Activator of apoptosis Hrk regulates apoptosis through interaction with death-repressor proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). The HRK protein lacks significant homology to other BCL2 family members except for an 8-amino acid region that was similar to the BCL2 homology domain-3 (BH3) motif of BIK. HRK interacts with BCL2 and BCLXL via the BH3 domain, but not with the death-promoting BCL2-related proteins BAX, BAK, or BCLXS. HRK localizes to membranes of intracellular organelles in a pattern similar to that previously reported for BCL2 and BCLXL.[4]
^ abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135116 - Ensembl, May 2017
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ abcInohara N, Ding L, Chen S, Núñez G (May 1997). "harakiri, a novel regulator of cell death, encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival-promoting proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)". EMBO J. 16 (7): 1686–94. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.7.1686. PMC1169772. PMID 9130713.
^ ab"Entrez Gene: HRK harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein (contains only BH3 domain)".
^Whitfield J, Harada K, Bardelle C, Staddon JM (Nov 2003). "High-throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl-2 family proteins". Anal. Biochem. 322 (2): 170–8. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.014. PMID 14596824.
^Imaizumi K, Morihara T, Mori Y, Katayama T, Tsuda M, Furuyama T, Wanaka A, Takeda M, Tohyama M (Mar 1999). "The cell death-promoting gene DP5, which interacts with the BCL2 family, is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (12): 7975–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.12.7975. PMID 10075695.
^Chen L, Willis SN, Wei A, Smith BJ, Fletcher JI, Hinds MG, Colman PM, Day CL, Adams JM, Huang DC (Feb 2005). "Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function". Mol. Cell. 17 (3): 393–403. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.030. PMID 15694340.
Further readingedit
Imaizumi K, Morihara T, Mori Y, Katayama T, Tsuda M, Furuyama T, Wanaka A, Takeda M, Tohyama M (1999). "The cell death-promoting gene DP5, which interacts with the BCL2 family, is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (12): 7975–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.12.7975. PMID 10075695.
Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC310948. PMID 11076863.
Sanz C, Mellstrom B, Link WA, Naranjo JR, Fernandez-Luna JL (2001). "Interleukin 3-dependent activation of DREAM is involved in transcriptional silencing of the apoptotic Hrk gene in hematopoietic progenitor cells". EMBO J. 20 (9): 2286–92. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.9.2286. PMC125442. PMID 11331593.
Bae J, Hsu SY, Leo CP, Zell K, Hsueh AJ (2001). "Underphosphorylated BAD interacts with diverse antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins to regulate apoptosis". Apoptosis. 6 (5): 319–30. doi:10.1023/A:1011319901057. PMID 11483855. S2CID 23119757.
Wakabayashi T, Kosaka J, Hommura S (2002). "Up-regulation of Hrk, a regulator of cell death, in retinal ganglion cells of axotomized rat retina". Neurosci. Lett. 318 (2): 77–80. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02487-9. PMID 11796190. S2CID 45375137.
Sanz C, Horita M, Fernandez-Luna JL (2004). "Fas signaling and blockade of Bcr-Abl kinase induce apoptotic Hrk protein via DREAM inhibition in human leukemia cells". Haematologica. 87 (9): 903–7. PMID 12217801.
Jurisicova A, Antenos M, Varmuza S, Tilly JL, Casper RF (2003). "Expression of apoptosis-related genes during human preimplantation embryo development: potential roles for the Harakiri gene product and Caspase-3 in blastomere fragmentation". Mol. Hum. Reprod. 9 (3): 133–41. doi:10.1093/molehr/gag016. PMID 12606589.
Whitfield J, Harada K, Bardelle C, Staddon JM (2004). "High-throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl-2 family proteins". Anal. Biochem. 322 (2): 170–8. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.014. PMID 14596824.
Obata T, Toyota M, Satoh A, Sasaki Y, Ogi K, Akino K, Suzuki H, Murai M, Kikuchi T, Mita H, Itoh F, Issa JP, Tokino T, Imai K (2004). "Identification of HRK as a target of epigenetic inactivation in colorectal and gastric cancer". Clin. Cancer Res. 9 (17): 6410–8. PMID 14695142.
Sunayama J, Ando Y, Itoh N, Tomiyama A, Sakurada K, Sugiyama A, Kang D, Tashiro F, Gotoh Y, Kuchino Y, Kitanaka C (2005). "Physical and functional interaction between BH3-only protein Hrk and mitochondrial pore-forming protein p32". Cell Death Differ. 11 (7): 771–81. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401418. PMID 15031724.
