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HCR Corporation

November 28, 2023

Human Computing Resources Corporation, later HCR Corporation, was a Canadian software company that worked on the Unix operating system and system software and business applications for it. Founded in 1976, it was based in Toronto.

HCR Corporation
TypePrivate
IndustryComputer software
Founded1976; 47 years ago (1976)
Defunct1996
FateAcquired by SCO in 1990
Headquarters
Toronto
,
Canada
Key people
Products
  • Unix
  • Business applications
  • Development tools
Revenue$4 million CAD (1986)
Number of employees
  • 48 (1985)
  • 50 (1990)

By a description of one of its founders, HCR was a "UNIX contract R&D and technology development and marketing firm."[1] The company was most known for its extensive knowledge of Unix, for porting Unix to new hardware platforms, for developing compilers as part of the porting work, and for consulting and product development work on Unix. It was a pioneer in the Unix industry and by one account was the second firm ever to commercially support Unix.[2] By 1990 HCR was a prominent player in the Canadian Unix scene.[3]

HCR was acquired by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) in 1990. It became the subsidiary SCO Canada, Inc., which existed until 1996 when the Toronto offices were closed.

Origins at the University of Toronto edit

Human Computing Resources was founded in 1976 by several computer scientists at, and graduates of, the University of Toronto, with the aim of creating computer graphics and systems software.[4][5] The company was privately held.[6] Foremost among these co-founders[7] was Ronald Baecker, an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at the University of Toronto and a significant figure and pioneer in the field of human–computer interaction.[8] Baecker served as president of the new firm.[5]

Another co-founder was Michael Tilson, who as a graduate student of Baecker's[9] at the University of Toronto during the mid-1970s was one of the early pioneers of Unix adoption in Canada.[3] An additional co-founder was David Tilbrook,[10] a student of Baecker's who had developed the interactive NewsWhole pagination system for The Globe and Mail, which became an early predecessor to desktop publishing.[8] Other Baecker students who later became well known in the Unix world included Rob Pike and Tom Duff,[9] although neither worked at HCR.

Formative years edit

 
Location of the offices of Human Computing Resources

Consulting and contracting edit

The new company's offices were on St. Mary Street,[11] in a mid-century modern building just off Yonge Street in the Bay Street Corridor section of Toronto.[12]

Human Computing Resources initially focused on information technology consulting and contract programming jobs.[5] An early customer for contract work was IBM.[13]

But it also tried to establish a product business, with an effort underway by 1977 to try to market the NewsWhole newspaper layout product.[14] Despite newspapers seeing demonstrations of the product and liking it, they were unwilling to commit their businesses to a product from an unproven, very small software business.[13] In 1979 the NewsWhole product was dropped.[15] As Tilson said in a 1986 interview, "The company quickly discovered that the software industry was not a bed of roses."[13]

In 1978 Human Computing Resources began giving courses in the Toronto area on computers for personal use – the Commodore PET – and for business.[11] By 1979 the new firm had begun exhibiting at the annual Canadian Computer Show and Conference in Toronto.[16] Baecker maintained a part-time involvement in his academic career during this period.[17]

Unix specialists edit

Human Computing Resources began to focus on writing software for the Unix operating system,[5][18] which was starting to gain a foothold outside its Bell Labs founding place. This work began in 1979 when HCR acquired a license to resell Unix from Western Electric Co.[15] By one account, HCR was the second firm to support Unix commercially, following Interactive Systems Corporation in the US in 1977.[2]

Microsoft was working on its version of Unix, called Xenix, and in 1982 engaged with the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) in this work, with the two companies' engineers working together on improvements.[19] Microsoft and SCO then further engaged HCR in Canada, and a software products group within Logica plc in the United Kingdom, as part of making further improvements to Xenix and porting Xenix to other platforms.[19] In doing so, Microsoft gave HCR and Logica the rights to do Xenix ports and license Xenix binaries in those territories.[20] As a result, some of Xenix was developed by Human Computing Resources in Toronto.[21] The early history of Xenix has a sometimes unclear narrative, but by some accounts HCR had a greater role than just extending what Microsoft had done, as it had to take over the initial porting of the AT&T Version 7 Unix after Microsoft was unable to do so.[22]

In particular, as Baecker said in 2001 for a University of Toronto course he gave on software as a business, HCR's focus became doing "UNIX operating systems programming for hardware companies without UNIX expertise needing to bring UNIX to market quickly."[23] As such, their customer space was in the original-equipment manufacturer (OEM) and value-added reseller (VAR) markets, including Control Data Corporation, NCR, Prime Computer, and National Semiconductor.[5] Tilson published a seven-page article in Byte magazine about their work on the NS16032 as a case study of doing a Unix port.[24] Other architectures they worked on included the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 and VAX-11, Motorola 68000, Intel 8086, Zilog Z8000, PERQ workstation, and Computer Automation 4/95.[25]

This work often included establishing Unix environments and functioning compilers for the C programming language on various 16-bit and 32-bit processors.[25] It also stressed the portability traits, good and bad, of the C language.[25] An employee of HCR in the early 1980s, Richard Miller,[26] had had an especially historic role in Unix, having done, in 1977, one the first ports of Unix to a non-PDP architecture while he was at the University of Wollongong in Australia.[2][27]

