Gymnodinium is a genus of dinoflagellates, a type of marine and freshwater plankton. It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates, or species lacking armor known as cellulosic plates. Since 2000, the species which had been considered to be part of Gymnodinium have been divided into several genera, based on the nature of the apical groove and partial LSU rDNA sequence data.[2] Amphidinium was redefined later.[3][4] Gymnodinium belong to red dinoflagellates that, in concentration, can cause red tides.[5] The red tides produced by some Gymnodinium, such as Gymnodinium catenatum, are toxic and pose risks to marine and human life, including paralytic shellfish poisoning.[6][7][8]
Torodinium (with Torodinium robustum and the type speciesTorodinium teredo) were both formerly Gymnodinium teredo until 1921.[9]
References
^Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2008). "Gymnodinium". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
^Daugbjerg, N.; Hansen, G.; Larsen, J.; Moestrup, Ø. (2000). "Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates". Phycologia. 39 (4): 302–317. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1.
^Jorgensen, M. Flo; Murray, S.; Daugbjerg, N. (2004). "Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analysis". Journal of Phycology. 40 (2): 351–365. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03131.x. S2CID 53637890.
^Murray, S.; Flo Jorgensen, M.; Daugbjerg, N.; Rhodes, L. (2004). "Amphidinium revisited. II. Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex (Dinophyceae), including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp. nov. and Amphidinium gibbosum comb. nov". Journal of Phycology. 40 (2): 366–382. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.03132.x. S2CID 53572161.
^Rollo, Franco; Sassarolil, Stefano; Boni, Laurita; Marota, Isolina (1995-04-28). "Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions" (PDF). Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 9: 55. doi:10.3354/ame009055. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
^Heimann, Kirsten (2012). Gymnodinium and Related Dinoflagellates. Wiley Online Library. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001967.pub2. ISBN978-0470016176.
^Mee, Laurence D.; Espinosa, Mayola; Diaz, Gilberto. "Paralytic shellfish poisoning with a gymnodinium catenatum red tide on the Pacific coast of Mexico". ScienceDirect. Elsevier.
^Ramirez, Camarena; Cortes, Altamirano; Munoz, Cabrera (1999). "Red tide caused by the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum off Mazatlan Bay, Sinaloa, Mexico in 1997". Revista de biología tropical. 47: 77-80.
^Kofoid, C.A. and Swezy, O. 1921: The free-living unarmored dinoflagellate. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA
Further reading
Estrada, Norma; Ascencio, Felipe; Shoshani, Liora (December 2014). "Apoptosis of hemocytes from lions-paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus induced with paralyzing shellfish poison from Gymnodinium catenatum". Contreras. 219 (12): 964–974. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.006. PMID 25097151.
Thessen, Annie E.; Patterson, David J.; Murray, Shauna A. (30 August 2012). "The Taxonomic Significance of Species That Have Only Been Observed Once: The Genus Gymnodinium (Dinoflagellata) as an Example". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e44015. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...744015T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044015. PMC3431360. PMID 22952856.
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gymnodinium, genus, dinoflagellates, type, marine, freshwater, plankton, naked, dinoflagellates, species, lacking, armor, known, cellulosic, plates, since, 2000, species, which, been, considered, part, have, been, divided, into, several, genera, based, nature,. Gymnodinium is a genus of dinoflagellates a type of marine and freshwater plankton It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates or species lacking armor known as cellulosic plates Since 2000 the species which had been considered to be part of Gymnodinium have been divided into several genera based on the nature of the apical groove and partial LSU rDNA sequence data 2 Amphidinium was redefined later 3 4 Gymnodinium belong to red dinoflagellates that in concentration can cause red tides 5 The red tides produced by some Gymnodinium such as Gymnodinium catenatum are toxic and pose risks to marine and human life including paralytic shellfish poisoning 6 7 8 GymnodiniumScientific classification unranked SAR unranked AlveolataPhylum DinoflagellataClass Dinophyceae 1 Order GymnodinialesFamily GymnodiniaceaeGenus GymnodiniumStein 1878 Contents 1 Species 2 Former species 3 References 4 Further readingSpecies EditAmphidinium Aureolum Gymnodinium sensu stricto Gyrodinium Akashiwo Karenia Karlodinium Katodinium TakayamaFormer species EditTorodinium with Torodinium robustum and the type species Torodinium teredo were both formerly Gymnodinium teredo until 1921 9 References Edit Guiry M D Guiry G M 2008 Gymnodinium AlgaeBase World wide electronic publication National University of Ireland Galway Retrieved 2009 02 21 Daugbjerg N Hansen G Larsen J Moestrup O 2000 Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates Phycologia 39 4 302 317 doi 10 2216 i0031 8884 39 4 302 1 Jorgensen M Flo Murray S Daugbjerg N 2004 Amphidinium revisited I Redefinition of Amphidinium Dinophyceae based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analysis Journal of Phycology 40 2 351 365 doi 10 1111 j 1529 8817 2004 03131 x S2CID 53637890 Murray S Flo Jorgensen M Daugbjerg N Rhodes L 2004 Amphidinium revisited II Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex Dinophyceae including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp nov and Amphidinium gibbosum comb nov Journal of Phycology 40 2 366 382 doi 10 1046 j 1529 8817 2004 03132 x S2CID 53572161 Rollo Franco Sassarolil Stefano Boni Laurita Marota Isolina 1995 04 28 Molecular typing of the red tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions PDF Aquatic Microbial Ecology 9 55 doi 10 3354 ame009055 Retrieved 2015 04 25 Heimann Kirsten 2012 Gymnodinium and Related Dinoflagellates Wiley Online Library John Wiley amp Sons Ltd doi 10 1002 9780470015902 a0001967 pub2 ISBN 978 0470016176 Mee Laurence D Espinosa Mayola Diaz Gilberto Paralytic shellfish poisoning with a gymnodinium catenatum red tide on the Pacific coast of Mexico ScienceDirect Elsevier Ramirez Camarena Cortes Altamirano Munoz Cabrera 1999 Red tide caused by the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum off Mazatlan Bay Sinaloa Mexico in 1997 Revista de biologia tropical 47 77 80 Kofoid C A and Swezy O 1921 The free living unarmored dinoflagellate University of California Press Berkeley California USAFurther reading EditEstrada Norma Ascencio Felipe Shoshani Liora December 2014 Apoptosis of hemocytes from lions paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus induced with paralyzing shellfish poison from Gymnodinium catenatum Contreras 219 12 964 974 doi 10 1016 j imbio 2014 07 006 PMID 25097151 Thessen Annie E Patterson David J Murray Shauna A 30 August 2012 The Taxonomic Significance of Species That Have Only Been Observed Once The Genus Gymnodinium Dinoflagellata as an Example PLOS ONE 7 8 e44015 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 744015T doi 10 1371 journal pone 0044015 PMC 3431360 PMID 22952856 This dinoflagellate related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gymnodinium amp oldid 1131476053, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
