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Gramvousa

January 01, 1970

Gramvousa, also Grampousa (Greek: Γραμβούσα or Γραμπούσα, further names include Akra, Cavo Buso, Cavo Bouza, Garabusa and Grabusa), refers to two small uninhabited islands off the coast of a peninsula also known Gramvousa Peninsula (Greek: Χερσόνησος Γραμβούσας) in north-western Crete in the regional unit of Chania.[1] The Gramvousa Peninsula forms the more westerly of the two pairs of peninsulae in northwestern Crete (the other being Rodopos Peninsula), and is the western part of Kissamos Bay.

Imeri Gramvousa
Native name:
Ημερη Γραμβούσα
Imeri Gramvousa
Geography
Coordinates35°36′40″N 23°34′45″E / 35.61111°N 23.57917°E / 35.61111; 23.57917 (Imeri Gramvousa)
ArchipelagoCretan Islands
Administration
Greece
RegionCrete
Regional unitChania
Demographics
Population0
Agria Gramvousa
Native name:
Αγρια Γραμβούσα
Agria Gramvousa
Geography
Coordinates35°38′30″N 23°35′10″E / 35.64167°N 23.58611°E / 35.64167; 23.58611 (Agria Gramvousa)
ArchipelagoCretan Islands
Administration
Greece
RegionCrete
Regional unitChania
Demographics
Population0

The Gramvousa islands are administered by the municipality of Kissamos.

Naming edit

Imeri Gramvousa (Greek: Ήμερη Γραμβούσα), which translates to Tame Gramvousa, hosts the remains of a Venetian fort and the remains of buildings left behind by Cretan insurgents, who were compelled to live as pirates during the Greek War of Independence. Today, Imeri Gramvousa is a popular tourist attraction.

Agria Gramvousa (Greek: Άγρια Γραμβούσα), which translates to Wild Gramvousa, is much less hospitable and is located due north of Imeri Gramvousa. It has also been named False Gramvousa.[2]

In ancient times the larger island was known as Korykos,[3] which means leather bag.[4] The island was named "Gramvousa" in honour of Vousa, the wife of a pirate chief and the only inhabitant of the island to evade capture when the pirates were forcibly removed.[3]

Ottoman–Venetian Wars edit

 
Imeri Gramvousa map by Basilicata
 
The walls of the fort at Imeri Gramvousa

The fort at Imeri Gramvousa was built between 1579 and 1584 during Venetian rule over Crete to defend the island from the Ottoman Turks. The fort remained in Venetian hands throughout the prolonged Cretan War, and in the treaty of 16 September 1669, which surrendered Crete to the Ottomans, Gramvousa, along with the fortresses of Souda and Spinalonga, was retained by Venice.[5] These three forts defended Venetian trade routes and were also strategic bases in the event of a new Ottoman–Venetian war for Crete.[6]

On 6 December 1691, during the Morean War (another Ottoman–Venetian war), the Neapolitan Captain de la Giocca[verification needed] betrayed the Venetians by surrendering Gramvousa to the Ottoman Turks for a generous bribe. He lived the rest of his life in Constantinople and was well known by the nickname "Captain Grambousas".[6] Not long after the start of Turkish rule, Cretan insurgents used to gather at the three coastal forts which included Gramvousa.[7]

Greek War of Independence edit

With the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, the fort fell to the insurgents' hands. In 1823, Emmanouil Tombazis, the Greek provisional government's commissioner for Crete, failed to strengthen the defences at Gramvousa when he had the opportunity, soon after his arrival on the island.[8]

Towards the summer of 1825, a body of three to four hundred Cretans, who had fought with other Greeks in the Peloponnese, journeyed to Crete. On 9 August 1825, led by Dimitrios Kallergis and Emmanouil Antoniadis, this group of Cretans, disguised as Turks, captured the fort at Gramvousa, which became their base. These and subsequent actions revitalized the Cretan insurgency, ushering the so-called "Gramvousa period".[9]

Although the Ottomans did not manage to retake the fort, they were successful in blocking the spread of the insurgency to the islands' western provinces. The insurgents were besieged in Gramvousa for more than two years and they had to resort to piracy to survive. Gramvousa became a hive of piratical activity that greatly affected Turkish-Egyptian and European shipping in the region. During that period the population of Gramvousa became organised and they built a school[10] and a church. The church was called Panagia i Kleftrina and was dedicated to the wives of the klephts, namely the pirates.[11]

In 1828, the new governor of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, sent Alexander Mavrocordatos with British and French ships to Crete to deal with the pirates. This expedition resulted in the destruction of all pirate ships at Gramvousa and the fort came under British control.[11] On 5 January 1828, on Kapodistrias' orders Hatzimichalis Dalianis landed at Gramvousa with 700 men.[11]

During the Cretan revolt of 1878, only the forts at Gramvousa, Ierapetra, Spinalonga, Heraklion, Rethymnon, Izeddin, Hania, and Kissamos could not be captured by the insurgents because they did not have the necessary artillery.[12]

Balos Lagoon edit

There is a lagoon, named the Balos lagoon, between the island and the coast of Crete. There is an islet which forms part of a cape, through the lagoon, called Cape Tigani (which means "frying pan" in Greek). North of Balos, at the Korykon cape, are the ruins of the small ancient Roman city of Agnion, with a temple to the god Apollo.