In 1983, the trade magazine InfoWorld stated that HCR "probably has more experience porting UNIX to different architectures than anyone else."[28]

The HCR variant of Unix was branded as Unity.[29] Initially based on UNIX System III,[29] it was sold on a stand-alone basis for the PDP-11 and VAX minicomputers from Digital Equipment Corporation.[30] Moreover, HCR had an implementation of Unity that ran on top of the VAX/VMS operating system, providing file path translations and the ability to use Unix utilities from VMS.[29][10] In addition, Unity was sold on an OEM basis for other architectures, which in 1983 included the NS16032 and the Motorola 68000.[31]

Other products edit

Besides Unix itself, the company was showcasing a variety of system software products.[32] These included a compiler for the Pascal programming language and an interpreter for the BASIC programming language.[30] Cross compilers from VAX Unix to the NS16032 architecture for C, Pascal, and Fortran 77 were also offered.[33] There was a Unix-based RT-11 emulator.[34] For operating system usability, there was the configurable HCR Menu Shell, which ran atop the standard Bourne shell and provided a more friendly and customizable interface, and the HCR/EDIT screen-oriented text editor.[33][34]

In addition, HCR often worked with, and did active marketing for, the Mistress relational database system,[10][35] which was supported commercially by Rhodnius Ltd, another Toronto-based software firm.[34] HCR also marketed several business applications.[32] By 1983, UNIX Review trade publication was referring to HCR as a "well-known software vendor".[36]

Financials edit

By one account, HCR received funding in 1982 and 1983 from two Canadian venture capital firms, Ventures West Technologies and TD Capital Group, with the two combined ending up with 50 percent ownership of HCR; more money was subsequently raised by diluting existing shares.[5] By another account, HCR received $750,000 CAD from one round of venture capital funding in 1981 and $2.2 million from another round in 1984, with Ventures West Technologies being one of the firms involved.[15]

The company was profitable during some of these years.[5] Revenues rose from $1.3 million CAD in 1982 to $2.2 million in 1983 to $3.2 million in 1984,[5] with Unix porting contracts with hardware manufacturers ranging from $100,000 to $1 million in size.[15] Some 80 percent of the company's sales came from the United States, 15 percent from Europe, and 5 percent from Canada itself.[5] Marketing costs were minimal since those were borne by the hardware manufacturers for selling complete systems.[15]

There was competition, as other companies were in this area. In addition to Interactive Systems Corporation and SCO, companies doing Unix ports or substantial work with Unix included UniSoft, Microport, and a number of smaller firms.[10]

As Unix began to penetrate into wider consciousness in the 1980s,[37] employees at HCR became Unix evangelists. They were quoted in newspaper articles as the operating system became more discussed in technology circles[18] and appeared in overseas symposiums with the likes of Unix inventors and pioneers Ken Thompson, Brian Kernighan, Samuel J. Leffler, and P. J. Plauger.[38] HCR gave training courses in Unix.[30] From its Toronto offices, HCR provided Unix training courses and executive seminars on the importance and impact of Unix,[39] and offered introductory Unix seminars at various North American cities.[40] Between 1982 and 1985, HCR staff published a dozen articles for, or presented at conferences of, the USENIX association,[41] and HCR hosted the Summer 1983 USENIX conference in Toronto where some 1,600 Unix users were in attendance.[37]

Overall, however, HCR did not focus on one specific mission. In his 2001 course on software as a business, Baecker spoke of the "Three Product Strategies of HCR", and began by being critical of the time he was in charge of the company, saying that its strategy reflected his personality: "the academic, the visionary, ... go everywhere, which is to have no focus and to go nowhere".[23]

Change in leadership edit

In February 1984, Baecker stepped down as president of HCR,[5] and returned on a more active basis to the faculty of the University of Toronto.[7] He was replaced as president by Dennis Kukulsky, formerly a national sales manager with Tektronix.[5] Baecker remained as chairman of the company.[1]

Under Kukulsky, the company sought to focus on software products that would run on Unix,[5] and in particular, products aimed at business users.[18] Indeed, the promise of producing business applications was part of what had attracted venture capital funding and part of why Kukulsky had been hired.[15] The company was faced with a significant loss for 1985, due to increased development, sales, and marketing costs, including opening sales offices in the United States.[5]

HCR released the Chronicle Business Applications Software suite in 1985.[33] HCR's Chronicle included modules for general ledger, accounts payable, and accounts receivable, as well as inventory, invoicing, purchase orders, and sales and profitability analysis.[5]

This was followed by HCR's Chariot UNIX Business Software, which sold for around $7,500 per development system.[42] It included the business application modules of Chronicle but more importantly contained a 4GL-like application generator to allow HCR's customers to create new business applications or tailor existing ones.[43][23] Chariot was aimed at value-added resellers (VARs) and ran on the DEC VAX, IBM PC AT, AT&T 3B, and NCR Tower.[43] Chariot was well received in computer industry trade shows, and some 1,500 VARs signed up for it or otherwise indicated interest.[44][45] But HCR was short on both time and money and the promised delivery date of February 1986 was not met, and even had Chariot been ready for release, the company lacked the ability to market it effectively.[44]

These business products were not successful,[23] with very little actual revenue coming in from them and substantial development costs being incurred.[13] Overall, Human Computing Resources went through the same tribulations as many software firms, such as a failing to accurately predict development costs and being unsure how to market products once developed.[46] One executive commented to the Financial Post that when it came to software, "Pricing is a black art."[46]

Baecker's course analysis spoke critically of this era of the company as well, saying that it had embodied Kukulsky's personality of "the salesman, the opportunist ... go where the money is, i.e., 4GLs for UNIX, an area in which HCR had no expertise".[23]

Change of name and another change in leadership edit

 
The 10th floor of this office building at 130 Bloor Street West in Toronto (here seen in 1999) housed the offices of HCR Corporation and later SCO Canada, Inc.

