A graduated cylinder, also known as a measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder, is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical shape. Each marked line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that has been measured.
Different types of graduated cylinder: 10mL, 25mL, 50mL and 100mL graduated cylinder
Large graduated cylinders are usually made of polypropylene for its excellent chemical resistance or polymethylpentene for its transparency, making them lighter and less fragile than glass. Polypropylene (PP) is easy to repeatedly autoclave; however, autoclaving in excess of about 121 °C (250 °F) (depending on the chemical formulation: typical commercial grade polypropylene melts in excess of 177 °C (351 °F)), can warp or damage polypropylene graduated cylinders, affecting accuracy.[1]
A traditional graduated cylinder is usually narrow and tall so as to increase the accuracy and precision of volume measurement. It has a plastic or glass base (stand, foot, support) and a "spout" for easy pouring of the measured liquid. An additional version is wide and low.
Mixing cylinders have ground glass joints instead of a spout, so they can be closed with a stopper or connected directly with other elements of a manifold.[2] With this kind of cylinder, the metered liquid does not pour directly, but is often removed using a Cannula. A graduated cylinder is meant to be read with the surface of the liquid at eye level, where the center of the meniscus shows the measurement line. Typical capacities of graduated cylinders are from 10 mL to 1000 mL.
Common uses
Graduated cylinders are often used to measure the volume of a liquid. Graduated cylinders are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and beakers, but they should not be used to perform volumetric analysis;[3] volumetric glassware, such as a volumetric flask or volumetric pipette, should be used, as it is even more accurate and precise. Graduated cylinders are sometimes used to measure the volume of a solid indirectly by measuring the displacement of a liquid.
Scales and accuracy
For accuracy the volume on graduated cylinders is depicted on scales with 3 significant digits: 100mL cylinders have 1ml grading divisions while 10mL cylinders have 0.1 mL grading divisions.
Two classes of accuracy exist for graduated cylinders. Class A has double the accuracy of class B.[4] Cylinders can have single or double scales. Single scales allow to read the volume from top to bottom (filling volume) while double scale cylinders allow reading for filling and pouring (reverse scale).
Graduated cylinders are calibrated either “to contain” (indicated liquid volume inside the cylinder) and marked as "TC" or “to deliver” (indicated liquid volume poured out, accounting for liquid traces left in the cylinder) and marked “TD”.[5] Formerly the tolerances for “to deliver” and “to contain” cylinders are distinct; however now these are the same. Also, the international symbols “IN” and “EX” are more likely to be used instead of “TC” and “TD” respectively.[6]
Measurement
If the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 40.0 mL. The precise value would be 40.0 ± 0.1 or 40.1 to 39.9 mL
If the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 36.5 mL. The more precise value equates to 36.5 0.5 mL or 36.0 to 37.0 mL.
To read the volume accurately, the observation must be at an eye level and read at the bottom of a meniscus of the liquid level.[7] The main reason as to why the reading of the volume is done via meniscus is due to the nature of the liquid in a closed surrounded space. By nature, liquid in the cylinder is attracted to the wall around it through molecular forces. This forces the liquid surface to develop either a convex or concave shape, depending on the type of the liquid in the cylinder. Reading the liquid at the bottom part of a concave or the top part of the convex liquid is equivalent to reading the liquid at its meniscus.[8] From the picture, the level of the liquid will be read at the bottom of the meniscus, which is the concave. The most accurate of the reading that could be done here is reduced down to 1 mL due to the given means of measurement on the cylinder. From this, the derived error is one tenth of the least figure. For instance, if the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 36.5 mL. The error, give or take 0.1 mL, must be included too. Therefore, the more precise value equates to 36.5 0.1; 36.4 or 36.6 mL. Therefore, there are 3 significant figures can be read from the given graduated cylinder picture.[9] Another example, if the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 40.0 mL. The precise value is 40.0 0.1; 40.1 or 39.9 mL.[10]
^Robinson, Michael; Robinson, Mike; Taylor, Mike (2002-01-01). Maths for Advanced Chemistry. Nelson Thornes. ISBN9780748765829. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
^Olukoga, A O; Bolodeoku, J; Donaldson, D (October 1997). "Laboratory Instrumentation in Clinical Biochemistry: An Historical Perspective". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 90 (10): 570–577. doi:10.1177/014107689709001013. ISSN 0141-0768. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
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August 28, 2023
