fbpx
Wikipedia

Gunship

January 28, 2023

This article is about a kind of military aircraft. For the video game, see Gunship (video game). For the synthwave band, see Gunship (band). For small armed watercraft, see gunboat.

A gunship is a military aircraft armed with heavy aircraft guns, primarily intended for attacking ground targets either as airstrike or as close air support.

In modern usage the term "gunship" refers to fixed-wing aircraft having laterally-mounted heavy armaments (i.e. firing to the side) to attack ground or sea targets.[1][2] These gunships are configured to circle the target instead of performing strafing runs. Such aircraft have their armament on one side harmonized to fire at the apex of an imaginary cone formed by the aircraft and the ground when performing a pylon turn (banking turn).[1][2] The term "gunship" originated in the mid-19th century as a synonym for gunboat and also referred to the heavily armed ironclad steamships used during the American Civil War.[3]

The term helicopter gunship is commonly used to describe armed helicopters.

World War II aviation

Bomber escort

 
The B-25 bomber was heavily armed with 75mm and .50 caliber machine guns.

During 1942 and 1943, the lack of a usable escort fighter for the United States Army Air Forces in the European Theatre of Operations led to experiments in dramatically increasing the armament of a standard Boeing B-17F Flying Fortress, and later a single Consolidated B-24D Liberator, to each have 14 to 16 Browning AN/M2 .50 cal machine guns as the Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress and Consolidated XB-41 Liberator respectively. These were to accompany regular heavy bomber formations over occupied Europe on strategic bombing raids for long-range escort duties as "flying destroyer gunships".[4] The YB-40 was sometimes described as a gunship,[5] and a small 25-aircraft batch of the B-17-derived gunships were built, with a dozen of these deployed to Europe; the XB-41 had problems with stability and did not progress.

Attack aircraft

During World War II, the urgent need for hard-hitting attack aircraft led to the development of the heavily armed gunship versions of the North American B-25 Mitchell. For use against shipping in the Pacific 405 B-25Gs were armed with a 75 mm (2.95 in) M4 cannon and a thousand B-25Hs followed. The H models, delivered from August 1943, moved the dorsal turret forward to just behind the cockpit and were armed with the lighter 75mm T13E1 cannon.[6] The B-25J variant removed the 75mm gun but carried a total of eighteen 0.50 cal (12.7 mm) AN/M2 Browning machine guns, more than any other contemporary American aircraft: eight in the nose, four in under-cockpit conformal flank-mount gun pod packages, two in the dorsal turret, one each in the pair of waist positions, and a pair in the tail,[6] giving a maximum of fourteen guns firing forward in strafing runs.[7] Later the B-25J was armed with eight 5 in. (130 mm) high velocity aircraft rockets (HVARs).[6][8]

The British also made large numbers of twin-engined fighter bombers. The de Havilland Mosquito FB.VI had a fixed armament of four 20 mm Hispano Mk.II cannon and four .303 (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns, together with up to 4,000 pounds of bombs in the bomb bay and on racks housed in streamlined fairings under each wing, or up to eight "60lb" RP-3 rockets. De Havilland also produced seventeen Mosquito FB Mk XVIIIs armed with a 57 mm QF 6-pdr anti-tank gun with autoloader, which were used against German ships and U-boats.

The Germans also made a sizable number of heavy fighter types (Zerstörer—"destroyer") armed with heavy guns (Bordkanone). Dedicated "tankbuster" aircraft such as the Ju 87Gs (Kanonenvogel) were armed with two BK 37mm autocannon in underwing gun pods. The Ju 88P gunships were armed with 37mm, 50mm and 75mm guns, and were used as tankbusters and as bomber destroyers. The Hs 129 could carry a 30 mm (1.181 in) MK 101 cannon or MK 103 cannon in a conformally mounted gun pod (B-2/R-2). The Me 410 Hornisse were armed with the same BK 50mm autocannon as the Ju 88P-4, but were only used as bomber destroyers. None of the German twin-engine heavy fighters types were produced or converted in large numbers.

Post–World War II aviation

Fixed-wing aircraft

 
The AC-47 provided CAS with three port side mounted 7.62 mm miniguns.