The fallout from the Chariot project was such that by July 1986, Kukulsky had resigned and co-founder Tilson was president of the company.[44][46] Tilson had previously been serving as vice president of technical development.[38] The company's management divested itself of the business products,[13] deciding to return its focus to system software and developers.[45] Staffing reductions took place as well.[15]

The changes resulted in HCR becoming profitable again, with earnings of around $100,000 on revenue of $4 million.[15]

By 1987, the official name of the company had changed to HCR Corporation.[47] Principal ownership of the company was split among five venture capital investors, who together owned 70 percent of HCR.[15] The headquarters office had moved as well, now being located in a Bloor Street building in the Yorkville neighborhood of Toronto, a short distance from the previous site.[47]

The firm continued to have a visible presence in the Unix industry. Tilson gave a talk at the Unix-focused AUUG about what Unix might look like thirteen years out in the year 2000.[47] In 1989 the Canadian branch of UniForum named Tilson the Man of the Decade for his work on Unix.[3]

The company continued to do complex Unix porting work, such as having a contract with ETA Systems to develop a C compiler and port Unix System V with Berkeley Software Distribution networking improvements to that company's ETA10 vector processor supercomputer.[48] Similarly, HCR had a contract with Intel to develop C and Fortran 77 compilers for the iWarp parallel computing supercomputer architecture.[49] HCR used the Bell Labs Portable C Compiler (pcc) as a starting point for much of this kind of work, but they had developed components of their own, such as a portable intermediate-code global optimizer that fit into the pcc scheme.[49]

The company's management made one of its focuses be on development tools. By 1989 HCR was still a vendor for a BASIC interpreter and Pascal compiler,[10] and had added a compiler for the burgeoning C++ programming language that was based on AT&T's Cfront.[50] Their advertisements for the HCR/C++ product emphasized the multiple platform packaging, documentation, and support services that came with it.[51] HCR was an early participant in the ISO C++ standardization effort.[52]

HCR also provided validation services and a test suite for C compilers.[10][34] In 1990, HCR announced the release of the SuperTest suite, in collaboration with Associated Computer Experts (ACE) of the Netherlands, which included nearly 400,000 separate tests of C compiler conformance and quality.[53]

In addition, HCR developed and sold the Configuration Control Menu System, or CoCo.[33] This product was designed to manage change requests and supported a form of code review based around email available on Unix platforms.[33][54] A survey article in Software Engineering Notes pronounced CoCo an "interesting tool" that could be used in conjunction with existing Unix-based configuration management commands such as SCCS.[54]

During the Unix Wars of the late 1980s, HCR was affiliated on the Unix International side.[55]

By 1990, HCR had around 50 employees.[3] The company did not disclose its annual revenues at that point.[3]

In Baecker's course analysis of the company's strategic history, he summarized this period as reflecting Tilson's nature of "the technologist, the pragmatist, the realist ... go where HCR had expertise, i.e., UNIX software development tools (unfortunately, too late)".[23] However, Tilson's recollections revealed a more positive view: "My role as CEO was to turn the company around with greater focus on core business. The ultimate result was to be acquired as a healthy business with a good return for shareholders and new opportunities for employees."[56]

Acquisition by SCO edit

The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), an American company based in Santa Cruz, California, announced on 9 May 1990 that it was acquiring HCR Corporation.[3] Financial terms were not disclosed but the companies said it would be a "share swap with a multimillion dollar value."[6] The acquired entity would take on the name SCO Canada, Inc., and operate as an independent subsidiary company.[57] The office remained at the same Bloor Street address.[58] Tilson remained head of the operation and became a vice president of SCO.[59] The two companies had been both allies and competitors at different times in the past,[19][20][1] as had the software products group of Logica (which had been part of the early Xenix work, and which SCO had previously acquired in 1986).[60][61][20]

The HCR acquisition allowed SCO to improve its development tools offerings, especially for the recently released SCO OpenDesktop operating system.[62] SCO Canada also took over work on the existing SCO Microsoft C compiler that dated back to Xenix days; it was offered in addition to the pcc compiler as part of the SCO OpenDesktop Development System.[63] SCO Canada continued to sell the HCR C++ product, which by 1991 had an estimated 450 licensed sites using it,[64] and maintained a role in the language's standardization effort.[65]

SCO Canada also took on some other work, such as looking to provide strategic partners with porting assistance to SCO Unix,[66] and doing integration work between SCO Unix and Novell NetWare.[67]

In September 1995, it was announced that SCO was buying the UnixWare and related Unix business from Novell, which in turn had acquired it from Unix Systems Laboratories in 1993.[68] The New Jersey office of Novell had a languages and development tools group with more advanced technology than what SCO Canada had been working with,[69] and that made the SCO Canada engineering staff largely redundant once the Novell deal was closed in December 1995. The SCO Canada office was shut down in early 1996.[70]