Chen L, Willis SN, Wei A, Smith BJ, Fletcher JI, Hinds MG, Colman PM, Day CL, Adams JM, Huang DC (2005). "Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins by their BH3-only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function". Mol. Cell. 17 (3): 393–403. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.030. PMID 15694340.
Kuwana T, Bouchier-Hayes L, Chipuk JE, Bonzon C, Sullivan BA, Green DR, Newmeyer DD (2005). "BH3 domains of BH3-only proteins differentially regulate Bax-mediated mitochondrial membrane permeabilization both directly and indirectly". Mol. Cell. 17 (4): 525–35. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.02.003. PMID 15721256.
Certo M, Del Gaizo Moore V, Nishino M, Wei G, Korsmeyer S, Armstrong SA, Letai A (2006). "Mitochondria primed by death signals determine cellular addiction to antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members". Cancer Cell. 9 (5): 351–65. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.027. PMID 16697956.
This article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
gene, activator, apoptosis, harakiri, protein, that, humans, encoded, gene, hrkavailable, structurespdbhuman, uniprot, search, pdbe, rcsblist, codes2l58, 2l5bidentifiersaliaseshrk, harakiri, harakiri, bcl2, interacting, proteinexternal, idsomim, 603447, homolo. Activator of apoptosis harakiri is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HRK gene 3 4 HRKAvailable structuresPDBHuman UniProt search PDBe RCSBList of PDB id codes2L58 2L5BIdentifiersAliasesHRK DP5 HARAKIRI harakiri BCL2 interacting proteinExternal IDsOMIM 603447 HomoloGene 136405 GeneCards HRKGene location Human Chr Chromosome 12 human 1 Band12q24 22Start116 856 144 bp 1 End116 881 441 bp 1 RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse ortholog Top expressed inendothelial cellpancreatic ductal cellBrodmann area 23hippocampus properprefrontal cortexcingulate gyrusmiddle temporal gyrusentorhinal cortexdorsolateral prefrontal cortexsuperior frontal gyrusn aMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular functionprotein bindingCellular componentintegral component of membrane membrane mitochondrionBiological processregulation of apoptotic process positive regulation of protein homooligomerization positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria positive regulation of apoptotic process apoptotic processSources Amigo QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez8739n aEnsemblENSG00000135116n aUniProtO00198n aRefSeq mRNA NM 003806n aRefSeq protein NP 003797n aLocation UCSC Chr 12 116 86 116 88 Mbn aPubMed search 2 n aWikidataView Edit Human Contents 1 Function 2 Interactions 3 References 4 Further readingFunction editActivator of apoptosis Hrk regulates apoptosis through interaction with death repressor proteins Bcl 2 and Bcl X L The HRK protein lacks significant homology to other BCL2 family members except for an 8 amino acid region that was similar to the BCL2 homology domain 3 BH3 motif of BIK HRK interacts with BCL2 and BCLXL via the BH3 domain but not with the death promoting BCL2 related proteins BAX BAK or BCLXS HRK localizes to membranes of intracellular organelles in a pattern similar to that previously reported for BCL2 and BCLXL 4 Interactions editHRK gene has been shown to interact with BCL2 like 1 3 5 6 and Bcl 2 3 7 References edit a b c GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000135116 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine a b c Inohara N Ding L Chen S Nunez G May 1997 harakiri a novel regulator of cell death encodes a protein that activates apoptosis and interacts selectively with survival promoting proteins Bcl 2 and Bcl X L EMBO J 16 7 1686 94 doi 10 1093 emboj 16 7 1686 PMC 1169772 PMID 9130713 a b Entrez Gene HRK harakiri BCL2 interacting protein contains only BH3 domain Whitfield J Harada K Bardelle C Staddon JM Nov 2003 High throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl 2 family proteins Anal Biochem 322 2 170 8 doi 10 1016 j ab 2003 07 014 PMID 14596824 