Scleroderris canker (American name), or Brunchorstia disease (European name),[1]Gremmeniella abietina, is a species of fungal diseases infecting coniferous forests. The main symptom is the death of the needles, leading to the death of the tree.[2] In the forest industry, fighting off an infection of Scleroderris canker is usually not cost-effective. Clearing is often preferred over fungicidal methods, as the latter is harmful to other living organisms.
The European strain is present throughout all of Europe, including the European part of Russia.[1] The American strain limits itself to north of 44°N.[3]
Cause and symptomsedit
Needles of a conifer infected with Scleroderris canker
There are two strains of the fungus in existence, the North American and European. The latter is more virulent, capable of infecting an entire tree and killing it over a few years time, whereas the North American strain limits itself to the first few metres of the stem.[4] Another reason behind the high potency of the European strain is that trees are unable to defend themselves from the fungus during winters, as the fungus can remain active at temperatures as low as -5°C[5]
Early signs of a Scleroderris canker infection includes a purple tint in the needles and, more evidently, the falling off the needles in the wrong season. A severe Scleroderris canker infection can sometimes be disastrous, as the fungus survives on the pine cones, killing any new seedlings within two years.[citation needed]
Chances of infection increase greatly if the previous winter has been mild and the spring season is cool and wet, due to the active temperature. Infection occurs in damaged buds and proceeds downwards into the stem, and ascospores are released from November to July.[6]
Controledit
Chemicaledit
The fungicide Chlorothalonil can be used to ward off the disease in nurseries. However, it is ineffective in adult populations.[7]
It has been found that the European strain can spread via the import of Christmas trees. Regulating such imports can limit the spread of the disease.[7]
^Gremmen, J. (1968) [Contribution to the biology of Brunchorstia pinea, cause of shoot dieback in Austrian and Corsican pine]. Nederlands Bosbouw Tijdschrift 40, 221-231.
scleroderris, canker, american, name, brunchorstia, disease, european, name, gremmeniella, abietina, species, fungal, diseases, infecting, coniferous, forests, main, symptom, death, needles, leading, death, tree, forest, industry, fighting, infection, usually,. Scleroderris canker American name or Brunchorstia disease European name 1 Gremmeniella abietina is a species of fungal diseases infecting coniferous forests The main symptom is the death of the needles leading to the death of the tree 2 In the forest industry fighting off an infection of Scleroderris canker is usually not cost effective Clearing is often preferred over fungicidal methods as the latter is harmful to other living organisms Scleroderris cankerGremmeniella abietinaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass LeotiomycetesOrder HelotialesFamily HelotiaceaeGenus GremmeniellaSpecies G abietinaBinomial nameGremmeniella abietina Lagerberg MoreletSynonymsAscocalyx abietina Lagerberg Scleroderris lagerbergii Lagerberg Lagerbergia abietina Contents 1 Geographical distribution 2 Cause and symptoms 3 Control 3 1 Chemical 3 2 Resistance 3 3 Regulatory 4 Main host genera 5 Synonyms 6 References 7 External linksGeographical distribution editThe European strain is present throughout all of Europe including the European part of Russia 1 The American strain limits itself to north of 44 N 3 Cause and symptoms edit nbsp Needles of a conifer infected with Scleroderris cankerThere are two strains of the fungus in existence the North American and European The latter is more virulent capable of infecting an entire tree and killing it over a few years time whereas the North American strain limits itself to the first few metres of the stem 4 Another reason behind the high potency of the European strain is that trees are unable to defend themselves from the fungus during winters as the fungus can remain active at temperatures as low as 5 C 5 Early signs of a Scleroderris canker infection includes a purple tint in the needles and more evidently the falling off the needles in the wrong season A severe Scleroderris canker infection can sometimes be disastrous as the fungus survives on the pine cones killing any new seedlings within two years citation needed Chances of infection increase greatly if the previous winter has been mild and the spring season is cool and wet due to the active temperature Infection occurs in damaged buds and proceeds downwards into the stem and ascospores are released from November to July 6 Control editChemical edit The fungicide Chlorothalonil can be used to ward off the disease in nurseries However it is ineffective in adult populations 7 Resistance edit Resistant species of Jack pine have been observed in Ontario 7 Regulatory edit It has been found that the European strain can spread via the import of Christmas trees Regulating such imports can limit the spread of the disease 7 Main host genera editAbies Picea PinusSynonyms editLagerbergia abietina Lagerberg Ascocalyx abietina Lagerberg Scleroderris abietina Lagerberg Scleroderris lagerbergiiReferences edit a b Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests Gremmeniella abietina Problems with growing Forest in Iceland and Sweden Scleroderris canker Archived 2006 05 08 at the Wayback Machine from Canadian Forest Service Scleroderris canker European strain Archived 2006 10 02 at the Wayback Machine from Canadian Forest Service Nagra skadesvampars hot mot var svenska tall permanent dead link from Umea University Gremmen J 1968 Contribution to the biology of Brunchorstia pinea cause of shoot dieback in Austrian and Corsican pine Nederlands Bosbouw Tijdschrift 40 221 231 a b c Scleroderris Canker of Northern Conifers from the U S Department of AgricultureExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gremmeniella abietina nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Gremmeniella abietina Forest Insect amp Disease Leaflet 130 Scleroderris Canker of Northern Conifers Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Scleroderris canker amp oldid 1191023972, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