References edit

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  24. ^ Tilson, Michael (October 1983). "Moving Unix to New Machines". Byte. pp. 266–276.
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  57. ^ "Business digest: Around the county". Santa Cruz Sentinel. 13 May 1990. p. D-13 – via Newspapers.com.
  58. ^ See for instance "Opening at SCO Canada in Toronto". Usenet group comp.compilers and mailing list reflector. 16 October 1992. and "2.7. SCO/C++ 3.0". DESY: C++ Products List and Description. 20 December 1995.
  59. ^ "Software firm HCR opts for U.S. strategic alliance". The Financial Post. 11 May 1990. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. ^ "Santa Cruz Operation Ltd. to Offer Source for Xenix". InfoWorld. 8 December 1986. p. 33.
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  63. ^ Seirup, Brian (31 May 1994). "SCO Open Desktop". PC Magazine. pp. 232, 234.
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  65. ^ Saks, Dan (16 September 1995). "X3J16 Meeting No. 18; WG21 Meeting No. 13; 9 - 14 July 1995". JTC1/SC22/WG21.
  66. ^ "Job Openings at SCO Canada in Toronto". Usenet group can.jobs. 13 April 1995.
  67. ^ "Technical Advisory: Can OpenServer 5 access NetWare 4.1 servers as they support NDS and we do not?". Santa Cruz Operation. 3 January 1996.
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  69. ^ Schilling, Jonathan L. (August 1998). "Optimizing away C++ exception handling". SIGPLAN Notices. 33 (8): 40–47. doi:10.1145/286385.286390. S2CID 1522664. and "SCO Unveils Targeted Release Strategy for UnixWare 7" (Press release). HPCwire. 14 November 1997.
  70. ^ "Ronald Michael Baecker". Yumpu. 1 September 2011. p. 3.

