Geobacter sulfurreducens is a gram-negativemetal- and sulphur-reducing proteobacterium.[1] It is rod-shaped, aerotolerant[2] anaerobe, non-fermentative, has flagellum and type four pili, and is closely related to Geobacter metallireducens. Geobacter sulfurreducens is an anaerobic species of bacteria that comes from the family of bacteria called Geobacteraceae.[3] Under the genus of Geobacter, G. sulfurreducens is one out of twenty different species. The Geobacter genus was discovered by Derek R. Lovley in 1987.[4]G. sulfurreducens was first isolated in Norman, Oklahoma, USA from materials found around the surface of a contaminated ditch.[5]
Geobacter sulfurreducens
A transmission electron micrograph of Geobacter sulfurreducens cells
Credit: Anna Klimes and Ernie Carbone, UMass Amherst
Geobacter sulfurreducens is a rod-shaped microbe with a gram-negative cell wall. Geobacter is known as a type of bacteria that is able to conduct levels of electricity, and the species G. sulfurreducens is also known as “electricigens” due to their ability to create an electric current and produce electricity.[4] A study by Daniel Bond and Derek Lovley in 2003 showed that because of G. sulfurreducens’ ability to conduct electricity, there was a possibility of creating an effective and long lasting microbial fuel cell (MFC).[6] This study proved successful, as it was found that because G. sulfurreducens cells are successful at conducting electricity and changing electrons into electricity, it was also found that this made it possible to have electricity conducted for long periods of time. Due to these findings, organizations such as the World Bank have been heavily funding projects in countries such as Tanzania and Namibia in which they work to harness G. sulfurreducens to run on waste products in order to have electricity for lights and for the charging of batteries.[4]
G. sulfurreducens could be useful in bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater.[7]
Genomeedit
G. sulfurreducens consists of a genome with one single circular chromosome and that single chromosome contains 3,814,139 base pairs (bp).[8] The fact that this microbe has a circular chromosome is a further indication that it is a normal prokaryote, identified as a bacterium. It is predicted that G. sulfurreducens contains 3466 coding sequences, with the average size of these coding sequences being 989 base pairs. The microbe contains a high number of c-type cytochromes, which are utilized for electron transport proteins.[8] There is a hypothesis that due to its genomic make up, G. sulfurreducens is able to identify surfaces and can construct biofilms that are able to conduct electricity by utilizing its ability to transport electrons.[9]
Overall, the genomic make up of G. sulfurreducens appears to support the current understanding of the ways in which the microbe is able to metabolize easily and transport electrons. An interesting part of the microbe's genomic makeup, is that it is missing an enzyme called formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, also referred to as FTS.[8] This is relevant, because FTS is utilized to help the metabolic process – Which is a key function of G. sulfurreducens. Because FTS is an enzyme that is missing, G. sulfurreducens instead utilizes the reverse electron transport process and completely ignores the missing FTS enzyme.
^Caccavo F, Lonergan DJ, Lovley DR, Davis M, Stolz JF, McInerney MJ (October 1994). "Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen- and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganism". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 60 (10): 3752–9. doi:10.1128/AEM.60.10.3752-3759.1994. PMC201883. PMID 7527204.
^Lin, W. C., Coppi, M. V., & Lovley, D. R. (2004). Geobacter sulfurreducens Can Grow with Oxygen as a Terminal Electron Acceptor. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(4), 2525–2528. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.4.2525-2528.2004
^Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (2009). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Taxonomic Abstract for the genera". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/tx.3640 (inactive 2024-04-17).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
^ abcPoddar, Sushmita (2011). "Geobacter: The Electric Microbe! Efficient Microbial Fuel Cells to Generate Clean, Cheap Electricity". Indian Journal of Microbiology. 51 (2): 240–241. doi:10.1007/s12088-011-0180-8. PMC3209890. PMID 22654173.
^Bond, Daniel R. (2003). "Electricity Production by Geobacter sulfurreducens Attached to Electrodes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (3): 1548–1555. doi:10.1128/aem.69.3.1548-1555.2003. PMC150094. PMID 12620842.
^Cologgi, D. L.; Lampa-Pastirk, S.; Speers, A. M.; Kelly, S. D.; Reguera, G. (2011). "Extracellular reduction of uranium via Geobacter conductive pili as a protective cellular mechanism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (37): 15248–15252. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10815248C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108616108. PMC3174638. PMID 21896750.
^ abcMethé, B. A.; Nelson, K. E.; Eisen, J. A.; Paulsen, I. T.; Nelson, W.; Heidelberg, J. F.; Wu, D.; Wu, M.; Ward, N. (2003). "Genome of Geobacter sulfurreducens: Metal Reduction in Subsurface Environments". Science. 302 (5652): 1967–1969. Bibcode:2003Sci...302.1967M. CiteSeerX10.1.1.186.3786. doi:10.1126/science.1088727. JSTOR 3835733. PMID 14671304. S2CID 38404097.