Imaizumi K Morihara T Mori Y Katayama T Tsuda M Furuyama T Wanaka A Takeda M Tohyama M Mar 1999 The cell death promoting gene DP5 which interacts with the BCL2 family is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein J Biol Chem 274 12 7975 81 doi 10 1074 jbc 274 12 7975 PMID 10075695 Chen L Willis SN Wei A Smith BJ Fletcher JI Hinds MG Colman PM Day CL Adams JM Huang DC Feb 2005 Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl 2 proteins by their BH3 only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function Mol Cell 17 3 393 403 doi 10 1016 j molcel 2004 12 030 PMID 15694340 Further reading editImaizumi K Morihara T Mori Y Katayama T Tsuda M Furuyama T Wanaka A Takeda M Tohyama M 1999 The cell death promoting gene DP5 which interacts with the BCL2 family is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein J Biol Chem 274 12 7975 81 doi 10 1074 jbc 274 12 7975 PMID 10075695 Hartley JL Temple GF Brasch MA 2001 DNA cloning using in vitro site specific recombination Genome Res 10 11 1788 95 doi 10 1101 gr 143000 PMC 310948 PMID 11076863 Sanz C Mellstrom B Link WA Naranjo JR Fernandez Luna JL 2001 Interleukin 3 dependent activation of DREAM is involved in transcriptional silencing of the apoptotic Hrk gene in hematopoietic progenitor cells EMBO J 20 9 2286 92 doi 10 1093 emboj 20 9 2286 PMC 125442 PMID 11331593 Bae J Hsu SY Leo CP Zell K Hsueh AJ 2001 Underphosphorylated BAD interacts with diverse antiapoptotic Bcl 2 family proteins to regulate apoptosis Apoptosis 6 5 319 30 doi 10 1023 A 1011319901057 PMID 11483855 S2CID 23119757 Wakabayashi T Kosaka J Hommura S 2002 Up regulation of Hrk a regulator of cell death in retinal ganglion cells of axotomized rat retina Neurosci Lett 318 2 77 80 doi 10 1016 S0304 3940 01 02487 9 PMID 11796190 S2CID 45375137 Sanz C Horita M Fernandez Luna JL 2004 Fas signaling and blockade of Bcr Abl kinase induce apoptotic Hrk protein via DREAM inhibition in human leukemia cells Haematologica 87 9 903 7 PMID 12217801 Jurisicova A Antenos M Varmuza S Tilly JL Casper RF 2003 Expression of apoptosis related genes during human preimplantation embryo development potential roles for the Harakiri gene product and Caspase 3 in blastomere fragmentation Mol Hum Reprod 9 3 133 41 doi 10 1093 molehr gag016 PMID 12606589 Whitfield J Harada K Bardelle C Staddon JM 2004 High throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl 2 family proteins Anal Biochem 322 2 170 8 doi 10 1016 j ab 2003 07 014 PMID 14596824 Obata T Toyota M Satoh A Sasaki Y Ogi K Akino K Suzuki H Murai M Kikuchi T Mita H Itoh F Issa JP Tokino T Imai K 2004 Identification of HRK as a target of epigenetic inactivation in colorectal and gastric cancer Clin Cancer Res 9 17 6410 8 PMID 14695142 Sunayama J Ando Y Itoh N Tomiyama A Sakurada K Sugiyama A Kang D Tashiro F Gotoh Y Kuchino Y Kitanaka C 2005 Physical and functional interaction between BH3 only protein Hrk and mitochondrial pore forming protein p32 Cell Death Differ 11 7 771 81 doi 10 1038 sj cdd 4401418 PMID 15031724 Chen L Willis SN Wei A Smith BJ Fletcher JI Hinds MG Colman PM Day CL Adams JM Huang DC 2005 Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl 2 proteins by their BH3 only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function Mol Cell 17 3 393 403 doi 10 1016 j molcel 2004 12 030 PMID 15694340 Kuwana T Bouchier Hayes L Chipuk JE Bonzon C Sullivan BA Green DR Newmeyer DD 2005 BH3 domains of BH3 only proteins differentially regulate Bax mediated mitochondrial membrane permeabilization both directly and indirectly Mol Cell 17 4 525 35 doi 10 1016 j molcel 2005 02 003 PMID 15721256 Certo M Del Gaizo Moore V Nishino M Wei G Korsmeyer S Armstrong SA Letai A 2006 Mitochondria primed by death signals determine cellular addiction to antiapoptotic BCL 2 family members Cancer Cell 9 5 351 65 doi 10 1016 j ccr 2006 03 027 PMID 16697956 nbsp This article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title HRK gene amp oldid 1032030237, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