November 28, 2023
corporation, human, computing, resources, corporation, later, canadian, software, company, that, worked, unix, operating, system, system, software, business, applications, founded, 1976, based, toronto, typeprivateindustrycomputer, softwarefounded1976, years, . Human Computing Resources Corporation later HCR Corporation was a Canadian software company that worked on the Unix operating system and system software and business applications for it Founded in 1976 it was based in Toronto HCR CorporationTypePrivateIndustryComputer softwareFounded1976 47 years ago 1976 Defunct1996FateAcquired by SCO in 1990HeadquartersToronto CanadaKey peopleRonald BaeckerDennis KukulskyMichael TilsonProductsUnixBusiness applicationsDevelopment toolsRevenue 4 million CAD 1986 Number of employees48 1985 50 1990 By a description of one of its founders HCR was a UNIX contract R amp D and technology development and marketing firm 1 The company was most known for its extensive knowledge of Unix for porting Unix to new hardware platforms for developing compilers as part of the porting work and for consulting and product development work on Unix It was a pioneer in the Unix industry and by one account was the second firm ever to commercially support Unix 2 By 1990 HCR was a prominent player in the Canadian Unix scene 3 HCR was acquired by the Santa Cruz Operation SCO in 1990 It became the subsidiary SCO Canada Inc which existed until 1996 when the Toronto offices were closed Contents 1 Origins at the University of Toronto 2 Formative years 2 1 Consulting and contracting 2 2 Unix specialists 2 3 Other products 2 4 Financials 3 Change in leadership 4 Change of name and another change in leadership 5 Acquisition by SCO 6 ReferencesOrigins at the University of Toronto editHuman Computing Resources was founded in 1976 by several computer scientists at and graduates of the University of Toronto with the aim of creating computer graphics and systems software 4 5 The company was privately held 6 Foremost among these co founders 7 was Ronald Baecker an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at the University of Toronto and a significant figure and pioneer in the field of human computer interaction 8 Baecker served as president of the new firm 5 Another co founder was Michael Tilson who as a graduate student of Baecker s 9 at the University of Toronto during the mid 1970s was one of the early pioneers of Unix adoption in Canada 3 An additional co founder was David Tilbrook 10 a student of Baecker s who had developed the interactive NewsWhole pagination system for The Globe and Mail which became an early predecessor to desktop publishing 8 Other Baecker students who later became well known in the Unix world included Rob Pike and Tom Duff 9 although neither worked at HCR Formative years edit nbsp Location of the offices of Human Computing ResourcesConsulting and contracting edit The new company s offices were on St Mary Street 11 in a mid century modern building just off Yonge Street in the Bay Street Corridor section of Toronto 12 Human Computing Resources initially focused on information technology consulting and contract programming jobs 5 An early customer for contract work was IBM 13 But it also tried to establish a product business with an effort underway by 1977 to try to market the NewsWhole newspaper layout product 14 Despite newspapers seeing demonstrations of the product and liking it they were unwilling to commit their businesses to a product from an unproven very small software business 13 In 1979 the NewsWhole product was dropped 15 As Tilson said in a 1986 interview The company quickly discovered that the software industry was not a bed of roses 13 In 1978 Human Computing Resources began giving courses in the Toronto area on computers for personal use the Commodore PET and for business 11 By 1979 the new firm had begun exhibiting at the annual Canadian Computer Show and Conference in Toronto 16 Baecker maintained a part time involvement in his academic career during this period 17 Unix specialists edit Human Computing Resources began to focus on writing software for the Unix operating system 5 18 which was starting to gain a foothold outside its Bell Labs founding place This work began in 1979 when HCR acquired a license to resell Unix from Western Electric Co 15 By one account HCR was the second firm to support Unix commercially following Interactive Systems Corporation in the US in 1977 2 Microsoft was working on its version of Unix called Xenix and in 1982 engaged with the Santa Cruz Operation SCO in this work with the two companies engineers working together on improvements 19 Microsoft and SCO then further engaged HCR in Canada and a software products group within Logica plc in the United Kingdom as part of making further improvements to Xenix and porting Xenix to other platforms 19 In doing so Microsoft gave HCR and Logica the rights to do Xenix ports and license Xenix binaries in those territories 20 As a result some of Xenix was developed by Human Computing Resources in Toronto 21 The early history of Xenix has a sometimes unclear narrative but by some accounts HCR had a greater role than just extending what Microsoft had done as it had to take over the initial porting of the AT amp T Version 7 Unix after Microsoft was unable to do so 22 In particular as Baecker said in 2001 for a University of Toronto course he gave on software as a business HCR s focus became doing UNIX operating systems programming for hardware companies without UNIX expertise needing to bring UNIX to market quickly 23 As such their customer space was in the original equipment manufacturer OEM and value added reseller VAR markets including Control Data Corporation NCR Prime Computer and National Semiconductor 5 Tilson published a seven page article in Byte magazine about their work on the NS16032 as a case study of doing a Unix port 24 Other architectures they worked on included the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11 and VAX 11 Motorola 68000 Intel 8086 Zilog Z8000 PERQ workstation and Computer Automation 4 95 25 This work often included establishing Unix environments and functioning compilers for the C programming language on various 16 bit and 32 bit processors 25 It also stressed the portability traits good and bad of the C language 25 An employee of HCR in the early 1980s Richard Miller 26 had had an especially historic role in Unix having done in 1977 one the first ports of Unix to a non PDP architecture while he was at the University of Wollongong in Australia 2 27 In 1983 the trade magazine InfoWorld stated that HCR probably has more experience porting UNIX to different architectures than anyone else 28 The HCR variant of Unix was branded as Unity 29 Initially based on UNIX System III 29 it was sold on a stand alone basis for the PDP 11 and VAX minicomputers from Digital Equipment Corporation 30 Moreover HCR had