This species together with the Scripps's murrelet were considered conspecific and were classified under S. hypoleucus; known collectively as Xantus's murrelet until 2012. Enough evidence was collected to consider both species distinct based on a lack of evidence of interbreeding where the two species nest together on the San Benito Islands, differences in facial pattern and bill shape, vocalizations and genetics.[4][5][6]
This species is a small black and white auk with a small head and thin sharp bill. It resembles the closely related Scripps's and Craveri's murrelet, with which it shares the distinction of being the most southerly living of all the auk species. It breeds from Guadalupe Island south to the San Benito Islands. After the breeding season it disperses locally at sea northward up to southern California in the United States.
Behavioredit
Guadalupe murrelet feeds far out at sea, often in association with large pelagic predatory fish like tuna, on larval fish like anchovies, sardines and Sebastes rockfish. Like all auks it is a wing-propelled diver, chasing down prey under the water with powerful wingbeats. There is some speculation that it may feed cooperatively in pairs, as it is almost always observed in pairs, even during the non-breeding season. It flies well, and can take off without taxiing.
It nests in small crevices, caves and under dense bushes on arid islands in loose scattered colonies. It returns to the colony only at night, laying two eggs which are incubated for about a month. Like other synthliboramphine murrelets (e.g. the ancient murrelet) the chicks are highly precocial, leaving the nest within two days of hatching and running actively towards the sea, where the parents call to them. Once at sea the family swims to offshore waters.
Little is known about the time at sea due to difficulties in studying them.
Status and conservationedit
By the end of the 20th century, the Xantus's murrelet complex was considered to be among the most endangered group of auk.[7] This has changed since, but not because the present species' status has improved, but because other auks have become rarer.
Guadalupe murrelet is mainly threatened by oil spills, as much of its population lives near the busy shipping lanes connecting Los Angeles to other ports. Because a large part of its small population nests in such a small area a single catastrophic oil spill could have far reaching implications. It is also threatened by introduced species such as rats and feral cats; this threat has been lessened lately by efforts to restore its habitat by removing introduced predators.
Referencesedit
^BirdLife International (2018). "Synthliboramphus hypoleucus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62101215A132673655. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T62101215A132673655.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^Jones, Holly P.; Williamhenry, R.; Howald, Gregg R.; Tershy, Bernie R.; Croll, Donald A. (December 2005). "Predation of artificial Xantus's murrelet (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus scrippsi) nests before and after black rat (Rattus rattus) eradication". Environmental Conservation. 32 (4): 320–325. Bibcode:2005EnvCo..32..320J. doi:10.1017/S0376892906002608. ISSN 1469-4387. S2CID 49360219.
^Nettleship, David N.; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020). "Guadalupe Murrelet (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.xanmur1.01. S2CID 216216779.
^Birt, T. P.; H.R. Carter; D.L. Whitworth; A. McDonald; S.H. Newman; F. Gress; E. Palacios; J.S. Koepke & V.L. Friesen (2012). "Rangewide population genetic structure of Xantus's Murrelet, (S. hypoleucus)". Auk. 129: 44–55. doi:10.1525/auk.2011.11011. S2CID 86799974.
^Jehl, J. R. Jr.; S.I. Bond (1975). "Morphological variation and species limits in murrelets of the genus Endomychura" (PDF). Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 18: 9–24. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.15542.
^Keitt, B.S. (2005). "Status of Xantus's Murrelet and its nesting habitat in Baja California, Mexico" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 33: 105–114.
Drost, C.A. & Lewis, D.B. (1995): Xantus's Murrelet (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus). In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.): The Birds of North America: 164. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. doi:10.2173/bna.164
Gaston, Anthony & Jones, Ian (1998): The Auks, Alcidae. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN0-19-854032-9
Thayer, John E.; Bangs, Outram (1908). "The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island" (PDF). Condor. 10 (3): 101–106. doi:10.2307/1360977. hdl:2027/hvd.32044072250186. JSTOR 1360977.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Synthliboramphus hypoleucus.