In the more modern, post-World War II fixed-wing aircraft category, a gunship is an aircraft having laterally-mounted heavy armaments (i.e. firing to the side) to attack ground or sea targets.[1][2] These gunships were configured to circle the target instead of performing strafing runs. Such aircraft have their armament on one side harmonized to fire at the apex of an imaginary cone formed by the aircraft and the ground when performing a pylon turn (banking turn).[1][2]

The Douglas AC-47 Spooky was the first notable modern gunship. In 1964, during the Vietnam War,[1] the popular Douglas C-47 Skytrain transport was successfully modified into a gunship by the United States Air Force with three side-firing Miniguns for circling attacks. At the time the aircraft was known as a "Dragonship", "Puff, the Magic Dragon" or "Spooky" (officially designated FC-47, later corrected to AC-47). Its three 7.62 mm miniguns could selectively fire either 50 or 100 rounds per second.[9] Cruising in an overhead left-hand orbit at 120 knots air speed at an altitude of 3,000 feet (910 m), the gunship could put a bullet or glowing red tracer (every fifth round) into every square yard of a football field–sized target in potentially less than 10 seconds.[10] And, as long as its 45-flare and 24,000-round basic load of ammunition held out, it could do this intermittently while loitering over the target for hours.

The lesser known Fairchild AC-119G Shadow and AC-119K Stingers were twin-engine piston-powered gunships developed by the United States during the Vietnam War. Armed with four 7.62 mm GAU-2/A Miniguns (and two 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan six-barrel rotary cannons in the AC-119K version), they replaced the Douglas AC-47 Spooky and operated alongside the early versions of the AC-130 Spectre gunship.

It was the later and larger Lockheed AC-130 Gunship II that became the modern, post–World War II origin of the term gunship in military aviation.[11] These heavily armed aircraft used a variety of weapon systems, including 7.62 mm GAU-2/A Miniguns, 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan six-barrel rotary cannons, 25 mm (0.984 in) GAU-12/U Equalizer five-barreled rotary cannons, 30 mm Mk44 Bushmaster II chain guns, 40 mm (1.58 in) L/60 Bofors autocannons, and 105 mm (4.13 in) M102 howitzers. The Douglas AC-47 Spooky, the Fairchild AC-119,[12] and the AC-130 Spectre/Spooky,[13] were vulnerable, and meant to operate only after achieving air superiority.[1]

Smaller gunship designs such as the Fairchild AU-23 Peacemaker and the Helio AU-24 Stallion were also designed by the United States during the Vietnam War. These aircraft were meant to be cheap and easy to fly and maintain, and were to be given to friendly governments in Southeast Asia to assist with counter-insurgency operations, eventually seeing service with the Khmer National Air Force, Royal Thai Air Force, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force as well as limited use by the United States Air Force.

Renewed interest in the concept of gunships has resulted in the development of a gunship variant of the Alenia C-27J Spartan. Although the United States Air Force decided not to procure the AC-27J, other nations including Italy have chosen the aircraft for introduction.[14] Additionally, in 2013 the US Air Force Special Operations Command reportedly tested a gunship version of the C-145A Skytruck armed with a GAU-18 twin-mount .50-calibre machine gun system.[15]

Helicopter gunships

 
The Mil Mi-24 was one of the first dedicated gunship helicopters.

Early helicopter gunships also operated in the side-firing configuration, with an early example being the Aérospatiale Alouette III. During the Overseas wars in Africa in the 1960s, the Portuguese Air Force experimented with the installation of M2 Browning .50 caliber machine guns in a side-firing twin-mounting configuration in some of its Alouette III helicopters. Later, the .50 caliber machine guns were replaced by a MG 151 20mm cannon in a single mounting. These helicopters were known in Portuguese service as "helicanhões" (heli-cannons) and were used in the escort of unarmed transport helicopters in air assault operations and in the fire support to the troops in the ground. The South African and Rhodesian air forces later used armed Alouette III in similar configurations as the Portuguese, respectively in the South African Border and Rhodesian Bush wars.[16]

During the Algerian War, the French operated Sikorsky H-34 "Pirate" armed with a German 20mm MG151 cannon and two .50 machine guns. During the early days of the Vietnam War, USMC H-34s were among the first helicopter gunships in theater, fitted with the Temporary Kit-1 (TK-1), comprising two M60C machine guns and two 19-shot 2.75 inch rocket pods. The operations were met with mixed enthusiasm, and the armed H-34s, known as "Stingers", were quickly phased out. The TK-1 kit would form the basis of the TK-2 kit used later on the UH-1E helicopters of the USMC.