an implementation of Unity that ran on top of the VAX VMS operating system providing file path translations and the ability to use Unix utilities from VMS 29 10 In addition Unity was sold on an OEM basis for other architectures which in 1983 included the NS16032 and the Motorola 68000 31 Other products edit Besides Unix itself the company was showcasing a variety of system software products 32 These included a compiler for the Pascal programming language and an interpreter for the BASIC programming language 30 Cross compilers from VAX Unix to the NS16032 architecture for C Pascal and Fortran 77 were also offered 33 There was a Unix based RT 11 emulator 34 For operating system usability there was the configurable HCR Menu Shell which ran atop the standard Bourne shell and provided a more friendly and customizable interface and the HCR EDIT screen oriented text editor 33 34 In addition HCR often worked with and did active marketing for the Mistress relational database system 10 35 which was supported commercially by Rhodnius Ltd another Toronto based software firm 34 HCR also marketed several business applications 32 By 1983 UNIX Review trade publication was referring to HCR as a well known software vendor 36 Financials edit By one account HCR received funding in 1982 and 1983 from two Canadian venture capital firms Ventures West Technologies and TD Capital Group with the two combined ending up with 50 percent ownership of HCR more money was subsequently raised by diluting existing shares 5 By another account HCR received 750 000 CAD from one round of venture capital funding in 1981 and 2 2 million from another round in 1984 with Ventures West Technologies being one of the firms involved 15 The company was profitable during some of these years 5 Revenues rose from 1 3 million CAD in 1982 to 2 2 million in 1983 to 3 2 million in 1984 5 with Unix porting contracts with hardware manufacturers ranging from 100 000 to 1 million in size 15 Some 80 percent of the company s sales came from the United States 15 percent from Europe and 5 percent from Canada itself 5 Marketing costs were minimal since those were borne by the hardware manufacturers for selling complete systems 15 There was competition as other companies were in this area In addition to Interactive Systems Corporation and SCO companies doing Unix ports or substantial work with Unix included UniSoft Microport and a number of smaller firms 10 As Unix began to penetrate into wider consciousness in the 1980s 37 employees at HCR became Unix evangelists They were quoted in newspaper articles as the operating system became more discussed in technology circles 18 and appeared in overseas symposiums with the likes of Unix inventors and pioneers Ken Thompson Brian Kernighan Samuel J Leffler and P J Plauger 38 HCR gave training courses in Unix 30 From its Toronto offices HCR provided Unix training courses and executive seminars on the importance and impact of Unix 39 and offered introductory Unix seminars at various North American cities 40 Between 1982 and 1985 HCR staff published a dozen articles for or presented at conferences of the USENIX association 41 and HCR hosted the Summer 1983 USENIX conference in Toronto where some 1 600 Unix users were in attendance 37 Overall however HCR did not focus on one specific mission In his 2001 course on software as a business Baecker spoke of the Three Product Strategies of HCR and began by being critical of the time he was in charge of the company saying that its strategy reflected his personality the academic the visionary go everywhere which is to have no focus and to go nowhere 23 Change in leadership editIn February 1984 Baecker stepped down as president of HCR 5 and returned on a more active basis to the faculty of the University of Toronto 7 He was replaced as president by Dennis Kukulsky formerly a national sales manager with Tektronix 5 Baecker remained as chairman of the company 1 Under Kukulsky the company sought to focus on software products that would run on Unix 5 and in particular products aimed at business users 18 Indeed the promise of producing business applications was part of what had attracted venture capital funding and part of why Kukulsky had been hired 15 The company was faced with a significant loss for 1985 due to increased development sales and marketing costs including opening sales offices in the United States 5 HCR released the Chronicle Business Applications Software suite in 1985 33 HCR s Chronicle included modules for general ledger accounts payable and accounts receivable as well as inventory invoicing purchase orders and sales and profitability analysis 5 This was followed by HCR s Chariot UNIX Business Software which sold for around 7 500 per development system 42 It included the business application modules of Chronicle but more importantly contained a 4GL like application generator to allow HCR s customers to create new business applications or tailor existing ones 43 23 Chariot was aimed at value added resellers VARs and ran on the DEC VAX IBM PC AT AT amp T 3B and NCR Tower 43 Chariot was well received in computer industry trade shows and some 1 500 VARs signed up for it or otherwise indicated interest 44 45 But HCR was short on both time and money and the promised delivery date of February 1986 was not met and even had Chariot been ready for release the company lacked the ability to market it effectively 44 These business products were not successful 23 with very little actual revenue coming in from them and substantial development costs being incurred 13 Overall Human Computing Resources went through the same tribulations as many software firms such as a failing to accurately predict development costs and being unsure how to market products once developed 46 One executive commented to the Financial Post that when it came to software Pricing is a black art 46 Baecker s course analysis spoke critically of this era of the company as well saying that it had embodied Kukulsky s personality of the salesman the opportunist go where the money is i e 4GLs for UNIX an area in which HCR had no expertise 23 Change of name and another change in leadership edit nbsp The 10th floor of this office building at 130 Bloor Street West in Toronto here seen in 1999 housed the offices of HCR Corporation and later SCO Canada Inc The fallout from the Chariot project was such that by July 1986 Kukulsky had resigned and co founder Tilson was president of the company 44 46 Tilson had previously been serving as vice president of technical development 38 The company s management divested itself of the business products 13 deciding to return its focus to system software and developers 45 Staffing reductions took place as well 15 The changes resulted in HCR becoming profitable again with earnings of around 100 000 on revenue of 4 million 15 By 1987 the official name of the company had changed to HCR Corporation 47 Principal