The North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, formally known as the Convention between the United States and Other Powers Providing for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals, was a treaty signed on July 7, 1911, designed to manage the commercial harvest of fur-bearing mammals (such as Northern fur seals and sea otters) in the Pribilof Islands of the Bering Sea. The treaty, signed by the United States, Great Britain (also representing Canada), Japan, and Russia, outlawed open-water seal hunting and acknowledged the United States' jurisdiction in managing the on-shore hunting of seals for commercial purposes. It was the first international treaty to address wildlife preservation issues.[1]
The treaty was created to regulate hunting of the Northern fur seal, pictured here.
The fur seal's range. All pelagic sealing north of the 30th parallel in the Pacific Ocean was banned by the treaty.
The two most significant terms of the treaty were the banning of pelagic seal hunting and the granting of jurisdiction to the United States in managing on-shore hunts.[2] In exchange for granting jurisdiction to the United States, the other signatories to the treaty were guaranteed payments and/or minimum takes of seal furs while the treaty remained in effect, subject to certain conditions.[3]
The treaty also provided an exemption to aboriginal tribes which hunted seals using traditional methods and for non-commercial purposes including food and shelter. Aboriginal tribes specifically mentioned in the treaty include the Aleut and Aino (Ainu) peoples.[3]
Authorship and ratificationedit
The treaty was co-authored by environmentalist Henry Wood Elliott and United States Secretary of State John Hay in 1905, although the treaty was not signed for another six years. [1] The treaty was signed at Washington, on July 7, 1911, with ratifications by each signatory on the following dates:
Ratifications were then exchanged at Washington on December 12, 1911, and the treaty was proclaimed two days later on December 14.[3]
Enactment and legacyedit
Following ratification, the U.S. Congress enacted an immediate five-year moratorium on hunting, to allow for recovery of the decimated herds. The treaty remained in effect until hostilities erupted among the signatories in World War II. However, the treaty set precedent for future national and international laws and treaties, including the Fur Seal Act of 1966 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.[1] On the 100th anniversary of the treaty in 2011, the Pribilof Fur Seal Monument was erected.
^ abc. Edwin Ginn Library at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
Further readingedit
Bailey, Thomas A. "The North Pacific Sealing Convention of 1911." Pacific Historical Review 4.1 (1935): 1–14. online, a standard scholarly history
Castree, Noel. "Nature, economy and the cultural politics of theory: the ‘war against the seals’ in the Bering Sea, 1870–1911." Geoforum 28.1 (1997): 1–20. online[dead link]
Irwin, Robert. "Canada, Aboriginal Sealing, and the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention." Environmental History 20.1 (2015): 57–82.
Dorsey, Kurkpatrick. The dawn of conservation diplomacy: US-Canadian wildlife protection treaties in the progressive era (U of Washington Press, 2009). excerpt
Gluek Jr, Alvin C. "Canada's Splendid Bargain: the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911." Canadian Historical Review 63.2 (1982): 179–201.
Townsend C.H Notes on certain Pinnepeds with data respecting their present commercial importance Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society. (1905) 15, 105–116
Young, Oran R., and Gail Osherenko Polar politics: creating international environmental regimes Cornell studies in political economy Cornell University Press, (1993) ISBN978-0801480690
north, pacific, seal, convention, 1911, formally, known, convention, between, united, states, other, powers, providing, preservation, protection, seals, treaty, signed, july, 1911, designed, manage, commercial, harvest, bearing, mammals, such, northern, seals,. The North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 formally known as the Convention between the United States and Other Powers Providing for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals was a treaty signed on July 7 1911 designed to manage the commercial harvest of fur bearing mammals such as Northern fur seals and sea otters in the Pribilof Islands of the Bering Sea The treaty signed by the United States Great Britain also representing Canada Japan and Russia outlawed open water seal hunting and acknowledged the United States jurisdiction in managing the on shore hunting of seals for commercial purposes It was the first international treaty to address wildlife preservation issues 1 The treaty was created to regulate hunting of the Northern fur seal pictured here Contents 1 Terms of the treaty 2 Authorship and ratification 3 Enactment and legacy 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksTerms of the treaty edit nbsp The fur seal s range All pelagic sealing north of the 30th parallel in the Pacific Ocean was banned by the treaty The two most significant terms of the treaty were the banning of pelagic seal hunting and the granting of jurisdiction to the United States in managing on shore hunts 2 In exchange for granting jurisdiction to the United States the other signatories to the treaty were guaranteed payments and or minimum takes of seal furs while the treaty remained in effect subject to certain conditions 3 The treaty also provided an exemption to aboriginal tribes which hunted seals using traditional methods and for non commercial purposes including food and shelter Aboriginal tribes specifically mentioned in the treaty include the Aleut and Aino Ainu peoples 3 Authorship and ratification editThe treaty was co authored by environmentalist Henry Wood Elliott and United States Secretary of State John Hay in 1905 although the treaty was not signed for another six years 1 The treaty was signed at Washington on July 7 1911 with ratifications by each signatory on the following dates United States Ratification advised by the Senate on July 24 1911 and ratified by President William Howard Taft on November 24 1911 Great Britain August 25 1911 Russia October 22 November 4 1911 Japan November 6 1911Ratifications were then exchanged at Washington on December 12 1911 and the treaty was proclaimed two days later on December 14 3 Enactment and legacy editFollowing ratification the U S Congress enacted an immediate five year moratorium on hunting to allow for recovery of the decimated herds The treaty remained in effect until hostilities erupted among the signatories in World War II However the treaty set precedent for future national and international laws and treaties including the Fur Seal Act of 1966 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 1 On the 100th anniversary of the treaty in 2011 the Pribilof Fur Seal Monument was erected References edit a b c North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Bailey 1935 p 13 a b c Convention between the United States Great Britain Russia and Japan for the preservation and protection of fur seals Edwin Ginn Library at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Tufts University Archived from the original on 2008 05 09 Retrieved 2008 08 08 Further reading editBailey Thomas A The North Pacific Sealing Convention of 1911 Pacific Historical Review 4 1 1935 1 14 online a standard scholarly history Castree Noel Nature economy and the cultural politics of theory the war against the seals in the Bering Sea 1870 1911 Geoforum 28 1 1997 1 20 online dead link Irwin Robert Canada Aboriginal Sealing and the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention Environmental History 20 1 2015 57 82 Dorsey Kurkpatrick The dawn of conservation diplomacy US Canadian wildlife protection treaties in the progressive era U of Washington Press 2009 excerpt Gluek Jr Alvin C Canada s Splendid Bargain the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 Canadian Historical Review 63 2 1982 179 201 Townsend C H Notes on certain Pinnepeds with data respecting their present commercial importance Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society 1905 15 105 116 Young Oran R and Gail Osherenko Polar politics creating international environmental regimes Cornell studies in political economy Cornell University Press 1993 ISBN 978 0801480690External links editFull text of the treaty as provided by the Edwin Ginn Library at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Tufts University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 amp oldid 1164020926, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
