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Alonso de Molina

November 17, 2023

Alonso de Molina (1513[1] or 1514[2][3] – 1579[1] or 1585[2][3]) was a Franciscan priest and grammarian, who wrote a well-known dictionary of the Nahuatl language published in 1571 and still used by scholars working on Nahuatl texts in the tradition of the New Philology.[4][5] He also wrote a bilingual confessional manual for priests who served in Nahuatl-speaking communities.[6]

"La doctrina cristiana en mexicano" (Christian doctrine in Nahuatl (Mexican)) by the author

Biography edit

He was born in Extremadura, Spain in the Province of Cáceres, and he arrived in Mexico, still a child, in 1522, during the Spanish conquest of Mexico.[7] He grew up playing with monolingual Nahuatl-speaking children in the streets as the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, was being refashioned into Mexico City and so he became a fluent speaker of Nahuatl.[8] In 1528, as a young man, he entered the Franciscan convent of Mexico City becoming a friar. He taught at the Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco along with Bernardino de Sahagún, Andrés de Olmos, Arnaldo de Basaccio, Juan de Gaona, and Maturino Gilberti[9] Students at the school were also important. Juan Badiano, a student at the school, translated a Nahuatl herbal into Latin.[9] Besides his clerical duties, Molina devoted himself to studying, understanding, and writing Nahuatl. He composed and preached many sermons in the language.

Vocabulary edit

 
Molina's dictionary.

Molina's Vocabulary in Castilian and Mexican language, which he composed between 1555 and 1571, was the first dictionary printed in the New World and, together with Olmos's work, was the first published systematic approach to an indigenous language. It is still considered an indispensable tool for students of Classical Nahuatl.[10]

According to James Lockhart, "Molina went far beyond utilitarian basics to include a vast range of vocabulary, making many subtle semantic and grammatical distinctions."[11]

Molina's work creating tools for Nahuatl came under scrutiny by the Inquisition along with those of other Franciscans. In 1574, he attempted to reprint his Vocabulary, an indispensable tool for evangelization in Nahuatl, but the Inquisition compelled him to restate sections of his introduction to the work that it considered to be incorrect.[12]

Lockhart's analysis of Nahuatl as an index of cultural change relies on Molina's 1555 Vocabulary, which translates Nahuatl (Mexicana) to Spanish (Castellana), as a key source for loanwords from Spanish into Nahuatl in which he calls Stage 2, the second generation of language contact (ca. 1550 to 1600).[13] Molina records many nouns from Spanish that became integrated into Nahuatl, but his dictionary also records Nahuatl descriptions of Spanish concepts or objects. Lockhart listed some of them, including "bier" = miccatlapechtli "dead-person platform"; "plow" = quaquauhe ielimiquia "means by which an ox cultivates"; "justice, the law (justicia)" = tlamelahuacahihualiztli "doing things straight"; "pirate" = acalco tenamoyani "one who robs people on a boat".[14]

Molina's Confessionario (1569) includes a model testament, with elements that were standard features of Nahuatl wills: an invocation, the name and the residence of the testator, declarations of the testator being of sound mind, the disposition of property to particular heirs or designation of property to be sold for masses, and the closing section with named executors (albaceas) and witnesses (testigos).[15][16][17]

Works edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Guadalupe Hidalgo, Margarita (2006). Mexican indigenous languages at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Walter de Gruyter. p. 39. ISBN 3-11-018597-0..
  2. ^ a b Hernández de León-Portilla 2007, p. 63.
  3. ^ a b Stevenson, Robert (1968). Music in Aztec & Inca Territory. University of California Press. p. 106..
  4. ^ Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en la lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana(1571). Mexico: Editorial Porrúa.
  5. ^ Lockhart, James (2001). Nahuatl as written: lessons in older written Nahuatl, with copious examples and texts. Stanford University Press. p. 152. ISBN 0-8047-4282-0..
  6. ^ Alonso de Molina, Confessionario mayor en la lengua castellana y mexicana (1569). With introduction by Roberto Moreno. Mexico: Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1984.
  7. ^ Escandón, Patricia (2006). De la Iglesia indiana: Homenaje a Elsa Cecilia Frost. UNAM. p. 17. ISBN 970-32-4171-9..
  8. ^ Hernández de León-Portilla 2007, p. 74.
  9. ^ a b Georges Baudot, Utopia and History in Mexico: The First Chronicles of Mexican Civilization, 1520-1569. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Boulder: University of Colorado Press 1995, p. 114.
  10. ^ Karttunen, Frances E. (1992). An analytical dictionary of Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. p. xvii (Introduction). ISBN 0-8061-2421-0..
  11. ^ James Lockhart, The Nahuas After the Conquesy. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992, p. 6
  12. ^ Georges Baudot, Utopia and History in Mexico: The First Chronicles of Mexican Civilization, 1520-1569. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Boulder: University of Colorado Press 1995, p. 100 citing Carta del doctor d. Pedro Moya de Contreras al presidente del Consejo de Indias, Mexico, 24 de marzo de 1574, in F. del Paso y Troncoso, Epistolario de Nueva España, Mexico: 1939-43: vol. 11, p. 141.
  13. ^ James Lockhart, The Nahuas After the Conquest. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992, pp. 284-88
  14. ^ Lockhart, Nahuas After the Conquest, p. 266, Table 7.1 "Early Nahuatl Descriptions of Spanish Introductions and Concepts". p. 266.
  15. ^ Alonso de Molina, Confessionario mayor ff. 61-63v.
  16. ^ Lockhart, Nahuas After the Conquest, Appendix B "Molina's Model Testament", pp. 468-474.
  17. ^ Sarah Cline, "Fray Alonso de Molina's Model Testament and Antecedents to Indigenous Wills in Spanish America" in Dead Giveaways: Indigenous Testaments of Colonial Mesoamerica and the Andes, Susan Kellogg and Matthew Restall, eds. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1998.
  18. ^ Hernández de León-Portilla 2007, p. 73.