 
Sunset at the Balos Lagoon with Cape Tigani in the center, Pondikonisi in the background to the left, the island of Imeri Gramvousa in the background to the right, and further back to the right is the island of Agria Gramvousa (panoramic photograph taken from the island of Crete).

Image gallery edit

  •  
    Balos Lagoon with Cape Tigani to the right
  •  
    Imeri and Agria Gramvousa
  •  
    View of Balos Lagoon from the Gramvousa Fort

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Γραμβούσα - Μπάλος 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine Greek Panorama, Issue 27, May/June 2002 (Greek)
  2. ^ Severin (1987) page 141
  3. ^ a b Severin (1987) page 133
  4. ^ Severin (1987) pages 139-140
  5. ^ Maltezou, Crete under Venetian rule, p. 159
  6. ^ a b Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 343
  7. ^ Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 355
  8. ^ Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 378
  9. ^ Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 381
  10. ^ Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 422
  11. ^ a b c Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 383
  12. ^ Detorakis, Turkish rule in Crete, p. 408

Sources edit

  • Maltezou, Chrysa A. (1988). "Η Κρήτη κατα τη Βενετοκρατία ("Crete under Venetian rule")". In Panagiotakis, Nikolaos M. (ed.). Crete, History and Civilization (in Greek). Vol. II. Vikelea Library, Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities. pp. 105–162.
  • Detorakis, Theocharis (1988). "Η Τουρκοκρατία στην Κρήτη ("Turkish rule in Crete")". In Panagiotakis, Nikolaos M. (ed.). Crete, History and Civilization (in Greek). Vol. II. Vikelea Library, Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities. pp. 333–436.
  • Severin, Tim (1987), The Ulysses Voyage: Sea Search for the Odyssey

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gramvousa.