^Chan, Chi Ho; Levar, Caleb E.; Jiménez-Otero, Fernanda; Bond, Daniel R. (2017-10-01). "Genome Scale Mutational Analysis of Geobacter sulfurreducens Reveals Distinct Molecular Mechanisms for Respiration and Sensing of Poised Electrodes versus Fe(III) Oxides". Journal of Bacteriology. 199 (19): e00340–17. doi:10.1128/JB.00340-17. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC5585712. PMID 28674067.
Further readingedit
Bond DR, Lovley DR (March 2003). "Electricity production by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to electrodes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (3): 1548–55. doi:10.1128/aem.69.3.1548-1555.2003. PMC150094. PMID 12620842.
Butler, Jessica E; Young, Nelson D; Aklujkar, Muktak; Lovley, Derek R (2012). "Comparative genomic analysis of Geobacter sulfurreducens KN400, a strain with enhanced capacity for extracellular electron transfer and electricity production". BMC Genomics. 13 (1): 471. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-471. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC3495685. PMID 22967216.
Esteve-Nunez, Abraham; Rothermich, Mary; Sharma, Manju; Lovley, Derek (2005). "Growth of Geobacter sulfurreducens under nutrient-limiting conditions in continuous culture". Environmental Microbiology. 7 (5): 641–648. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00731.x. ISSN 1462-2912. PMID 15819846.
Yang, Tae Hoon; Coppi, Maddalena V; Lovley, Derek R; Sun, Jun (2010). "Metabolic response of Geobacter sulfurreducens towards electron donor/acceptor variation". Microbial Cell Factories. 9 (1): 90. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-9-90. ISSN 1475-2859. PMC3002917. PMID 21092215.
Type strain of Geobacter sulfurreducens at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
January 01, 1970
geobacter, sulfurreducens, gram, negative, metal, sulphur, reducing, proteobacterium, shaped, aerotolerant, anaerobe, fermentative, flagellum, type, four, pili, closely, related, geobacter, metallireducens, anaerobic, species, bacteria, that, comes, from, fami. Geobacter sulfurreducens is a gram negative metal and sulphur reducing proteobacterium 1 It is rod shaped aerotolerant 2 anaerobe non fermentative has flagellum and type four pili and is closely related to Geobacter metallireducens Geobacter sulfurreducens is an anaerobic species of bacteria that comes from the family of bacteria called Geobacteraceae 3 Under the genus of Geobacter G sulfurreducens is one out of twenty different species The Geobacter genus was discovered by Derek R Lovley in 1987 4 G sulfurreducens was first isolated in Norman Oklahoma USA from materials found around the surface of a contaminated ditch 5 Geobacter sulfurreducens A transmission electron micrograph of Geobacter sulfurreducens cells Credit Anna Klimes and Ernie Carbone UMass Amherst Scientific classification Domain Bacteria Phylum Thermodesulfobacteriota Class Desulfuromonadia Order Geobacterales Family Geobacteraceae Genus Geobacter Species G sulfurreducens Binomial name Geobacter sulfurreducensCaccavo Jr et al 1994 Subspecies G s ethanolicus G s sulfurreducens Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Genome 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksCharacteristics edit nbsp Geobacter sulfurreducens and its bacterial nanowires Geobacter sulfurreducens is a rod shaped microbe with a gram negative cell wall Geobacter is known as a type of bacteria that is able to conduct levels of electricity and the species G sulfurreducens is also known as electricigens due to their ability to create an electric current and produce electricity 4 A study by Daniel Bond and Derek Lovley in 2003 showed that because of G sulfurreducens ability to conduct electricity there was a possibility of creating an effective and long lasting microbial fuel cell MFC 6 This study proved successful as it was found that because G sulfurreducens cells are successful at conducting electricity and changing electrons into electricity it was also found that this made it possible to have electricity conducted for long periods of time Due to these findings organizations such as the World Bank have been heavily funding projects in countries such as Tanzania and Namibia in which they work to harness G sulfurreducens to run on waste products in order to have electricity for lights and for the charging of batteries 4 G sulfurreducens could be useful in bioremediation of uranium contaminated groundwater 7 Genome editG sulfurreducens consists of a genome with one single circular chromosome and that single chromosome contains 3 814 139 base pairs bp 8 The fact that this microbe has a circular chromosome is a further indication that it is a normal prokaryote identified as a bacterium It is predicted that G sulfurreducens contains 3466 coding sequences with the