen phases Each strand of hair on the human body is at its own stage of development Once the cycle is complete it restarts and a new strand of hair begins to form The growth rate of hair varies from individual to individual depending on their age genetic predisposition and a number of environmental factors It is commonly stated that hair grows about 1 cm per month on average however reality is more complex since not all hair grows at once Scalp hair was reported to grow between 0 6 cm and 3 36 cm per month The growth rate of scalp hair somewhat depends on age hair tends to grow more slowly with age sex and ethnicity 3 Thicker hair gt 60 µm grows generally faster 11 4 mm per month than thinner 20 30 µm hair 7 6 mm per month 4 It was previously thought that Caucasian hair grew more quickly than Asian hair and that the growth rate of women s hair was faster than that of men 3 However more recent research has shown that the growth rate of hair in men and women does not significantly differ 5 and that the hair of Chinese people grew more quickly than the hair of French Caucasians and West and Central Africans 6 The quantity of hair hovers in a certain range depending on hair colour 7 8 An average blonde person has 150 000 hairs a brunette has 110 000 a black haired person has 100 000 and a redhead has 90 000 9 Hair growth stops after a human s death Visible growth of hair on the dead body happens only because of skin drying out due to water loss 10 Anagen phase Edit The anagen phase known as the growth phase is when the hair physically grows approximately 1 cm per month 11 It begins in the papilla and can last from three to five years 12 The span at which the hair remains in this stage of growth is determined by genetics The longer the hair stays in the anagen phase the longer it will grow During this phase cells neighboring the papilla in a germinative layer divide to produce new hair fibers 13 and the follicle buries itself into the dermal layer of the skin to nourish the strand About 85 90 of the hairs on one s head are in the anagen phase at any given time Catagen phase Edit The catagen phase or the transitional phase allows the follicle to renew itself in a sense During this time which lasts about two weeks the hair follicle shrinks due to disintegration and the papilla detaches and rests cutting the hair strand off from its nourishing blood supply Signals sent out by the body that only selectively affect 1 percent of all hair of one s body at any given time determine the end of melanin production in the hair bulb and apoptosis of follicular melanocytes 14 Ultimately the follicle is 1 6 its original length causing the hair shaft to be pushed upward Growth inhibitors and disorders EditIn most people scalp hair growth will halt due to follicle devitalization after reaching a length of generally two or three feet Exceptions to this rule can be observed in individuals with hair development abnormalities which may cause an unusual length of hair growth 15 Chemotherapy Edit Most chemotherapy drugs work by attacking rapidly dividing cells Rapid cell replication is one of the hallmarks of cancer however hair follicle cells also grow and divide quickly Consequently the chemotherapy drugs usually inhibit hair growth 16 The dose and type of medicine will determine the severity of hair loss Once the course of chemotherapy has ended new hair growth may begin after three to 10 weeks Hair loss Edit Main article Hair loss Alopecia is a hair loss disease that can occur in anyone at any stage of life 17 Specifically alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that causes hair to spontaneously fall out It is mainly characterized by bald patches on the scalp or other parts of the body and can ultimately cause baldness across the entire body This disease interferes with the hair growth cycle by causing a follicle to prematurely leave the anagen or active growth phase and enter the resting or telogen phase The hair growth in the affected follicles is lessened or stopped completely Traction alopecia is caused by adding too much strain on the hair on one s head Tight ponytails and other styles that require added tension to the hair are often what cause this disease It can also occur on the face in areas where the hair is often styled Plucking or