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Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records

October 15, 2023

Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR /ˈfɜːrbər/) is a conceptual entity–relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) that relates user tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogues and bibliographic databases from a user’s perspective. It represents a more holistic approach to retrieval and access as the relationships between the entities provide links to navigate through the hierarchy of relationships. The model is significant because it is separate from specific cataloguing standards such as Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR), Resource Description and Access (RDA) and International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD).[1]

User tasks Edit

The ways that people can use FRBR data have been defined as follows: to find entities in a search, to identify an entity as being the correct one, to select an entity that suits the user's needs, or to obtain an entity (physical access or licensing).[2]

FRBR comprises groups of entities:

  • Group 1 entities are work, expression, manifestation, and item (WEMI). They represent the products of intellectual or artistic endeavor.
  • Group 2 entities are person, family and corporate body, responsible for the custodianship of Group 1’s intellectual or artistic endeavor.
  • Group 3 entities are subjects of Group 1 or Group 2’s intellectual endeavor, and include concepts, objects, events, and places.
 
Group 1 entities

Group 1 entities are the foundation of the FRBR model:

  • Work is a "distinct intellectual or artistic creation."[3] For example, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony apart from all ways of expressing it is a work. When we say, "Beethoven's Ninth is magnificent!" we generally are referring to the work.
  • Expression is "the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is 'realized.'"[3] An expression of Beethoven's Ninth might be each draft of the musical score he writes down (not the paper itself, but the music thereby expressed).
  • Manifestation is "the physical embodiment of an expression of a work. As an entity, manifestation represents all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form."[3] The performance the London Philharmonic made of the Ninth in 1996 is a manifestation. It was a physical embodiment even if not recorded, though of course manifestations are most frequently of interest when they are expressed in a persistent form such as a recording or printing. When we say, "The recording of the London Philharmonic's 1996 performance captured the essence of the Ninth," we are generally referring to a manifestation.
  • Item is "a single exemplar of a manifestation. The entity defined as item is a concrete entity."[3] Each copy of the 1996 pressings of that 1996 recording is an item. When we say, "Both copies of the London Philharmonic's 1996 performance of the Ninth are checked out of my local library," we are generally referring to items.

Group 1 entities are not strictly hierarchical, because entities do not always inherit properties from other entities.[4] Despite initial positive assessments of FRBR clarifying the thoughts around the conceptual underpinnings of works, there has been later disagreement about what the Group 1 entities actually mean.[5] The distinction between Works and Expressions is also unclear in many cases.

Relationships Edit

In addition to the relationships between Group 1 and Groups 2 and 3 discussed above, there are many additional relationships covering such things as digitized editions of a work to the original text, and derivative works such as adaptations and parodies, or new texts which are critical evaluations of a pre-existing text.[6] FRBR is built upon relationships between and among entities. "Relationships serve as the vehicle for depicting the link between one entity and another, and thus as the means of assisting the user to ‘navigate’ the universe that is represented in a bibliography, catalogue, or bibliographic database."[7] Examples of relationship types include, but are not limited to:[8]

Equivalence relationships Edit

Equivalence relationships exist between exact copies of the same manifestation of a work or between an original item and reproductions of it, so long as the intellectual content and authorship are preserved. Examples include reproductions such as copies, issues, facsimiles and reprints, photocopies, and microfilms.

Derivative relationships Edit

Derivative relationships exist between a bibliographic work and a modification based on the work. Examples include:

  • Editions, versions, translations, summaries, abstracts, and digests
  • Adaptations that become new works but are based on old works
  • Genre changes
  • New works based on the style or thematic content of the work

Descriptive relationships Edit

Descriptive relationships exist between a bibliographic entity and a description, criticism, evaluation, or review of that entity, such as between a work and a book review describing it. Descriptive relationships also includes annotated editions, casebooks, commentaries, and critiques of an existing work.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ FRBR: FRBR, RDA, and MARC (PDF), Cooperative and Instructional Programs Division, Library of Congress, September 2012, (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2021, retrieved 22 August 2021
  2. ^ https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frbr/frbr_2008.pdf p.79
  3. ^ a b c d "Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records - Final Report - Part 1". ifla.org. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  4. ^ Renear, Allen H.; Choi, Yunseon (10 October 2007). "Modeling Our Understanding, Understanding Our Models - The Case of Inheritance in FRBR" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 43 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1002/meet.14504301179.
  5. ^ Floyd, Ingbert (2009). "Multiple interpretations: Implications of FRBR as a boundary object". Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 46 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1002/meet.2009.14504603110.
  6. ^ Tillett, Barbara. "What is FRBR?" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  7. ^ "Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records - Final Report - Part 2". ifla.org. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  8. ^ International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. "Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report". Retrieved 3 December 2013.

Further reading Edit

  • Karen Coyle, FRBR Before and After, online, CC-BY license. American Library Association, 2015. ISBN 978-0-8389-1364-2
  • IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records. Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report. — München: K.G. Saur, 1998. — (UBCIM publications ; new series, vol. 19). — ISBN 3-598-11382-X. (Accessed Nov. 6, 2005)
  • Madison, Olivia M.A. (July 2000). "The IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records". Library Resources & Technical Services. 3. 44 (3): 153–159. doi:10.5860/lrts.44n3.153. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  • Tillett, Barbara. FRBR: A Conceptual Model for the Bibliographic Universe. Library of Congress Cataloging Distribution Service, 2004. (Accessed Nov. 6, 2005)

External links Edit

  • Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
  • Library of Congress Training for RDA: Resource Description & Access: FRBR: FRBR, RDA, and MARC