average size of these coding sequences being 989 base pairs The microbe contains a high number of c type cytochromes which are utilized for electron transport proteins 8 There is a hypothesis that due to its genomic make up G sulfurreducens is able to identify surfaces and can construct biofilms that are able to conduct electricity by utilizing its ability to transport electrons 9 Overall the genomic make up of G sulfurreducens appears to support the current understanding of the ways in which the microbe is able to metabolize easily and transport electrons An interesting part of the microbe s genomic makeup is that it is missing an enzyme called formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase also referred to as FTS 8 This is relevant because FTS is utilized to help the metabolic process Which is a key function of G sulfurreducens Because FTS is an enzyme that is missing G sulfurreducens instead utilizes the reverse electron transport process and completely ignores the missing FTS enzyme See also editBacterial nanowires Implications and potential applications List of bacterial orders List of bacteria generaReferences edit Caccavo F Lonergan DJ Lovley DR Davis M Stolz JF McInerney MJ October 1994 Geobacter sulfurreducens sp nov a hydrogen and acetate oxidizing dissimilatory metal reducing microorganism Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60 10 3752 9 doi 10 1128 AEM 60 10 3752 3759 1994 PMC 201883 PMID 7527204 Lin W C Coppi M V amp Lovley D R 2004 Geobacter sulfurreducens Can Grow with Oxygen as a Terminal Electron Acceptor Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 4 2525 2528 https doi org 10 1128 AEM 70 4 2525 2528 2004 Parker Charles Thomas Wigley Sarah Garrity George M 2009 Parker Charles Thomas Garrity George M eds Taxonomic Abstract for the genera The NamesforLife Abstracts doi 10 1601 tx 3640 inactive 2024 04 17 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of April 2024 link a b c Poddar Sushmita 2011 Geobacter The Electric Microbe Efficient Microbial Fuel Cells to Generate Clean Cheap Electricity Indian Journal of Microbiology 51 2 240 241 doi 10 1007 s12088 011 0180 8 PMC 3209890 PMID 22654173 Home BioProject NCBI www ncbi nlm nih gov Retrieved 2018 04 11 Bond Daniel R 2003 Electricity Production by Geobacter sulfurreducens Attached to Electrodes Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 3 1548 1555 doi 10 1128 aem 69 3 1548 1555 2003 PMC 150094 PMID 12620842 Cologgi D L Lampa Pastirk S Speers A M Kelly S D Reguera G 2011 Extracellular reduction of uranium via Geobacter conductive pili as a protective cellular mechanism Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 37 15248 15252 Bibcode 2011PNAS 10815248C doi 10 1073 pnas 1108616108 PMC 3174638 PMID 21896750 a b c Methe B A Nelson K E Eisen J A Paulsen I T Nelson W Heidelberg J F Wu D Wu M Ward N 2003 Genome of Geobacter sulfurreducens Metal Reduction in Subsurface Environments Science 302 5652 1967 1969 Bibcode 2003Sci 302 1967M CiteSeerX 10 1 1 186 3786 doi 10 1126 science 1088727 JSTOR 3835733 PMID 14671304 S2CID 38404097 Chan Chi Ho Levar Caleb E Jimenez Otero Fernanda Bond Daniel R 2017 10 01 Genome Scale Mutational Analysis of Geobacter sulfurreducens Reveals Distinct Molecular Mechanisms for Respiration and Sensing of Poised Electrodes versus Fe III Oxides Journal of Bacteriology 199 19 e00340 17 doi 10 1128 JB 00340 17 ISSN 0021 9193 PMC 5585712 PMID 28674067 Further reading editBond DR Lovley DR March 2003 Electricity production by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to electrodes Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 3 1548 55 doi 10 1128 aem 69 3 1548 1555 2003 PMC 150094 PMID 12620842 Butler Jessica E Young Nelson D Aklujkar Muktak Lovley Derek R 2012 Comparative genomic analysis of Geobacter sulfurreducens KN400 a strain with enhanced capacity for extracellular electron transfer and electricity production BMC Genomics 13 1 471 doi 10 1186 1471 2164 13 471 ISSN 1471 2164 PMC 3495685 PMID 22967216 Esteve Nunez Abraham Rothermich Mary Sharma Manju Lovley Derek 2005 Growth of Geobacter sulfurreducens under nutrient limiting conditions in continuous culture Environmental Microbiology 7 5 641 648 doi 10 1111 j 1462 2920 2005 00731 x ISSN 1462 2912 PMID 15819846 Yang Tae Hoon Coppi Maddalena V Lovley Derek R Sun Jun 2010 Metabolic response of Geobacter sulfurreducens towards electron donor acceptor variation Microbial Cell Factories 9 1 90 doi 10 1186 1475 2859 9 90 ISSN 1475 2859 PMC 3002917 PMID 21092215 External links edit Geobacter sulfurreducens at the Encyclopedia of Life nbsp Type strain of Geobacter sulfurreducens at BacDive the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Geobacter sulfurreducens amp oldid 1219406415, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