The U.S. Army also experimented with H-34 gunships armed with M2 .50 caliber machine-guns and 2.75-inch rockets. In September 1971, a CH-34 was armed with two M2 .50 caliber machine guns, four M1919 .30 caliber machine guns, forty 2.75-inch rockets, two 5-inch high velocity aerial rockets (HVAR), plus two additional .30 caliber machine guns in the left side aft windows and one .50 caliber machine gun in the right side cargo door. The result was the world's most heavily armed helicopter at the time.

Also, during the Vietnam War, the ubiquitous Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopters were modified into gunships by mounting the U.S. Helicopter Armament Subsystems—these were forward-firing weapons, such as machine guns, rockets, and autocannons, that began to appear in 1962–1963.[17] Rotary-wing aircraft (helicopters) can use a variety of combat maneuvers to approach a target. In their case, the term gunship is synonymous with heavily armed helicopter.[18] Specifically, dedicated attack helicopters such as the Bell AH-1 Cobra also fit this meaning.[18] In any case, the gunship armaments include machine guns, rockets, and missiles.[18]

The Soviet Mil Mi-24 (NATO code name: Hind) is a large, heavily armed and armored helicopter gunship and troop transport.[19] It was introduced in the 1970s and operated by the pre-1991 Soviet Air Force and its successors post-1991, and more than 30 other nations.[20] It was heavily armed[20] with a reinforced fuselage, designed to withstand .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine gun fire. Its armored cockpits and titanium rotor head are able to withstand 20 mm cannon hits.[20]

Examples

Fixed-wing aircraft
 
The Fairchild AU-23A in flight
Helicopters
 
A Bell UH-1B gunship in Vietnam

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Ballard 1982, p. 9.
  2. ^ a b c d Hamlin 1970.
  3. ^ Mystery photo unseen for 30 years may show Civil War gunship, Fox News, Associated Press, February 14, 2015
  4. ^ Buttler, Griffith. American Secret Projects: Fighters, Bombers Attack Aircraft 1937 to 1945. pp. 104-105.
  5. ^ Dorr 2011.
  6. ^ a b c Merriam 2000.
  7. ^ North American B-25B Mitchell Factsheet.
  8. ^ Skaarup 2012, p. 265.
  9. ^ It can be seen in action here.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-10-11.
  11. ^ Ballard 1982, p. 84, quote: "... the Air Force decided to substitute Gunship II for the more nautical Gunboat designation".
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
  13. ^ "AC-130H Spectre, AC-130U Spooky". FAS.org.
  14. ^ "Italian Air Force to Launch Gunship C-27J".
  15. ^ "The Air Force Tested a Mini-Gunship Last Year". 16 March 2014.
  16. ^ Stringer 2006, p. 124.
  17. ^ Dunstan 2003.
  18. ^ a b c Bishop 2006.
  19. ^ Mil Mi-24 Hind Gunship. By Alexander Miladenov. Osprey Publishing 2010. Pages 4–10.
  20. ^ a b c OPFOR WORLDWIDE EQUIPMENT GUIDE

Sources

  • Ballard, Jack S. (1982). "Development and Employment of Fixed-Wing Gunships, 1962–1972" (PDF). Air Force Historical Studies Office. p. 9. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
  • Bishop, Chris (2006). HueyCobra Gunships. pp. 3–5. ISBN 9781841769844.
  • Dorr, Robert F. (July 2, 2011). "Brilliant Mistakes: The YB-40". defensemedianetwork.com. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  • Dunstan, Simon (2003-08-20). Vietnam Choppers (Revised Edition): Helicopters in Battle 1950–1975. pp. 25–27. ISBN 9781841767963.
  • Hamlin, Ross E. (1970). "Side-Firing Weapon Systems: A New Application of an Old Concept" (PDF). Air University Review. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  • Merriam, Ray (2000). U. S. Warplanes of World War II. ISBN 9781576381670.
  • "NORTH AMERICAN B-25B MITCHELL factsheet". National Museum of the United States Air Force.
  • Skaarup, Harold (2012). California Warplanes. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-4759-0144-3.
  • Stringer, Kevin D. (2006). Military Organizations for Homeland Defense and Smaller-Scale Contingencies. Praeger Publishers. p. 124. ISBN 0-275-99308-6.

