Fracture zone

A fracture zone is a linear feature on the ocean floor—often hundreds, even thousands of kilometers long—resulting from the action of offset mid-ocean ridge axis segments. They are a consequence of plate tectonics. Lithospheric plates on either side of an active transform fault move in opposite directions; here, strike-slip activity occurs. Fracture zones extend past the transform faults, away from the ridge axis; are usually seismically inactive (because both plate segments are moving in the same direction), although they can display evidence of transform fault activity, primarily in the different ages of the crust on opposite sides of the zone.

Approximate surface projection on oceans of named fracture zones (orange). Also shown are relevant present plate boundaries (white) and associated features (lighter orange). Click to expand to interactive map.^[1]

Oceanic crust age differences and ridge-ridge transform faulting associated with offset mid-ocean ridge segments lead to the formation of fracture zones.

In actual usage, many transform faults aligned with fracture zones are often loosely referred to as "fracture zones" although technically, they are not. They can be associated with other tectonic features and may be subducted or distorted by later tectonic activity. They are usually defined with bathymetric, gravity and magnetic studies.

Structure and formation

Mid-ocean ridges are divergent plate boundaries. As the plates on either side of an offset mid-ocean ridge move, a transform fault forms at the offset between the two ridges.^[2]

Fracture zones and the transform faults that form them are separate but related features. Transform faults are plate boundaries, meaning that on either side of the fault is a different plate. In contrast, outside of the ridge-ridge transform fault, the crust on both sides belongs to the same plate, and there is no relative motion along the junction.^[3] The fracture zone is thus the junction between oceanic crustal regions of different ages. Because younger crust is generally higher due to increased thermal buoyancy, the fracture zone is characterized by an offset in elevation with an intervening canyon that may be topographically distinct for hundreds or thousands of kilometers on the sea floor.

Geologic importance

As many areas of the ocean floor, particularly the Atlantic Ocean, are currently inactive, it can be difficult to find past plate motion. However, by observing the fracture zones, one can determine both the direction and rate of past plate motion. This is found by observing the patterns of magnetic striping on the ocean floor (a result of the reversals of Earth's magnetic field over time). By measuring the offset in the magnetic striping, one can then determine the rate of past plate motions.^[4] In a similar method, one can use the relative ages of the seafloor on either side of a fracture zone to determine the rate of past plate motions. By comparing how offset similarly aged seafloor is, one can determine how quickly the plate has moved.^[3]

Examples

Main article: List of fracture zones

Blanco Fracture Zone

 

Blanco Fracture Zone map

The Blanco Fracture Zone is a fracture zone running between the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the Gorda Ridge. The dominating feature of the fracture zone is the 150 km long Blanco Ridge, which is a high-angle, right-lateral strike slip fault with some component of dip-slip faulting.^[5]

Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone

 

Bathymetry map of the North Atlantic Ocean showing the full extent of the Charlie-Gibbs fracture zone (horizontal black lines in the center of the image)

The Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone consists of two fracture zones in the North Atlantic that extend for over 2000 km. These fracture zones displace the Mid-Atlantic Ridge a total of 350 km to the west. The section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between the two fracture zones is seismically active.^[6] The flow of major North Atlantic currents is associated with this fracture zone which hosts a diverse deep water ecosystem.^[7]: 3

Heirtzler Fracture Zone

The Heirtzler Fracture Zone was approved by the Advisory Committee on Undersea Features in 1993.^[8]

Mendocino Fracture Zone

The Mendocino Fracture Zone extends for over 4,000 km off the coast of California and separates the Pacific Plate and Gorda Plate. The bathymetric depths on the north side of the fracture zone are 800 to 1,200 m shallower than to the south, suggesting the seafloor north of the ridge to be younger. Geologic evidence backs this up, as rocks were found to be 23 to 27 million years younger north of the ridge than to the south.^[9]

Romanche Fracture Zone

 

The Romanche Fracture Zone with red arrows indicating directions of movements of tectonic plates

Also known as the Romanche Trench, this fracture zone separates the North Atlantic and South Atlantic oceans. The trench reaches 7,758 m deep, is 300 km long, and has a width of 19 km. The fracture zone offsets the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by more than 640 km.^[10]

Sovanco Fracture Zone

The Sovanco Fracture Zone is a dextral-slip transform fault running between the Juan de Fuca and Explorer Ridge in the North Pacific Ocean. The fracture zone is 125 km long and 15 km wide.^[11]

See also

• Plate reconstruction
•   Oceans portal

References

1. General citations for named fracture zones are at page Wikipedia:Map data/Fracture zone and specific citations are in interactive detail.
2. Sandwell, D.T.; Smith, W.H.F. "Exploring the Ocean Basins With Satellite Altimeter Data". NOAA, National Geophysical Data Center & World Data Center A for Marine Geology & Geophysics.
3. "Oceanic Transform Faults and Fracture Zones". Columbia University. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
4. "Understanding Plate Motions". U.S. Geological Survey.
5. Dziak, R. P.; Fox, C. G.; Embley, R. W.; Nabelek, J. L.; Braunmiller, J.; Koski, R. A. (2000). "Recent tectonics of the Blanco Ridge, eastern blanco transform fault zone". Marine Geophysical Researches. 21 (5): 423–450. doi:10.1023/A:1026545910893. S2CID 126819774.
6. Lilwall, R. C.; Kirk, R. E. (1985). "Ocean-bottom seismograph observations on the Charlie-Gibbs fracture zone". Geophysical Journal International. 80 (1): 195. Bibcode:1985GeoJ...80..195L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1985.tb05085.x.
7. Keogh, Poppy; KeoghCommand, Rylan J.; KeoghEdinger, Evan; KeoghGeorgiopoulou, Aggeliki; KeoghRobert, Katleen (2022). "Benthic megafaunal biodiversity of the Charlie-Gibbs fracture zone:spatial variation, potential drivers, and conservation status". Marine Biodiversity. 52 (55): 1–18. doi:10.1007/s12526-022-01285-1. PMC 9512888.
8. . Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
9. "Mendocino Fracture Zone". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
10. "Romanche Gap". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
11. Cowan, Darrel S.; Botros, Mona; Johnson, H. Paul (October 1986). "Bookshelf tectonics: Rotated crustal blocks within the Sovanco Fracture Zone". Geophysical Research Letters. 13 (10): 995–998. Bibcode:1986GeoRL..13..995C. doi:10.1029/GL013i010p00995.