ownership of the company was split among five venture capital investors who together owned 70 percent of HCR 15 The headquarters office had moved as well now being located in a Bloor Street building in the Yorkville neighborhood of Toronto a short distance from the previous site 47 The firm continued to have a visible presence in the Unix industry Tilson gave a talk at the Unix focused AUUG about what Unix might look like thirteen years out in the year 2000 47 In 1989 the Canadian branch of UniForum named Tilson the Man of the Decade for his work on Unix 3 The company continued to do complex Unix porting work such as having a contract with ETA Systems to develop a C compiler and port Unix System V with Berkeley Software Distribution networking improvements to that company s ETA10 vector processor supercomputer 48 Similarly HCR had a contract with Intel to develop C and Fortran 77 compilers for the iWarp parallel computing supercomputer architecture 49 HCR used the Bell Labs Portable C Compiler pcc as a starting point for much of this kind of work but they had developed components of their own such as a portable intermediate code global optimizer that fit into the pcc scheme 49 The company s management made one of its focuses be on development tools By 1989 HCR was still a vendor for a BASIC interpreter and Pascal compiler 10 and had added a compiler for the burgeoning C programming language that was based on AT amp T s Cfront 50 Their advertisements for the HCR C product emphasized the multiple platform packaging documentation and support services that came with it 51 HCR was an early participant in the ISO C standardization effort 52 HCR also provided validation services and a test suite for C compilers 10 34 In 1990 HCR announced the release of the SuperTest suite in collaboration with Associated Computer Experts ACE of the Netherlands which included nearly 400 000 separate tests of C compiler conformance and quality 53 In addition HCR developed and sold the Configuration Control Menu System or CoCo 33 This product was designed to manage change requests and supported a form of code review based around email available on Unix platforms 33 54 A survey article in Software Engineering Notes pronounced CoCo an interesting tool that could be used in conjunction with existing Unix based configuration management commands such as SCCS 54 During the Unix Wars of the late 1980s HCR was affiliated on the Unix International side 55 By 1990 HCR had around 50 employees 3 The company did not disclose its annual revenues at that point 3 In Baecker s course analysis of the company s strategic history he summarized this period as reflecting Tilson s nature of the technologist the pragmatist the realist go where HCR had expertise i e UNIX software development tools unfortunately too late 23 However Tilson s recollections revealed a more positive view My role as CEO was to turn the company around with greater focus on core business The ultimate result was to be acquired as a healthy business with a good return for shareholders and new opportunities for employees 56 Acquisition by SCO editThe Santa Cruz Operation SCO an American company based in Santa Cruz California announced on 9 May 1990 that it was acquiring HCR Corporation 3 Financial terms were not disclosed but the companies said it would be a share swap with a multimillion dollar value 6 The acquired entity would take on the name SCO Canada Inc and operate as an independent subsidiary company 57 The office remained at the same Bloor Street address 58 Tilson remained head of the operation and became a vice president of SCO 59 The two companies had been both allies and competitors at different times in the past 19 20 1 as had the software products group of Logica which had been part of the early Xenix work and which SCO had previously acquired in 1986 60 61 20 The HCR acquisition allowed SCO to improve its development tools offerings especially for the recently released SCO OpenDesktop operating system 62 SCO Canada also took over work on the existing SCO Microsoft C compiler that dated back to Xenix days it was offered in addition to the pcc compiler as part of the SCO OpenDesktop Development System 63 SCO Canada continued to sell the HCR C product which by 1991 had an estimated 450 licensed sites using it 64 and maintained a role in the language s standardization effort 65 SCO Canada also took on some other work such as looking to provide strategic partners with porting assistance to SCO Unix 66 and doing integration work between SCO Unix and Novell NetWare 67 In September 1995 it was announced that SCO was buying the UnixWare and related Unix business from Novell which in turn had acquired it from Unix Systems Laboratories in 1993 68 The New Jersey office of Novell had a languages and development tools group with more advanced technology than what SCO Canada had been working with 69 and that made the SCO Canada engineering staff largely redundant once the Novell deal was closed in December 1995 The SCO Canada office was shut down in early 1996 70 References edit a b c Software Visualization for Programmers and Users 2000 Colloquia Series University of Toronto Department of Computer Science 16 January 2001 a b c Salus Peter H October 1994 Unix at 25 The history of Unix is as much about collaboration as it is about technology Byte pp 75ff a b c d e f California firm acquires Unix systems leader The Ottawa Citizen Canadian Press 10 May 1990 p H8 via Newspapers com Rust Len 28 March 1983 Chasing school profits The Sydney Morning Herald p 12 via Newspapers com a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lerch Renate 23 March 1985 Why HCR is changing corporate strategy Financial Post Toronto Ontario The Financial Times Limited p C8 ISSN 0838 8431 via Newspapers com Spring 1985 supplement Computer Post a b Not the Toronto Operations Computerworld 14 May 1990 a b uncertain CIPS Review La Revue ACI Vol 9 10 Canadian Information Processing Society 1985 1986 p 35 Page number is for some issue within volume Full text and bibliographic information available at Stanford University Library via microfiche and via Stanford login a b 2005 SIGCHI Awards Special Interest Group on Computer Human Interaction Association for Computing Machinery Retrieved 6 April 2020 a b Salus Peter H February 2002 The Bookworm PDF login The Magazine of USENIX amp SAGE p 62 a b c d e f Libes Don Ressler Sandy 1989 Life with UNIX A Guide For Everyone PDF Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice Hall pp 36 253 256 263 272 274 283 284 Bibcode 1989lwug book L a b Computers For Everyone Courses The Transactor 31 January 1979 p 2 10 St Mary Street Architectural Conservancy Ontario Retrieved 31 March 2020 a b c d e Companies developing products finding varied routes to success The Globe and Mail Toronto 6 March 1986 p C8 via Gale Academic OneFile uncertain CIPS Review La Revue ACI Vol 2 Canadian Information