January 28, 2023
gunship, this, article, about, kind, military, aircraft, video, game, video, game, synthwave, band, band, small, armed, watercraft, gunboat, gunship, military, aircraft, armed, with, heavy, aircraft, guns, primarily, intended, attacking, ground, targets, eithe. This article is about a kind of military aircraft For the video game see Gunship video game For the synthwave band see Gunship band For small armed watercraft see gunboat A gunship is a military aircraft armed with heavy aircraft guns primarily intended for attacking ground targets either as airstrike or as close air support An AC 130H gunship from the 16th Special Operations Squadron In modern usage the term gunship refers to fixed wing aircraft having laterally mounted heavy armaments i e firing to the side to attack ground or sea targets 1 2 These gunships are configured to circle the target instead of performing strafing runs Such aircraft have their armament on one side harmonized to fire at the apex of an imaginary cone formed by the aircraft and the ground when performing a pylon turn banking turn 1 2 The term gunship originated in the mid 19th century as a synonym for gunboat and also referred to the heavily armed ironclad steamships used during the American Civil War 3 The term helicopter gunship is commonly used to describe armed helicopters Contents 1 World War II aviation 1 1 Bomber escort 1 2 Attack aircraft 2 Post World War II aviation 2 1 Fixed wing aircraft 2 2 Helicopter gunships 3 Examples 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Notes 5 2 SourcesWorld War II aviation EditBomber escort Edit The B 25 bomber was heavily armed with 75mm and 50 caliber machine guns During 1942 and 1943 the lack of a usable escort fighter for the United States Army Air Forces in the European Theatre of Operations led to experiments in dramatically increasing the armament of a standard Boeing B 17F Flying Fortress and later a single Consolidated B 24D Liberator to each have 14 to 16 Browning AN M2 50 cal machine guns as the Boeing YB 40 Flying Fortress and Consolidated XB 41 Liberator respectively These were to accompany regular heavy bomber formations over occupied Europe on strategic bombing raids for long range escort duties as flying destroyer gunships 4 The YB 40 was sometimes described as a gunship 5 and a small 25 aircraft batch of the B 17 derived gunships were built with a dozen of these deployed to Europe the XB 41 had problems with stability and did not progress Attack aircraft Edit During World War II the urgent need for hard hitting attack aircraft led to the development of the heavily armed gunship versions of the North American B 25 Mitchell For use against shipping in the Pacific 405 B 25Gs were armed with a 75 mm 2 95 in M4 cannon and a thousand B 25Hs followed The H models delivered from August 1943 moved the dorsal turret forward to just behind the cockpit and were armed with the lighter 75mm T13E1 cannon 6 The B 25J variant removed the 75mm gun but carried a total of eighteen 0 50 cal 12 7 mm AN M2 Browning machine guns more than any other contemporary American aircraft eight in the nose four in under cockpit conformal flank mount gun pod packages two in the dorsal turret one each in the pair of waist positions and a pair in the tail 6 giving a maximum of fourteen guns firing forward in strafing runs 7 Later the B 25J was armed with eight 5 in 130 mm high velocity aircraft rockets HVARs 6 8 The British also made large numbers of twin engined fighter bombers The de Havilland Mosquito FB VI had a fixed armament of four 20 mm Hispano Mk II cannon and four 303 7 7 mm Browning machine guns together with up to 4 000 pounds of bombs in the bomb bay and on racks housed in streamlined fairings under each wing or up to eight 60lb RP 3 rockets De Havilland also produced seventeen Mosquito FB Mk XVIIIs armed with a 57 mm QF 6 pdr anti tank gun with autoloader which were used against German ships and U boats The Germans also made a sizable number of heavy fighter types Zerstorer destroyer armed with heavy guns Bordkanone Dedicated tankbuster aircraft such as the Ju 87Gs Kanonenvogel were armed with two BK 37mm autocannon in underwing gun pods The Ju 88P gunships were armed with 37mm 50mm and 75mm guns and were used as tankbusters and as bomber destroyers The Hs 129 could carry a 30 mm 1 181 in MK 101 cannon or MK 103 cannon in a conformally mounted gun pod B 2 R 2 The Me 410 Hornisse were armed with the same BK 50mm autocannon as the Ju 88P 4 but were only used as bomber