References edit

  • Hernández de León-Portilla, Ascensión (2009). (PDF). Estudios de Historia Novohispana (in Spanish). UNAM (39): 167–206. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
  • Hernández de León-Portilla, Ascensión (January–June 2007). (PDF). Estudios de Historia Novohispana (in Spanish). UNAM (36): 63–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
  • Máynez, Pilar (2002). "Las doctrinas de Molina y Sahagún: similitudes y diferencias" (PDF). Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (in Spanish). UNAM (33): 267–276.
  • Máynez, Pilar (1999). "La incidencia de hispanismos en los "confessionarios" mayor y menor de fray Alonso de Molina: un análisis contrastivo" (PDF). Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (in Spanish). UNAM (30): 275–284.
  • Hernández de León-Portilla, Ascensión (1999). (PDF). Estudios de Historia Novohispana (in Spanish). UNAM (29): 199–208. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-04-02.

November 17, 2023
alonso, molina, 1513, 1514, 1579, 1585, franciscan, priest, grammarian, wrote, well, known, dictionary, nahuatl, language, published, 1571, still, used, scholars, working, nahuatl, texts, tradition, philology, also, wrote, bilingual, confessional, manual, prie. Alonso de Molina 1513 1 or 1514 2 3 1579 1 or 1585 2 3 was a Franciscan priest and grammarian who wrote a well known dictionary of the Nahuatl language published in 1571 and still used by scholars working on Nahuatl texts in the tradition of the New Philology 4 5 He also wrote a bilingual confessional manual for priests who served in Nahuatl speaking communities 6 La doctrina cristiana en mexicano Christian doctrine in Nahuatl Mexican by the author Contents 1 Biography 2 Vocabulary 3 Works 4 Notes 5 ReferencesBiography editHe was born in Extremadura Spain in the Province of Caceres and he arrived in Mexico still a child in 1522 during the Spanish conquest of Mexico 7 He grew up playing with monolingual Nahuatl speaking children in the streets as the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan was being refashioned into Mexico City and so he became a fluent speaker of Nahuatl 8 In 1528 as a young man he entered the Franciscan convent of Mexico City becoming a friar He taught at the Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco along with Bernardino de Sahagun Andres de Olmos Arnaldo de Basaccio Juan de Gaona and Maturino Gilberti 9 Students at the school were also important Juan Badiano a student at the school translated a Nahuatl herbal into Latin 9 Besides his clerical duties Molina devoted himself to studying understanding and writing Nahuatl He composed and preached many sermons in the language Vocabulary edit nbsp Molina s dictionary Molina s Vocabulary in Castilian and Mexican language which he composed between 1555 and 1571 was the first dictionary printed in the New World and together with Olmos s work was the first published systematic approach to an indigenous language It is still considered an indispensable tool for students of Classical Nahuatl 10 According to James Lockhart Molina went far beyond utilitarian basics to include a vast range of vocabulary making many subtle semantic and grammatical distinctions 11 Molina s work creating tools for Nahuatl came under scrutiny by the Inquisition along with those of other Franciscans In 1574 he attempted to reprint his Vocabulary an indispensable tool for evangelization in Nahuatl but the Inquisition compelled him to restate sections of his introduction to the work that it considered to be incorrect 12 Lockhart s analysis of Nahuatl as an index of cultural change relies on Molina s 1555 Vocabulary which translates Nahuatl Mexicana to Spanish Castellana as a key source for loanwords from Spanish into Nahuatl in which he calls Stage 2 the second generation of language contact ca 1550 to 1600 13 Molina records many nouns from Spanish that became integrated into Nahuatl but his dictionary also records Nahuatl descriptions of Spanish concepts or objects Lockhart listed some of them including bier miccatlapechtli dead person platform plow quaquauhe ielimiquia means by which an ox cultivates justice the law justicia tlamelahuacahihualiztli doing things straight pirate acalco tenamoyani one who robs people on a boat 14 Molina s Confessionario 1569 includes a model testament with elements that were standard features of Nahuatl wills an invocation the name and the residence of the