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The Girardoni air rifle is an air gun designed by Italian inventor Bartolomeo Girardoni circa 1779. The weapon was also known as the Windbüchse ("wind rifle" in German). One of the rifle's more famous associations is its use on the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore and map the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.
Girardoni air rifle
Girardoni system Austrian repeating air rifle, circa 1795, believed to have been taken on the Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Girardoni air rifle was in service with the Austrian army from 1780 to around 1815. Many references to the Girardoni air rifles mention lethal combat ranges of 125 to 150 yards and some extend that range considerably. The advantages of a high rate of fire, no smoke from propellants, and low muzzle report granted it acceptance. It did have problems and was eventually removed from service for several reasons decades after introduction. There was also a version sold to civilians after it was removed from military service. While the detachable air reservoir was capable of around 30 shots, it took nearly 1,500 strokes of a hand pump to fill those reservoirs. Later, a wagon-mounted pump was provided. The reservoirs, made from hammered sheet iron held together with rivets and sealed by brazing, proved very difficult to manufacture using the techniques of the period and were always in short supply.
In addition, the weapon was very delicate, and a small break in the reservoir could make it inoperable. It was also very different from any other weapon of the time, requiring extensive training to use.
The rifle was 4 ft (1.2 m) long and weighed 10 lb (4.5 kg), about the same basic size and weight as infantry muskets of the time. It fired a .46[3] or .51[4] caliber ball and had a tubular, spring-fed[5]magazine with a capacity of 20 balls. Some of the weapons were also made using a gravity-fed magazine. Unlike its contemporary, muzzle-loading muskets, which required the rifleman to stand up to reload with powder and ball, the shooter could reload a ball from the magazine by pulling a transverse chamber bar out of the breech which allowed a ball to be supplied to it and which then rebounded back to its original position with the aid of a spring, all while lying down.[5] Contemporary regulations of 1788 required that each rifleman, in addition to the rifle itself, be equipped with three compressed air reservoirs (two spare and one attached to the rifle), cleaning stick, hand pump, lead ladle, and 100 lead balls, 1 in the chamber, 19 in the magazine built into the rifle and the remaining 80 in four tin tubes. Equipment not carried attached to the rifle was held in a special leather knapsack. It was also necessary to keep the leather gaskets of the reservoir moist in order to maintain a good seal and prevent leakage.[6]
The air reservoir was in the club-shaped stock. With a full air reservoir, the Girardoni air rifle had the capacity to shoot 30 shots at useful pressure. These balls were effective to approximately 125 yd (114 m) on a full air reservoir. The power declined as the air reservoir was emptied.[7] Design-wise, the air reservoir was similar to the disposable carbon dioxide cartridges used on some modern air guns.[citation needed]
ImportanceEdit
The Girardoni air rifle was an important first. It was the first repeating rifle of a specific general kind to enter general military service.[8] It was one of the first uses of a tubular magazine.[9]
^Wier, S.K. (2005). "The firearms of the Lewis and Clark Expedition" (PDF). p. 12. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
^Girardoni air rifle as used by Lewis and Clark. A National Firearms Museum Treasure Gun. at YouTube
^The Beeman article on Girardoni air rifles in the sources section and an article in the German gun magazine Visier (issue 1/2007, page 141) claim the caliber was actually .463" (11.75 mm).
^Die Entwicklung der Handfeuerwaffen im österreichischen Heere, 1896, Anton Dolleczek
^ abPrenderghast, Gerald (4 April 2018). Repeating and Multi-Fire Weapons: A History from the Zhuge Crossbow Through the AK-47. ISBN9781476631103.
^A letter detailing regulations, "Signed, Vienna, 24th January 1788"; reproduced in Baker, G; Currie, C. The Austrian Army Repeating Air Rifle 2nd Ed., 2007.
^Military writer August Haller claimed in an 1891 treatise Die österreichische Militär-Repetier-Windbüchse that the first ten shots would be effective to about 150 paces, the next ten shots up to 120-125 paces, the next ten out to 100 paces, and then the remaining air pressure in the reservoir would be too low.
^"The Girandoni Air Rifle: Deadly Under Pressure". Guns.com. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
^Tucker, Spencer C. (26 March 2020). Weapons and Warfare: From Ancient and Medieval Times to the 21st Century [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-4408-6728-6.
Girardoni air rifle as used by Lewis and Clark. A National Firearms Museum Treasure Gun.