Processing Society 1977 p 8 Page number is for some issue within volume Full text and bibliographic information available at Stanford University Library via microfiche and via Stanford login a b c d e f g h i Breckenridge Joan 28 October 1986 A leader in Unix software makes a profit at last The Globe and Mail Toronto p B28 ProQuest 386078154 Most Authoritative Industry Lineup Ever The Financial Post Toronto 20 October 1979 p 3 via Newspapers com Advertisement For example Fuchs Henry 1981 Conference proceedings Aug 3 7 1981 SIGGRAPH 81 pp xiv 121 ISBN 9780897910453 a b c Buckler Grant 20 October 1984 Unix won t make rivals obsolescent The Gazette Montreal p I 6 via Newspapers com a b c Pate Steve D 1996 UNIX Internals A Practical Approach New York Addison Wesley Professional pp 9 10 ISBN 0 201 87721 X a b c Isenberg Sara 21 April 2016 Watch A look back conversation with Doug Michels co founder of SCO Santa Cruz Tech Beat See around 10 45 mark of interview video Xenix Convergence EDP In depth Reports R W Evans Associates 1987 p 7 Murphy Paul 4 May 2004 The Challenge Apple Faces in Enterprise Computing MacNewsWorld a b c d e f Baecker Ronald January April 2001 CSC 454 The Business of Software PDF Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Lecture 2 slides 2 11 and 2 28 For context see the introductory and lecture 1 slides most of the later lectures can be found at similar URLs Tilson Michael October 1983 Moving Unix to New Machines Byte pp 266 276 a b c Tilson Michael 1984 How Portable is C Microsystems pp 84 90 Announcement and call for papers AUUGN 1985 Summer Meeting January 1985 p 80 Reinfelds Juris 1989 The First Port of Unix Annals of the History of Computing 11 3 208 210 Also available in slightly different form as The First Port of Unix Dvorak John 18 April 1983 Inside Track InfoWorld p 38 a b c Unity Adaptation of Unix Unveiled for DEC VAX 11 Computerworld 11 October 1982 p 47 a b c Information on Vendor Exhibits at the Toronto Conference login The Magazine of USENIX amp SAGE September 1983 p 44 Unix and You UNIX Review April 1984 p 21 a b Human Computing at show The Province Vancouver 26 October 1983 p 58 a b c d e VAX Software Source Book Volume 1 Accounting to Health Care Third ed Digital Equipment Corporation January 1986 pp 57 58 308 309 364 365 748 a b c d VAX Software Source Book Volume 2 Information Management to Utilities and Reference Guides Third ed Digital Equipment Corporation January 1986 pp 1037 1039 1100 1101 1118 1119 1411 1412 1511 Lebow Max A 28 June 1982 Editor Offers Realistic Assessment of Unix Computerworld p 8 UNIX Review UNIX Review p 106 December January 1983 a b Chevreau Jonathan 15 July 1983 10 billion Unix industry seen The Globe and Mail Toronto p B11 ProQuest 386683671 a b Unix Symposium The Sydney Morning Herald 9 April 1984 p 13 Advertisement UNIX Executive Seminars The Financial Post 22 December 1984 p 30 via Newspapers com Advertisement that ran at other times as well e g 29 December 1984 p 39 Bell Labs Expands Unix Intro Seminars Computerworld 21 June 1982 p 9 USENIX bibliography listing by date USENIX Retrieved 6 April 2020 A dozen entries for Human Computing Resources and one for HCR Business Computer Systems Business Computer Systems 1986 p 59 a b Unix Chariot software Financial Post Toronto 22 March 1986 p C17 via Newspapers com a b c Bulas Peter 24 July 1986 HCR on Track Again After Chariot Fiasco Computing Canada Vol 12 no 15 p S1 2 ProQuest 225046284 a b Looking Back Computing Canada Vol 27 no 5 Outremont Quebec Plesman Publications Ltd 9 March 2001 p 11 ISSN 0319 0161 via Gale General OneFile a b c Blackwell Richard 5 July 1986 Software makers must learn market skills The Financial Post Toronto p 5 via Newspapers com a b c Tilson Michael October 1987 UNIX at the Turn of the Century AUUGN Winter 1987 Conference p 10 Human Computing Resources and ETA Systems Are Still Working Together Computergram International Computer Business Review 14 July 1987 a b Reinders James R 2011 Warp and iWarp In Padua David ed Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing New York Springer p 2158 ISBN 9780387097657 See also Thomas J Kelly Allen McIntosh A Portable Intermediate Code Optimizer for C USENIX Conference Proceedings Summer 1985 Portland pp 577 589 HCR Has a C Compiler the HCR C Computergram International Computer Business Review 15 August 1989 ESD The Electronic System Design Magazine ESD The Electronic System Design Magazine 1989 p 47 Advertisement Lenkov Dmitri 20 April 1990 Attachment 2 Attendance PDF JTC1 SC22 WG21 Robust New C Compiler Test Suite from HCR and ACE Offers Stress Tests Conformance to New ANSI C Standard Press release Usenet group comp newprod 13 February 1990 a b Bazelmans Rudy October 1985 Evolution of configuration management ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 10 5 42 doi 10 1145 382288 382769 S2CID 18178609 Notice Pursuant to the National Cooperative Research Act of 1984 UNIX International Inc Federal Register Volume 54 Washington DC National Archives and Records Administration 1 March 1989 p 8608 Profile of Michael Tilson West Cliff Technologies Retrieved 11 April 2020 Business digest Around the county Santa Cruz Sentinel 13 May 1990 p D 13 via Newspapers com See for instance Opening at SCO Canada in Toronto Usenet group comp compilers and mailing list reflector 16 October 1992 and 2 7 SCO C 3 0 DESY C Products List and Description 20 December 1995 Software firm HCR opts for U S strategic alliance The Financial Post 11 May 1990 p 6 via Newspapers com Santa Cruz Operation Ltd to Offer Source for Xenix InfoWorld 8 December 1986 p 33 Around the county Software firm announces changes Santa Cruz Sentinel 7 December 1986 p D 1 via Newspapers com News Wire Santa Cruz Operation to Buy HCR Corp InfoWorld 14 May 1990 p 40 Seirup Brian 31 May 1994 SCO Open Desktop PC Magazine pp 232 234 Availability of Ada and C Compilers Tools Education and Training PDF Alexandria Virginia Institute for Defense Analysis July 1991 p C 10 Archived PDF from the original on 27 March 2020 Saks Dan 16 September 1995 X3J16 Meeting No 18 WG21 Meeting No 13 9 14 July 1995 JTC1 SC22 WG21 Job Openings at SCO Canada in Toronto Usenet group can jobs 13 April 1995 Technical Advisory Can OpenServer 5 access NetWare 4 1 servers as they support NDS and we do not Santa Cruz Operation 3 January 1996 Novell dumps Unix in sale to SCO The Age Melbourne 26 September 1995 p 29 via Newspapers com Schilling Jonathan L August 1998 Optimizing away C exception handling SIGPLAN Notices 33 8 40 47 doi 10 1145 286385 286390 S2CID 1522664 and SCO Unveils Targeted Release Strategy for UnixWare 7 Press release HPCwire 14 November 1997 Ronald Michael Baecker Yumpu 1 September 2011 p 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title HCR Corporation amp oldid 1170122130, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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