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A graduated cylinder also known as a measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid It has a narrow cylindrical shape Each marked line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that has been measured Different types of graduated cylinder 10mL 25mL 50mL and 100mL graduated cylinder Contents 1 Materials and structure 2 Common uses 3 Scales and accuracy 4 Measurement 5 History 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 ReferencesMaterials and structure EditLarge graduated cylinders are usually made of polypropylene for its excellent chemical resistance or polymethylpentene for its transparency making them lighter and less fragile than glass Polypropylene PP is easy to repeatedly autoclave however autoclaving in excess of about 121 C 250 F depending on the chemical formulation typical commercial grade polypropylene melts in excess of 177 C 351 F can warp or damage polypropylene graduated cylinders affecting accuracy 1 A traditional graduated cylinder is usually narrow and tall so as to increase the accuracy and precision of volume measurement It has a plastic or glass base stand foot support and a spout for easy pouring of the measured liquid An additional version is wide and low Mixing cylinders have ground glass joints instead of a spout so they can be closed with a stopper or connected directly with other elements of a manifold 2 With this kind of cylinder the metered liquid does not pour directly but is often removed using a Cannula A graduated cylinder is meant to be read with the surface of the liquid at eye level where the center of the meniscus shows the measurement line Typical capacities of graduated cylinders are from 10 mL to 1000 mL Common uses EditGraduated cylinders are often used to measure the volume of a liquid Graduated cylinders are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and beakers but they should not be used to perform volumetric analysis 3 volumetric glassware such as a volumetric flask or volumetric pipette should be used as it is even more accurate and precise Graduated cylinders are sometimes used to measure the volume of a solid indirectly by measuring the displacement of a liquid Scales and accuracy EditFor accuracy the volume on graduated cylinders is depicted on scales with 3 significant digits 100mL cylinders have 1ml grading divisions while 10mL cylinders have 0 1 mL grading divisions Two classes of accuracy exist for graduated cylinders Class A has double the accuracy of class B 4 Cylinders can have single or double scales Single scales allow to read the volume from top to bottom filling volume while double scale cylinders allow reading for filling and pouring reverse scale Graduated cylinders are calibrated either to contain indicated liquid volume inside the cylinder and marked as TC or to deliver indicated liquid volume poured out accounting for liquid traces left in the cylinder and marked TD 5 Formerly the tolerances for to deliver and to contain cylinders are distinct however now these are the same Also the international symbols IN and EX are more likely to be used instead of TC and TD respectively 6 Measurement Edit If the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 40 0 mL The precise value would be 40 0 0 1 or 40 1 to 39 9 mL If the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 36 5 mL The more precise value equates to 36 5 displaystyle pm 0 5 mL or 36 0 to 37 0 mL To read the volume accurately the observation must be at an eye level and read at the bottom of a meniscus of the liquid level 7 The main reason as to why the reading of the volume is done via meniscus is due to the nature of the liquid in a closed surrounded space By nature liquid in the cylinder is attracted to the wall around it through molecular forces This forces the liquid surface to develop either a convex or concave shape depending on the type of the liquid in the cylinder Reading the liquid at the bottom part of a concave or the top part of the convex liquid is equivalent to reading the liquid at its meniscus 8 From the picture the level of the liquid will be read at the bottom of the meniscus which is the concave The most accurate of the reading that could be done here is reduced down to 1 mL due to the given means of measurement on the cylinder From this the derived error is one tenth of the least figure For instance if the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 36 5 mL The error give or take 0 1 mL must be included too Therefore the more precise value equates to 36 5 displaystyle pm 0 1 36 4 or 36 6 mL Therefore there are 3 significant figures can be read from the given graduated cylinder picture 9 Another example if the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 40 0 mL The precise value is 40 0 displaystyle pm 0 1 40 1 or 39 9 mL 10 History EditThe graduated cylinder was first introduced in 1784 by Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau for use in volumetric analysis 11 Gallery Edit Two graduated cylinders A traditional graduated cylinder A in the image and mixing cylinders B in the picture See also EditMeasuring cup a similar device used for cookingReferences Edit Graduated Cylinders SPI Supplies www 2spi com Retrieved 2020 02 20 Elemental Scientific LLC Science supplies amp educational Items www elementalscientific net Retrieved 20 Feb 2020 Pradyot Patnaik 2003 Specifications for volumetric ware Dean s Handbook of Analytical Chemistry 2nd Edition McGraw Hill ISBN 978 0071410601 ASTM E1272 02 2019 Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylinders Graduated Cylinders Information Graduated Cylinders sizes com Retrieved 2016 02 23 graduated cylinder PDF ohlone edu Archived from the original PDF on 2015 06 26 Retrieved 2015 06 25 Volume Measurements with a Graduated Cylinder PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2016 02 16 Retrieved 2016 02 04 Math Skills Scientific Notation www chem tamu edu Retrieved 2016 02 12 Robinson Michael Robinson Mike Taylor Mike 2002 01 01 Maths for Advanced Chemistry Nelson Thornes ISBN 9780748765829 Retrieved 15 March 2016 Olukoga A O Bolodeoku J Donaldson D October 1997 Laboratory Instrumentation in Clinical Biochemistry An Historical Perspective Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 90 10 570 577 doi 10 1177 014107689709001013 ISSN 0141 0768 Retrieved 2023 03 09 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graduated cylinders Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Graduated cylinder amp oldid 1171885184, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
