Gibbons–Tsarev equation

The Gibbons–Tsarev equation is an integrable second order nonlinear partial differential equation.^[1] In its simplest form, in two dimensions, it may be written as follows:

${\displaystyle u_{t}u_{xt}-u_{x}u_{tt}+u_{xx}+1=0\qquad (1)}$

The equation arises in the theory of dispersionless integrable systems, as the condition that solutions of the Benney moment equations may be parametrised by only finitely many of their dependent variables, in this case 2 of them. It was first introduced by John Gibbons and Serguei Tsarev in 1996,^[2] This system was also derived,^[3][4] as a condition that two quadratic Hamiltonians should have vanishing Poisson bracket.

Relationship to families of slit maps

The theory of this equation was subsequently developed by Gibbons and Tsarev.^[5] In ${\displaystyle N}$  independent variables, one looks for solutions of the Benney hierarchy in which only ${\displaystyle N}$  of the moments ${\displaystyle A^{n}}$  are independent. The resulting system may always be put in Riemann invariant form. Taking the characteristic speeds to be ${\displaystyle p_{i}}$  and the corresponding Riemann invariants to be ${\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}$ , they are related to the zeroth moment ${\displaystyle A^{0}}$  by:

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial p_{i}}{\partial \lambda _{j}}}=-{\frac {\frac {\partial A^{0}}{\partial \lambda _{j}}}{p_{i}-p_{j}}},\qquad (2a)}$ 

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial A^{0}}{\partial \lambda _{i}\partial \lambda _{j}}}=2{\frac {{\frac {\partial A^{0}}{\partial \lambda _{i}}}{\frac {\partial A^{0}}{\lambda _{j}}}}{(p_{i}-p_{j})^{2}}}.\qquad (2b)}$ 

Both these equations hold for all pairs ${\displaystyle i\neq j}$ .

This system has solutions parametrised by N functions of a single variable. A class of these may be constructed in terms of N-parameter families of conformal maps from a fixed domain D, normally the complex half ${\displaystyle p}$ -plane, to a similar domain in the ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ -plane but with N slits. Each slit is taken along a fixed curve with one end fixed on the boundary of ${\displaystyle D}$  and one variable end point ${\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}$ ; the preimage of ${\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}$  is ${\displaystyle p_{i}}$ . The system can then be understood as the consistency condition between the set of N Loewner equations describing the growth of each slit:

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial p}{\partial \lambda _{i}}}=-{\frac {\frac {\partial A^{0}}{\partial \lambda _{j}}}{p-p_{i}}}.\qquad (3)}$ 

Analytic solution

An elementary family of solutions to the N-dimensional problem may be derived by setting:

${\displaystyle \lambda ^{N+1}=\prod _{i=0}^{N}(p-q_{i}),}$ 

where the real parameters ${\displaystyle q_{i}}$  satisfy:

${\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{N}q_{i}=0.}$ 

The polynomial on the right hand side has N turning points, ${\displaystyle p=p_{i}}$ , with corresponding ${\displaystyle \lambda =\lambda _{i}}$ . With

${\displaystyle A^{0}={\frac {1}{N+1}}\sum \sum _{i>j}q_{i}q_{j},}$ 

the ${\displaystyle p_{i}}$ and ${\displaystyle A^{0}}$  satisfy the N-dimensional Gibbons–Tsarev equations.

References

1. Andrei D. Polyanin, Valentin F. Zaitsev, Handbook of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations, second edition, p. 764 CRC PRESS
2. J. Gibbons and S.P. Tsarev, Reductions of the Benney Equations, Physics Letters A, Vol. 211, Issue 1, Pages 19–24, 1996.
3. E. Ferapontov, A.P. Fordy, J. Geom. Phys., 21 (1997), p. 169
4. E.V Ferapontov, A.P Fordy, Physica D 108 (1997) 350-364
5. J. Gibbons and S.P. Tsarev, Conformal Maps and the reduction of Benney equations, Phys Letters A, vol 258, No4-6, pp 263–271, 1999.