destroyers None of the German twin engine heavy fighters types were produced or converted in large numbers Post World War II aviation EditFixed wing aircraft Edit The AC 47 provided CAS with three port side mounted 7 62 mm miniguns In the more modern post World War II fixed wing aircraft category a gunship is an aircraft having laterally mounted heavy armaments i e firing to the side to attack ground or sea targets 1 2 These gunships were configured to circle the target instead of performing strafing runs Such aircraft have their armament on one side harmonized to fire at the apex of an imaginary cone formed by the aircraft and the ground when performing a pylon turn banking turn 1 2 The Douglas AC 47 Spooky was the first notable modern gunship In 1964 during the Vietnam War 1 the popular Douglas C 47 Skytrain transport was successfully modified into a gunship by the United States Air Force with three side firing Miniguns for circling attacks At the time the aircraft was known as a Dragonship Puff the Magic Dragon or Spooky officially designated FC 47 later corrected to AC 47 Its three 7 62 mm miniguns could selectively fire either 50 or 100 rounds per second 9 Cruising in an overhead left hand orbit at 120 knots air speed at an altitude of 3 000 feet 910 m the gunship could put a bullet or glowing red tracer every fifth round into every square yard of a football field sized target in potentially less than 10 seconds 10 And as long as its 45 flare and 24 000 round basic load of ammunition held out it could do this intermittently while loitering over the target for hours The lesser known Fairchild AC 119G Shadow and AC 119K Stingers were twin engine piston powered gunships developed by the United States during the Vietnam War Armed with four 7 62 mm GAU 2 A Miniguns and two 20 mm 0 787 in M61 Vulcan six barrel rotary cannons in the AC 119K version they replaced the Douglas AC 47 Spooky and operated alongside the early versions of the AC 130 Spectre gunship It was the later and larger Lockheed AC 130 Gunship II that became the modern post World War II origin of the term gunship in military aviation 11 These heavily armed aircraft used a variety of weapon systems including 7 62 mm GAU 2 A Miniguns 20 mm 0 787 in M61 Vulcan six barrel rotary cannons 25 mm 0 984 in GAU 12 U Equalizer five barreled rotary cannons 30 mm Mk44 Bushmaster II chain guns 40 mm 1 58 in L 60 Bofors autocannons and 105 mm 4 13 in M102 howitzers The Douglas AC 47 Spooky the Fairchild AC 119 12 and the AC 130 Spectre Spooky 13 were vulnerable and meant to operate only after achieving air superiority 1 Smaller gunship designs such as the Fairchild AU 23 Peacemaker and the Helio AU 24 Stallion were also designed by the United States during the Vietnam War These aircraft were meant to be cheap and easy to fly and maintain and were to be given to friendly governments in Southeast Asia to assist with counter insurgency operations eventually seeing service with the Khmer National Air Force Royal Thai Air Force and Republic of Vietnam Air Force as well as limited use by the United States Air Force Renewed interest in the concept of gunships has resulted in the development of a gunship variant of the Alenia C 27J Spartan Although the United States Air Force decided not to procure the AC 27J other nations including Italy have chosen the aircraft for introduction 14 Additionally in 2013 the US Air Force Special Operations Command reportedly tested a gunship version of the C 145A Skytruck armed with a GAU 18 twin mount 50 calibre machine gun system 15 Helicopter gunships Edit The Mil Mi 24 was one of the first dedicated gunship helicopters Early helicopter gunships also operated in the side firing configuration with an early example being the Aerospatiale Alouette III During the Overseas wars in Africa in the 1960s the Portuguese Air Force experimented with the installation of M2 Browning 50 caliber machine guns in a side firing twin mounting configuration in some of its Alouette III helicopters Later the 50 caliber machine guns were replaced by a MG 151 20mm cannon in a single mounting These helicopters were known in Portuguese service as helicanhoes heli cannons and were used in the escort of unarmed transport helicopters in air assault operations and in the fire support to the troops in the ground The South African and Rhodesian air forces later used armed Alouette III in similar configurations as the Portuguese respectively in the South African Border and Rhodesian Bush wars 16 During the