The genioglossus is one of the paired extrinsic muscles of the tongue. It is a fan-shaped muscle that comprises the bulk of the body of the tongue. It arises from the mental spine of the mandible; it inserts onto the hyoid bone, and the bottom of the tongue. It is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII). The genioglossus is the major muscle responsible for protruding (or sticking out) the tongue.
Genioglossus is the fan-shaped extrinsic tongue muscle that forms the majority of the body of the tongue. The muscle is paired, having a left and right portion, which are divided at the midline of the tongue by a septum made of connective tissue.[1]
Originedit
The large part of the muscle arises from the mental spine of the mandible,[2][3] but some fibers originate directly from the hyoid bone and connect vertically to the tongue.[1]
Insertionedit
Its insertions are the hyoid bone and the bottom of the tongue.[2][3]
The left and right genioglossus muscles protrude the tongue (anteriorly, out of the mouth) and deviate it towards the opposite side. When acting together, the muscles protrude the tongue directly forward and depress the center of the tongue at its back.[2]
Clinical significanceedit
Contraction of the genioglossus stabilizes and enlarges the portion of the upper airway that is most vulnerable to collapse. Relaxation of the genioglossus and geniohyoideus muscles, especially during REM sleep, is implicated in obstructive sleep apnea.[5] Given this connection, the mandible can be pulled forward to maximise the airway space, and prevent the tongue from sinking backwards under anaesthesia and obstructing the airway.[2]
The genioglossus is often used as a proxy to test the function of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), by asking a patient to stick out their tongue. Peripheral damage to the hypoglossal nerve can result in deviation of the tongue to the damaged side. If the tongue protrudes directly forward instead of deviating to either side, then the hypoglossal nerves are likely not injured.[1]
Historyedit
The name derives from the Greek words γένειον (geneion) meaning "chin", and γλῶσσα (glōssa) meaning "tongue." The earliest recorded mention is by Helkiah Crooke in the early seventeenth century.[6]
Other animalsedit
The canine genioglossus muscle has been divided into horizontal and oblique compartments.[7]
Referencesedit
^ abcdDrake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 991–2. ISBN978-0-443-06612-2.
^ abcdefSusan Standring; Neil R. Borley; et al., eds. (2008). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 503–5. ISBN978-0-8089-2371-8.
^ abSingh, Inderbir (2009). Essentials of anatomy (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. p. 348. ISBN978-81-8448-461-8.
^M. J. T. Fitzgerald; Gregory Gruener; Estomih Mtui (2012). Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. Saunders/Elsevier. p. 216. ISBN978-0-7020-4042-9.
^den Herder, Cindy; Schmeck, Joachim; Appelboom, Dick J K; de Vries, Nico (2004). "Risks of general anaesthesia in people with obstructive sleep apnoea". BMJ. 329 (7472): 955–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7472.955. PMC524108. PMID 15499112.
^. Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
^Mu, Liancai; Sanders, Ira (2000). "Neuromuscular specializations of the pharyngeal dilator muscles: II. Compartmentalization of the canine genioglossus muscle". The Anatomical Record. 260 (3): 308–25. doi:10.1002/1097-0185(20001101)260:3<308::aid-ar70>3.0.co;2-n. PMID 11066041.
External linksedit
Anatomy figure: 34:02-01 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
. Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26.