waxing one s eyebrows frequently for example can yield suppressed hair growth in the area On the scalp the hair is usually known to be lost around the hair line leaving the densest amount of hair at the crown Small vellus hair will often replace the hair that is lost Radiation therapy to the head Edit Human hair follicles are very sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy administered to the head most commonly used to treat cancerous growths within the brain Hair shedding may start as soon as two weeks after the first dose of radiation and will continue for a couple of weeks Hair follicles typically enter the telogen phase and regrowth should commence 2 5 to 3 months after the hair begins to shed Regrowth may be sparser after treatment UV B Edit Ultraviolet light levels of either 20 or 50 mJ cm 2 in the UV B range have been shown to inhibit hair growth reduce hair melanin and damage hair follicles 18 See also EditEvolution of hair Hair transplantationReferences Edit Buffoli Barbara Rinaldi Fabio Labanca Mauro Sorbellini Elisabetta Trink Anna Guanziroli Elena Rezzani Rita Rodella Luigi F 2014 The human hair from anatomy to physiology International Journal of Dermatology 53 3 331 341 doi 10 1111 ijd 12362 PMID 24372228 S2CID 1310059 Schneider Marlon R Schmidt Ullrich Ruth Paus Ralf 2009 02 10 The hair follicle as a dynamic miniorgan Current Biology 19 3 R132 142 doi 10 1016 j cub 2008 12 005 ISSN 1879 0445 PMID 19211055 a b Harkey M R December 1993 Anatomy and physiology of hair Forensic Science International Hair Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool for Drugs of Abuse Investigation 63 1 9 18 doi 10 1016 0379 0738 93 90255 9 ISSN 0379 0738 PMID 8138238 Van Neste DJ Rushton DH 2016 Gender differences in scalp hair growth rates are maintained but reduced in pattern hair loss compared to controls Skin Res Technol 22 3 363 9 doi 10 1111 srt 12274 PMID 26526232 S2CID 19060270 Joseph Castro January 27 2014 How Fast Does Hair Grow Live Science Retrieved July 3 2020 Loussouarn Genevieve El Rawadi Charles Genain Gilles 2005 Diversity of hair growth profiles International Journal of Dermatology 44 s1 6 9 doi 10 1111 j 1365 4632 2005 02800 x PMID 16187948 S2CID 39103960 How many hairs are on a human head in total and per square inch curlcentric com Retrieved April 18 2022 Number of hairs on human head harvard edu Archived from the original on 14 December 2021 Retrieved April 18 2022 How much hair does a human have on their head mevolife com Retrieved April 18 2022 Do your hair and fingernails grow after death bbc com Retrieved April 18 2022 Ruszczak Zbigniew 2012 Hair Disorders and Alopecia In Elzouki Abdelaziz Y Harfi Harb A Nazer Hisham M Stapleton F Bruder Oh William Whitley Richard J eds Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics pp 1489 508 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 02202 9 146 ISBN 978 3 642 02201 2 Braun Falco Otto 2000 Dermatology 2 completely rev ed Berlin Springer p 1101 ISBN 9783540594529 Nicolas Jean Francois Sequeira Ines 15 October 2012 Redefining the structure of the hair follicle by 3D clonal analysis Development 139 20 3741 3751 doi 10 1242 dev 081091 ISSN 0950 1991 PMID 22991440 Araujo Rita Fernandes Margarida Cavaco Paulo Artur Gomes Andreia 2010 Biology of Human Hair Know Your Hair to Control It Biofunctionalization of Polymers and their Applications Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology Vol 125 pp 121 43 doi 10 1007 10 2010 88 hdl 1822 15299 ISBN 978 3 642 21948 1 PMID 21072698 Natural Hair Growth Sunday 11 April 2021 Grevelman E G Breed W P M 2005 03 01 Prevention of chemotherapy induced hair loss by scalp cooling Annals of Oncology 16 3 352 358 doi 10 1093 annonc mdi088 ISSN 0923 7534 PMID 15642703 Hair loss alopecia NHS Choices 2013 09 27 Archived from the original on 2013 09 27 Retrieved 2021 11 26 Lu Zhongfa Fischer Tobias W Hasse Sybille Sugawara Koji Kamenisch York Krengel Sven Funk Wolfgang Berneburg Mark Paus Ralf 2009 Profiling the Response of Human Hair Follicles to Ultraviolet Radiation Journal of Investigative Dermatology 129 7 1790 804 doi 10 1038 jid 2008 418 PMID 19158839 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Human hair growth amp oldid 1143437934, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