testator declarations of the testator being of sound mind the disposition of property to particular heirs or designation of property to be sold for masses and the closing section with named executors albaceas and witnesses testigos 15 16 17 Works editThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items August 2008 Doctrina christiana breve traduzida en lengua mexicana 1547 18 Aqui comienca un vocabulario en la lengua castellana y mexicana 1555 Confessionario mayor en lengua mexicana y castellana 1565 Arte de la lengua mexicana y castellana 1571 Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana 1571 Confessionario breve en lengua mexicana 1577 Notes edit a b Guadalupe Hidalgo Margarita 2006 Mexican indigenous languages at the dawn of the twenty first century Walter de Gruyter p 39 ISBN 3 11 018597 0 a b Hernandez de Leon Portilla 2007 p 63 a b Stevenson Robert 1968 Music in Aztec amp Inca Territory University of California Press p 106 Alonso de Molina Vocabulario en la lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana 1571 Mexico Editorial Porrua Lockhart James 2001 Nahuatl as written lessons in older written Nahuatl with copious examples and texts Stanford University Press p 152 ISBN 0 8047 4282 0 Alonso de Molina Confessionario mayor en la lengua castellana y mexicana 1569 With introduction by Roberto Moreno Mexico Instituto de Investigaciones Filologicas Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico 1984 Escandon Patricia 2006 De la Iglesia indiana Homenaje a Elsa Cecilia Frost UNAM p 17 ISBN 970 32 4171 9 Hernandez de Leon Portilla 2007 p 74 a b Georges Baudot Utopia and History in Mexico The First Chronicles of Mexican Civilization 1520 1569 Translated by Bernard R Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano Boulder University of Colorado Press 1995 p 114 Karttunen Frances E 1992 An analytical dictionary of Nahuatl University of Oklahoma Press p xvii Introduction ISBN 0 8061 2421 0 James Lockhart The Nahuas After the Conquesy Stanford Stanford University Press 1992 p 6 Georges Baudot Utopia and History in Mexico The First Chronicles of Mexican Civilization 1520 1569 Translated by Bernard R Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano Boulder University of Colorado Press 1995 p 100 citing Carta del doctor d Pedro Moya de Contreras al presidente del Consejo de Indias Mexico 24 de marzo de 1574 in F del Paso y Troncoso Epistolario de Nueva Espana Mexico 1939 43 vol 11 p 141 James Lockhart The Nahuas After the Conquest Stanford Stanford University Press 1992 pp 284 88 Lockhart Nahuas After the Conquest p 266 Table 7 1 Early Nahuatl Descriptions of Spanish Introductions and Concepts p 266 Alonso de Molina Confessionario mayor ff 61 63v Lockhart Nahuas After the Conquest Appendix B Molina s Model Testament pp 468 474 Sarah Cline Fray Alonso de Molina s Model Testament and Antecedents to Indigenous Wills in Spanish America in Dead Giveaways Indigenous Testaments of Colonial Mesoamerica and the Andes Susan Kellogg and Matthew Restall eds Salt Lake City University of Utah Press 1998 Hernandez de Leon Portilla 2007 p 73 References editHernandez de Leon Portilla Ascension 2009 El arte de la lengua mexicana y castellana de fray Alonso de Molina morfologia y composicion PDF Estudios de Historia Novohispana in Spanish UNAM 39 167 206 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2010 04 02 Hernandez de Leon Portilla Ascension January June 2007 Fray Alonso de Molina y el proyecto indigenista de la orden serafica PDF Estudios de Historia Novohispana in Spanish UNAM 36 63 81 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2010 04 02 Maynez Pilar 2002 Las doctrinas de Molina y Sahagun similitudes y diferencias PDF Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl in Spanish UNAM 33 267 276 Maynez Pilar 1999 La incidencia de hispanismos en los confessionarios mayor y menor de fray Alonso de Molina un analisis contrastivo PDF Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl in Spanish UNAM 30 275 284 Hernandez de Leon Portilla Ascension 1999 Un prologo en nahuatl suscrito por Bernardino de Sahagun y Alonso de Molina PDF Estudios de Historia Novohispana in Spanish UNAM 29 199 208 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2010 04 02 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alonso de Molina amp oldid 1172447947, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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