January 01, 1970
genioglossus, genioglossus, paired, extrinsic, muscles, tongue, shaped, muscle, that, comprises, bulk, body, tongue, arises, from, mental, spine, mandible, inserts, onto, hyoid, bone, bottom, tongue, innervated, hypoglossal, nerve, cranial, nerve, genioglossus. The genioglossus is one of the paired extrinsic muscles of the tongue It is a fan shaped muscle that comprises the bulk of the body of the tongue It arises from the mental spine of the mandible it inserts onto the hyoid bone and the bottom of the tongue It is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve cranial nerve XII The genioglossus is the major muscle responsible for protruding or sticking out the tongue GenioglossusExtrinsic muscles of the tongue Left side Muscles of the tongue from below with genioglossus visible at topDetailsOriginSuperior part of mental spine of mandible symphysis menti InsertionUnderside of tongue and body of hyoidArteryLingual arteryNerveHypoglossal nerveActionsInferior fibers protrude the tongue middle fibers depress the tongue and its superior fibers draw the tip back and downIdentifiersLatinmusculus genioglossusTA98A05 1 04 101TA22117FMA46690Anatomical terms of muscle edit on Wikidata Contents 1 Structure 1 1 Origin 1 2 Insertion 1 3 Innervation 1 4 Blood supply 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 History 5 Other animals 6 References 7 External linksStructure editGenioglossus is the fan shaped extrinsic tongue muscle that forms the majority of the body of the tongue The muscle is paired having a left and right portion which are divided at the midline of the tongue by a septum made of connective tissue 1 Origin edit The large part of the muscle arises from the mental spine of the mandible 2 3 but some fibers originate directly from the hyoid bone and connect vertically to the tongue 1 Insertion edit Its insertions are the hyoid bone and the bottom of the tongue 2 3 Innervation edit The genioglossus is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve 2 as are all muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus 4 Blood supply edit Blood is supplied to the sublingual branch of the lingual artery a branch of the external carotid artery 2 1 Function editThe left and right genioglossus muscles protrude the tongue anteriorly out of the mouth and deviate it towards the opposite side When acting together the muscles protrude the tongue directly forward and depress the center of the tongue at its back 2 Clinical significance editContraction of the genioglossus stabilizes and enlarges the portion of the upper airway that is most vulnerable to collapse Relaxation of the genioglossus and geniohyoideus muscles especially during REM sleep is implicated in obstructive sleep apnea 5 Given this connection the mandible can be pulled forward to maximise the airway space and prevent the tongue from sinking backwards under anaesthesia and obstructing the airway 2 The genioglossus is often used as a proxy to test the function of the hypoglossal nerve CN XII by asking a patient to stick out their tongue Peripheral damage to the hypoglossal nerve can result in deviation of the tongue to the damaged side If the tongue protrudes directly forward instead of deviating to either side then the hypoglossal nerves are likely not injured 1 History editThe name derives from the Greek words geneion geneion meaning chin and glῶssa glōssa meaning tongue The earliest recorded mention is by Helkiah Crooke in the early seventeenth century 6 Other animals editThe canine genioglossus muscle has been divided into horizontal and oblique compartments 7 References edit a b c d Drake Richard L Vogl Wayne Tibbitts Adam W M Mitchell 2005 Gray s anatomy for students Philadelphia Elsevier Churchill Livingstone pp 991 2 ISBN 978 0 443 06612 2 a b c d e f Susan Standring Neil R Borley et al eds 2008 Gray s anatomy the anatomical basis of clinical practice 40th ed London Churchill Livingstone pp 503 5 ISBN 978 0 8089 2371 8 a b Singh Inderbir 2009 Essentials of anatomy 2nd ed New Delhi Jaypee Bros p 348 ISBN 978 81 8448 461 8 M J T Fitzgerald Gregory Gruener Estomih Mtui 2012 Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience Saunders Elsevier p 216 ISBN 978 0 7020 4042 9 den Herder Cindy Schmeck Joachim Appelboom Dick J K de Vries Nico 2004 Risks of general anaesthesia in people with obstructive sleep apnoea BMJ 329 7472 955 9 doi 10 1136 bmj 329 7472 955 PMC 524108 PMID 15499112 genioglossus definition of genioglossus in English Oxford Dictionaries Oxford Dictionaries English Archived from the original on March 26 2017 Retrieved 2017 03 26 Mu Liancai Sanders Ira 2000 Neuromuscular specializations of the pharyngeal dilator muscles II Compartmentalization of the canine genioglossus muscle The Anatomical Record 260 3 308 25 doi 10 1002 1097 0185 20001101 260 3 lt 308 aid ar70 gt 3 0 co 2 n PMID 11066041 External links editAnatomy figure 34 02 01 at Human Anatomy Online SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy diagram 25420 000 1 Roche Lexicon illustrated navigator Elsevier Archived from the original on 2015 02 26 Frontal section Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Genioglossus amp oldid 1218902474, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