October 15, 2023
functional, requirements, bibliographic, records, frbr, ɜːr, conceptual, entity, relationship, model, developed, international, federation, library, associations, institutions, ifla, that, relates, user, tasks, retrieval, access, online, library, catalogues, b. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records FRBR ˈ f ɜːr b er is a conceptual entity relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions IFLA that relates user tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogues and bibliographic databases from a user s perspective It represents a more holistic approach to retrieval and access as the relationships between the entities provide links to navigate through the hierarchy of relationships The model is significant because it is separate from specific cataloguing standards such as Anglo American Cataloguing Rules AACR Resource Description and Access RDA and International Standard Bibliographic Description ISBD 1 Contents 1 User tasks 2 Relationships 2 1 Equivalence relationships 2 2 Derivative relationships 2 3 Descriptive relationships 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksUser tasks EditThe ways that people can use FRBR data have been defined as follows to find entities in a search to identify an entity as being the correct one to select an entity that suits the user s needs or to obtain an entity physical access or licensing 2 FRBR comprises groups of entities Group 1 entities are work expression manifestation and item WEMI They represent the products of intellectual or artistic endeavor Group 2 entities are person family and corporate body responsible for the custodianship of Group 1 s intellectual or artistic endeavor Group 3 entities are subjects of Group 1 or Group 2 s intellectual endeavor and include concepts objects events and places nbsp Group 1 entitiesGroup 1 entities are the foundation of the FRBR model Work is a distinct intellectual or artistic creation 3 For example Beethoven s Ninth Symphony apart from all ways of expressing it is a work When we say Beethoven s Ninth is magnificent we generally are referring to the work Expression is the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is realized 3 An expression of Beethoven s Ninth might be each draft of the musical score he writes down not the paper itself but the music thereby expressed Manifestation is the physical embodiment of an expression of a work As an entity manifestation represents all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics in respect to both intellectual content and physical form 3 The performance the London Philharmonic made of the Ninth in 1996 is a manifestation It was a physical embodiment even if not recorded though of course manifestations are most frequently of interest when they are expressed in a persistent form such as a recording or printing When we say The recording of the London Philharmonic s 1996 performance captured the essence of the Ninth we are generally referring to a manifestation Item is a single exemplar of a manifestation The entity defined as item is a concrete entity 3 Each copy of the 1996 pressings of that 1996 recording is an item When we say Both copies of the London Philharmonic s 1996 performance of the Ninth are checked out of my local library we are generally referring to items Group 1 entities are not strictly hierarchical because entities do not always inherit properties from other entities 4 Despite initial positive assessments of FRBR clarifying the thoughts around the conceptual underpinnings of works there has been later disagreement about what the Group 1 entities actually mean 5 The distinction between Works and Expressions is also unclear in many cases Relationships EditIn addition to the relationships between Group 1 and Groups 2 and 3 discussed above there are many additional relationships covering such things as digitized editions of a work to the original text and derivative works such as adaptations and parodies or new texts which are critical evaluations of a pre existing text 6 FRBR is built upon relationships between and among entities Relationships serve as the vehicle for depicting the link between one entity and another and thus as the means of assisting the user to navigate the universe that is represented in a bibliography catalogue or bibliographic database 7 Examples of relationship types include but are not limited to 8 Equivalence relationships Edit Equivalence relationships exist between exact copies of the same manifestation of a work or between an original item and reproductions of it so long as the intellectual content and authorship are preserved Examples include reproductions such as copies issues facsimiles and reprints photocopies and microfilms Derivative relationships Edit Derivative relationships exist between a bibliographic work and a modification based on the work Examples include Editions versions translations summaries abstracts and digests Adaptations that become new works but are based on old works Genre changes New works based on the style or thematic content of the workDescriptive relationships Edit Descriptive relationships exist between a bibliographic entity and a description criticism evaluation or review of that entity such as between a work and a book review describing it Descriptive relationships also includes annotated editions casebooks commentaries and critiques of an existing work See also EditBIBFRAME Functional Requirements for Authority Data FRAD FRSAD FRBRoo IFLA Library Reference Model International Cataloguing Principles ICP Resource Description and Access RDA Paris Principles PP References Edit FRBR FRBR RDA and MARC PDF Cooperative and Instructional Programs Division Library of Congress September 2012 archived PDF from the original on 23 April 2021 retrieved 22 August 2021 https www ifla org files assets cataloguing frbr frbr 2008 pdf p 79 a b c d Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Final Report Part 1 ifla org Retrieved 15 April 2014 Renear Allen H Choi Yunseon 10 October 2007 Modeling Our Understanding Understanding Our Models The Case of Inheritance in FRBR PDF Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 43 1 1 16 doi 10 1002 meet 14504301179 Floyd Ingbert 2009 Multiple interpretations Implications of FRBR as a boundary object Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 46 1 1 8 doi 10 1002 meet 2009 14504603110 Tillett Barbara What is FRBR PDF Library of Congress Retrieved 5 August 2017 Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Final Report Part 2 ifla org Retrieved 15 April 2014 International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Final Report Retrieved 3 December 2013 This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations September 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Further reading EditKaren Coyle FRBR Before and After online CC BY license American Library Association 2015 ISBN 978 0 8389 1364 2 IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Functional requirements for bibliographic records final report Munchen K G Saur 1998 UBCIM publications new series vol 19 ISBN 3 598 11382 X Accessed Nov 6 2005 Madison Olivia M A July 2000 The IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Library Resources amp Technical Services 3 44 3 153 159 doi 10 5860 lrts 44n3 153 Retrieved 16 February 2013 Tillett Barbara FRBR A Conceptual Model for the Bibliographic Universe Library of Congress Cataloging Distribution Service 2004 Accessed Nov 6 2005 External links EditRDA Resource Description and Access Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions Library of Congress Training for RDA Resource Description amp Access FRBR FRBR RDA and MARC Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records amp oldid 1170594689, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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