January 01, 1970
gramvousa, also, grampousa, greek, Γραμβούσα, Γραμπούσα, further, names, include, akra, cavo, buso, cavo, bouza, garabusa, grabusa, refers, small, uninhabited, islands, coast, peninsula, also, known, peninsula, greek, Χερσόνησος, Γραμβούσας, north, western, cr. Gramvousa also Grampousa Greek Gramboysa or Grampoysa further names include Akra Cavo Buso Cavo Bouza Garabusa and Grabusa refers to two small uninhabited islands off the coast of a peninsula also known Gramvousa Peninsula Greek Xersonhsos Gramboysas in north western Crete in the regional unit of Chania 1 The Gramvousa Peninsula forms the more westerly of the two pairs of peninsulae in northwestern Crete the other being Rodopos Peninsula and is the western part of Kissamos Bay Imeri GramvousaNative name Hmerh GramboysaImeri GramvousaGeographyCoordinates35 36 40 N 23 34 45 E 35 61111 N 23 57917 E 35 61111 23 57917 Imeri Gramvousa ArchipelagoCretan IslandsAdministrationGreeceRegionCreteRegional unitChaniaDemographicsPopulation0 Agria GramvousaNative name Agria GramboysaAgria GramvousaGeographyCoordinates35 38 30 N 23 35 10 E 35 64167 N 23 58611 E 35 64167 23 58611 Agria Gramvousa ArchipelagoCretan IslandsAdministrationGreeceRegionCreteRegional unitChaniaDemographicsPopulation0 The Gramvousa islands are administered by the municipality of Kissamos Contents 1 Naming 2 Ottoman Venetian Wars 3 Greek War of Independence 4 Balos Lagoon 5 Image gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External linksNaming editImeri Gramvousa Greek Hmerh Gramboysa which translates to Tame Gramvousa hosts the remains of a Venetian fort and the remains of buildings left behind by Cretan insurgents who were compelled to live as pirates during the Greek War of Independence Today Imeri Gramvousa is a popular tourist attraction Agria Gramvousa Greek Agria Gramboysa which translates to Wild Gramvousa is much less hospitable and is located due north of Imeri Gramvousa It has also been named False Gramvousa 2 In ancient times the larger island was known as Korykos 3 which means leather bag 4 The island was named Gramvousa in honour of Vousa the wife of a pirate chief and the only inhabitant of the island to evade capture when the pirates were forcibly removed 3 Ottoman Venetian Wars edit nbsp Imeri Gramvousa map by Basilicata nbsp The walls of the fort at Imeri Gramvousa The fort at Imeri Gramvousa was built between 1579 and 1584 during Venetian rule over Crete to defend the island from the Ottoman Turks The fort remained in Venetian hands throughout the prolonged Cretan War and in the treaty of 16 September 1669 which surrendered Crete to the Ottomans Gramvousa along with the fortresses of Souda and Spinalonga was retained by Venice 5 These three forts defended Venetian trade routes and were also strategic bases in the event of a new Ottoman Venetian war for Crete 6 On 6 December 1691 during the Morean War another Ottoman Venetian war the Neapolitan Captain de la Giocca verification needed betrayed the Venetians by surrendering Gramvousa to the Ottoman Turks for a generous bribe He lived the rest of his life in Constantinople and was well known by the nickname Captain Grambousas 6 Not long after the start of Turkish rule Cretan insurgents used to gather at the three coastal forts which included Gramvousa 7 Greek War of Independence editWith the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence the fort fell to the insurgents hands In 1823 Emmanouil Tombazis the Greek provisional government s commissioner for Crete failed to strengthen the defences at Gramvousa when he had the opportunity soon after his arrival on the island 8 Towards the summer of 1825 a body of three to four hundred Cretans who had fought with other Greeks in the Peloponnese journeyed to Crete On 9 August 1825 led by Dimitrios Kallergis and Emmanouil Antoniadis this group of Cretans disguised as Turks captured the fort at Gramvousa which became their base These and subsequent actions revitalized the Cretan insurgency ushering the so called Gramvousa period 9 Although the Ottomans did not manage to retake the fort they were successful in blocking the spread of the insurgency to the islands western provinces The insurgents were besieged in Gramvousa for more than two years and they had to resort to piracy to survive Gramvousa became a hive of piratical activity that greatly affected Turkish Egyptian and European shipping in the region During that period the population of Gramvousa became organised and they built a school 10 and a church The church was called Panagia i Kleftrina and was dedicated to the wives of the klephts namely the pirates 11 In 1828 the new governor of Greece Ioannis Kapodistrias sent Alexander Mavrocordatos with British and French ships to Crete to deal with the pirates This expedition resulted in the destruction of all pirate ships at Gramvousa and the fort came under British control 11 On 5 January 1828 on Kapodistrias orders Hatzimichalis Dalianis landed at Gramvousa with 700 men 11 During the Cretan revolt of 1878 only the forts at Gramvousa Ierapetra Spinalonga Heraklion Rethymnon Izeddin Hania and Kissamos could not be captured by the insurgents because they did not have the necessary artillery 12 Balos Lagoon editThere is a lagoon named the Balos lagoon between the island and the coast of Crete There is an islet which forms part of a cape through the lagoon called Cape Tigani which means frying pan in Greek North of Balos at the Korykon cape are the ruins of the small ancient Roman city of Agnion with a temple to the god Apollo nbsp Sunset at the Balos Lagoon with Cape Tigani in the center Pondikonisi in the background to the left the island of Imeri Gramvousa in the background to the right and further back to the right is the island of Agria Gramvousa panoramic photograph taken from the island of Crete Image gallery edit nbsp Balos Lagoon with Cape Tigani to the right nbsp Imeri and Agria Gramvousa nbsp View of Balos Lagoon from the Gramvousa FortSee also editList of islands of GreeceReferences edit Gramboysa Mpalos Archived 2011 07 21 at the Wayback Machine Greek Panorama Issue 27 May June 2002 Greek Severin 1987 page 141 a b Severin 1987 page 133 Severin 1987 pages 139 140 Maltezou Crete under Venetian rule p 159 a b Detorakis Turkish rule in Crete p 343 Detorakis Turkish rule in Crete p 355 Detorakis Turkish rule in Crete p 378 Detorakis Turkish rule in Crete p 381 Detorakis Turkish rule in Crete p 422 a b c Detorakis Turkish rule in Crete p 383 Detorakis Turkish rule in Crete p 408Sources editMaltezou Chrysa A 1988 H Krhth kata th Benetokratia Crete under Venetian rule In Panagiotakis Nikolaos M ed Crete History and Civilization in Greek Vol II Vikelea Library Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities pp 105 162 Detorakis Theocharis 1988 H Toyrkokratia sthn Krhth Turkish rule in Crete In Panagiotakis Nikolaos M ed Crete History and Civilization in Greek Vol II Vikelea Library Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities pp 333 436 Severin Tim 1987 The Ulysses Voyage Sea Search for the OdysseyExternal links editScoglio e Fortezza di Garabuse map by Marco Boschini nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gramvousa Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gramvousa amp oldid 1183174094, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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