Algerian War the French operated Sikorsky H 34 Pirate armed with a German 20mm MG151 cannon and two 50 machine guns During the early days of the Vietnam War USMC H 34s were among the first helicopter gunships in theater fitted with the Temporary Kit 1 TK 1 comprising two M60C machine guns and two 19 shot 2 75 inch rocket pods The operations were met with mixed enthusiasm and the armed H 34s known as Stingers were quickly phased out The TK 1 kit would form the basis of the TK 2 kit used later on the UH 1E helicopters of the USMC The U S Army also experimented with H 34 gunships armed with M2 50 caliber machine guns and 2 75 inch rockets In September 1971 a CH 34 was armed with two M2 50 caliber machine guns four M1919 30 caliber machine guns forty 2 75 inch rockets two 5 inch high velocity aerial rockets HVAR plus two additional 30 caliber machine guns in the left side aft windows and one 50 caliber machine gun in the right side cargo door The result was the world s most heavily armed helicopter at the time Also during the Vietnam War the ubiquitous Bell UH 1 Iroquois helicopters were modified into gunships by mounting the U S Helicopter Armament Subsystems these were forward firing weapons such as machine guns rockets and autocannons that began to appear in 1962 1963 17 Rotary wing aircraft helicopters can use a variety of combat maneuvers to approach a target In their case the term gunship is synonymous with heavily armed helicopter 18 Specifically dedicated attack helicopters such as the Bell AH 1 Cobra also fit this meaning 18 In any case the gunship armaments include machine guns rockets and missiles 18 The Soviet Mil Mi 24 NATO code name Hind is a large heavily armed and armored helicopter gunship and troop transport 19 It was introduced in the 1970s and operated by the pre 1991 Soviet Air Force and its successors post 1991 and more than 30 other nations 20 It was heavily armed 20 with a reinforced fuselage designed to withstand 50 caliber 12 7 mm machine gun fire Its armored cockpits and titanium rotor head are able to withstand 20 mm cannon hits 20 Examples EditFixed wing aircraft The Fairchild AU 23A in flight Basler BT 67 Douglas AC 47 Fairchild AU 23 Peacemaker Fairchild AC 119 Lockheed AC 130 Helio AU 24 Stallion Airbus AC 235 Airbus AC 295Helicopters A Bell UH 1B gunship in Vietnam Aerospatiale SA319 SA 330 Puma AH 64 Apache ACH 47 Chinook Bell UH 1M Mil Mi 24 Mil Mi 28 HAL LCH HAL Rudra Sikorsky MH 60L DAPSee also EditCounter insurgency aircraftReferences EditNotes Edit a b c d e f Ballard 1982 p 9 a b c d Hamlin 1970 Mystery photo unseen for 30 years may show Civil War gunship Fox News Associated Press February 14 2015 Buttler Griffith American Secret Projects Fighters Bombers Attack Aircraft 1937 to 1945 pp 104 105 Dorr 2011 a b c Merriam 2000 North American B 25B Mitchell Factsheet Skaarup 2012 p 265 It can be seen in action here AC 47 Factsheet Archived from the original on 2014 10 11 Ballard 1982 p 84 quote the Air Force decided to substitute Gunship II for the more nautical Gunboat designation The AC 119 Gunships Archived from the original on 2007 01 26 Retrieved 2010 11 12 AC 130H Spectre AC 130U Spooky FAS org Italian Air Force to Launch Gunship C 27J The Air Force Tested a Mini Gunship Last Year 16 March 2014 Stringer 2006 p 124 Dunstan 2003 a b c Bishop 2006 Mil Mi 24 Hind Gunship By Alexander Miladenov Osprey Publishing 2010 Pages 4 10 a b c OPFOR WORLDWIDE EQUIPMENT GUIDE Sources Edit Ballard Jack S 1982 Development and Employment of Fixed Wing Gunships 1962 1972 PDF Air Force Historical Studies Office p 9 Retrieved 7 February 2011 Bishop Chris 2006 HueyCobra Gunships pp 3 5 ISBN 9781841769844 Dorr Robert F July 2 2011 Brilliant Mistakes The YB 40 defensemedianetwork com Retrieved April 23 2012 Dunstan Simon 2003 08 20 Vietnam Choppers Revised Edition Helicopters in Battle 1950 1975 pp 25 27 ISBN 9781841767963 Hamlin Ross E 1970 Side Firing Weapon Systems A New Application of an Old Concept PDF Air University Review Retrieved 16 December 2016 Merriam Ray 2000 U S Warplanes of World War II ISBN 9781576381670 NORTH AMERICAN B 25B MITCHELL factsheet National Museum of the United States Air Force Skaarup Harold 2012 California Warplanes p 265 ISBN 978 1 4759 0144 3 Stringer Kevin D 2006 Military Organizations for Homeland Defense and Smaller Scale Contingencies Praeger Publishers p 124 ISBN 0 275 99308 6 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gunship amp oldid 1129425230, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.