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May 12, 2024
guadalupe, murrelet, synthliboramphus, hypoleucus, xantus, murrelet, small, seabird, found, california, current, system, pacific, ocean, this, breeds, islands, california, mexico, threatened, predators, introduced, breeding, colonies, spills, conservation, sta. The Guadalupe murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus or Xantus s murrelet is a small seabird found in the California Current system in the Pacific Ocean This auk breeds on islands off California and Mexico It is threatened by predators introduced to its breeding colonies and by oil spills 2 3 Guadalupe murrelet Conservation status Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Charadriiformes Family Alcidae Genus Synthliboramphus Species S hypoleucus Binomial name Synthliboramphus hypoleucus Xantus J 1860 This species together with the Scripps s murrelet were considered conspecific and were classified under S hypoleucus known collectively as Xantus s murrelet until 2012 Enough evidence was collected to consider both species distinct based on a lack of evidence of interbreeding where the two species nest together on the San Benito Islands differences in facial pattern and bill shape vocalizations and genetics 4 5 6 Contents 1 Description and range 2 Behavior 3 Status and conservation 4 References 5 Further readingDescription and range editThis species is a small black and white auk with a small head and thin sharp bill It resembles the closely related Scripps s and Craveri s murrelet with which it shares the distinction of being the most southerly living of all the auk species It breeds from Guadalupe Island south to the San Benito Islands After the breeding season it disperses locally at sea northward up to southern California in the United States Behavior editGuadalupe murrelet feeds far out at sea often in association with large pelagic predatory fish like tuna on larval fish like anchovies sardines and Sebastes rockfish Like all auks it is a wing propelled diver chasing down prey under the water with powerful wingbeats There is some speculation that it may feed cooperatively in pairs as it is almost always observed in pairs even during the non breeding season It flies well and can take off without taxiing It nests in small crevices caves and under dense bushes on arid islands in loose scattered colonies It returns to the colony only at night laying two eggs which are incubated for about a month Like other synthliboramphine murrelets e g the ancient murrelet the chicks are highly precocial leaving the nest within two days of hatching and running actively towards the sea where the parents call to them Once at sea the family swims to offshore waters Little is known about the time at sea due to difficulties in studying them Status and conservation editBy the end of the 20th century the Xantus s murrelet complex was considered to be among the most endangered group of auk 7 This has changed since but not because the present species status has improved but because other auks have become rarer Guadalupe murrelet is mainly threatened by oil spills as much of its population lives near the busy shipping lanes connecting Los Angeles to other ports Because a large part of its small population nests in such a small area a single catastrophic oil spill could have far reaching implications It is also threatened by introduced species such as rats and feral cats this threat has been lessened lately by efforts to restore its habitat by removing introduced predators References edit BirdLife International 2018 Synthliboramphus hypoleucus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T62101215A132673655 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T62101215A132673655 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 Jones Holly P Williamhenry R Howald Gregg R Tershy Bernie R Croll Donald A December 2005 Predation of artificial Xantus s murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus scrippsi nests before and after black rat Rattus rattus eradication Environmental Conservation 32 4 320 325 Bibcode 2005EnvCo 32 320J doi 10 1017 S0376892906002608 ISSN 1469 4387 S2CID 49360219 Nettleship David N Kirwan Guy M 2020 Guadalupe Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus version 1 0 Birds of the World doi 10 2173 bow xanmur1 01 S2CID 216216779 Birt T P H R Carter D L Whitworth A McDonald S H Newman F Gress E Palacios J S Koepke amp V L Friesen 2012 Rangewide population genetic structure of Xantus s Murrelet S hypoleucus Auk 129 44 55 doi 10 1525 auk 2011 11011 S2CID 86799974 Jehl J R Jr S I Bond 1975 Morphological variation and species limits in murrelets of the genus Endomychura PDF Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 18 9 24 doi 10 5962 bhl part 15542 Keitt B S 2005 Status of Xantus s Murrelet and its nesting habitat in Baja California Mexico PDF Marine Ornithology 33 105 114 IUCN Redlist 1988 1994 2000 Further reading editDrost C A amp Lewis D B 1995 Xantus s Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus In Poole A amp Gill F eds The Birds of North America 164 Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia PA amp American Ornithologists Union Washington D C doi 10 2173 bna 164 Gaston Anthony amp Jones Ian 1998 The Auks Alcidae Oxford University Press Oxford ISBN 0 19 854032 9 Thayer John E Bangs Outram 1908 The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island PDF Condor 10 3 101 106 doi 10 2307 1360977 hdl 2027 hvd 32044072250186 JSTOR 1360977 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Synthliboramphus hypoleucus nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Synthliboramphus hypoleucus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Guadalupe murrelet amp oldid 1223138244, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