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August 28, 2023
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This article relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Girardoni air rifle news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 9 031 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de Girandoni Windbuchse see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated de Girandoni Windbuchse to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Girardoni air rifle is an air gun designed by Italian inventor Bartolomeo Girardoni circa 1779 The weapon was also known as the Windbuchse wind rifle in German One of the rifle s more famous associations is its use on the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore and map the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 Girardoni air rifleGirardoni system Austrian repeating air rifle circa 1795 believed to have been taken on the Lewis and Clark ExpeditionTypeAir riflePlace of origin Holy Roman EmpireService historyIn service1780 1815Used byAustrian EmpireProduction historyDesignerBartolomeo GirardoniDesigned1779 or 1780No built1 300SpecificationsMass4 5 kg 9 9 lb Length120 cm 3 9 ft Cartridgespherical ballsCaliber 46 11 7 mm 146 3 grains 9 48 g or 51 13 mm 201 49 grains 13 06 g Muzzle velocityabout 500 fps 152 m s 117 ft lbs 159 J Feed system20 21 round magazine or hopperSightsIronRecreation of an Austrian Girardoni system accoutrements bag including bullet mold air pump spare air flasks wrenches and ladle Contents 1 History and use 2 Design and capabilities 3 Importance 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory and use EditThe Girardoni air rifle was in service with the Austrian army from 1780 to around 1815 Many references to the Girardoni air rifles mention lethal combat ranges of 125 to 150 yards and some extend that range considerably The advantages of a high rate of fire no smoke from propellants and low muzzle report granted it acceptance It did have problems and was eventually removed from service for several reasons decades after introduction There was also a version sold to civilians after it was removed from military service While the detachable air reservoir was capable of around 30 shots it took nearly 1 500 strokes of a hand pump to fill those reservoirs Later a wagon mounted pump was provided The reservoirs made from hammered sheet iron held together with rivets and sealed by brazing proved very difficult to manufacture using the techniques of the period and were always in short supply In addition the weapon was very delicate and a small break in the reservoir could make it inoperable It was also very different from any other weapon of the time requiring extensive training to use The Lewis and Clark Expedition used the rifle in the demonstrations that they performed for nearly every Native American tribe they encountered on the expedition 1 2 Design and capabilities EditThe rifle was 4 ft 1 2 m long and weighed 10 lb 4 5 kg about the same basic size and weight as infantry muskets of the time It fired a 46 3 or 51 4 caliber ball and had a tubular spring fed 5 magazine with a capacity of 20 balls Some of the weapons were also made using a gravity fed magazine Unlike its contemporary muzzle loading muskets which required the rifleman to stand up to reload with powder and ball the shooter could reload a ball from the magazine by pulling a transverse chamber bar out of the breech which allowed a ball to be supplied to it and which then rebounded back to its original position with the aid of a spring all while lying down 5 Contemporary regulations of 1788 required that each rifleman in addition to the rifle itself be equipped with three compressed air reservoirs two spare and one attached to the rifle cleaning stick hand pump lead ladle and 100 lead balls 1 in the chamber 19 in the magazine built into the rifle and the remaining 80 in four tin tubes Equipment not carried attached to the rifle was held in a special leather knapsack It was also necessary to keep the leather gaskets of the reservoir moist in order to maintain a good seal and prevent leakage 6 The air reservoir was in the club shaped stock With a full air reservoir the Girardoni air rifle had the capacity to shoot 30 shots at useful pressure These balls were effective to approximately 125 yd 114 m on a full air reservoir The power declined as the air reservoir was emptied 7 Design wise the air reservoir was similar to the disposable carbon dioxide cartridges used on some modern air guns citation needed Importance EditThe Girardoni air rifle was an important first It was the first repeating rifle of a specific general kind to enter general military service 8 It was one of the first uses of a tubular magazine 9 See also EditWeapons of the Austro Hungarian Empire Kunitomo air rifleReferences Edit Wier S K 2005 The firearms of the Lewis and Clark Expedition PDF p 12 Retrieved 12 March 2013 Girardoni air rifle as used by Lewis and Clark A National Firearms Museum Treasure Gun at YouTube The Beeman article on Girardoni air rifles in the sources section and an article in the German gun magazine Visier issue 1 2007 page 141 claim the caliber was actually 463 11 75 mm Die Entwicklung der Handfeuerwaffen im osterreichischen Heere 1896 Anton Dolleczek a b Prenderghast Gerald 4 April 2018 Repeating and Multi Fire Weapons A History from the Zhuge Crossbow Through the AK 47 ISBN 9781476631103 A letter detailing regulations Signed Vienna 24th January 1788 reproduced in Baker G Currie C The Austrian Army Repeating Air Rifle 2nd Ed 2007 Military writer August Haller claimed in an 1891 treatise Die osterreichische Militar Repetier Windbuchse that the first ten shots would be effective to about 150 paces the next ten shots up to 120 125 paces the next ten out to 100 paces and then the remaining air pressure in the reservoir would be too low The Girandoni Air Rifle Deadly Under Pressure Guns com Retrieved 18 February 2022 Tucker Spencer C 26 March 2020 Weapons and Warfare From Ancient and Medieval Times to the 21st Century 2 volumes ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 4408 6728 6 External links EditBeeman s History on Austrian Large Bore Airguns I Benemeriti Di Cortina D Ampezzo 1 original 1780 example Girardoni air rifle as used by Lewis and Clark A National Firearms Museum Treasure Gun Wikimedia Commons has media related to Girandoni air rifle Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Girardoni air rifle amp oldid 1167615958, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
