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Fra Mauro formation

January 01, 1970

The Fra Mauro formation (or Fra Mauro Highlands) is a formation on the near side of Earth's Moon that served as the landing site for the American Apollo 14 mission in 1971. It is named after the 80-kilometer-diameter crater Fra Mauro, located within it. The formation, as well as Fra Mauro crater, take their names from a 15th-century Italian monk and mapmaker of the same name. Apollo 13 was originally scheduled to land in the Fra Mauro highlands, but was unable due to an in-flight technical failure.[1][2][3]

Oblique view of Fra Mauro taken from lunar orbit on the Apollo 12 mission.

Fra Mauro is thought to have been formed from ejecta, or debris, from the impact which formed Mare Imbrium. During Apollo 14, the crew members sampled ejecta from Cone crater, a feature close in proximity to the immediate landing site of the mission, which provided insight into the composition of material deep inside the formation. Data from the mission has helped to determine the approximate age of Mare Imbrium, suggesting that it is no more than about 4.25 billion years old.[2][4]

Formation and geography edit

Fra Mauro is a widespread hilly geological area covering large portions of the lunar surface around Mare Imbrium, and is thought to be composed of ejecta from the impact which formed Imbrium. The area is primarily composed of relatively low ridges and hills, between which exist undulating valleys. Much of the ejecta blanket from the Imbrium impact is covered with debris from younger impacts and material churned up by possible moonquakes. Debris found in the formation may have originated from deep beneath the original crust, and samples collected there could give insight into the geologic history of the Moon.[2] The petrology of the formation, based on data obtained on Apollo 14, indicates a history of impact and ejection possibly spanning over approximately 500 million years.[5]

A relatively recent impact created Cone crater, 1,000 feet across and 250 feet deep, near the landing site of Apollo 14. One of the main objectives of that mission was to sample the original Imbrium material located on its rim.[2]

Samples obtained of the Fra Mauro formation during Apollo 14 suggest that the impact that formed the Imbrium basin is no older than 4.25 billion years.[4]

Geology edit

 
Photograph taken on Apollo 14 showing a cluster of boulders near the rim of Cone crater. Note the layering on some of the larger boulders.

Analysis of Apollo 14 samples suggests that there are five major geologic constituents present in the immediate landing area: regolith breccias, fragmental breccias, igneous lithologies, granulitic lithologies, and impact-melt lithologies. Samples of each of these compositions were recovered in one or both of two major surface units of the Apollo 14 landing site within Fra Mauro: the immediate impact blanket of Cone crater, about 25 million years old, and surrounding older terrain.[6]

 
Geologic map of an area of the formation (Click to enlarge and see color key).

During Apollo 14, astronauts Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell recovered ejecta material from the Cone crater impact, which is believed to have excavated Imbrium impact material from a possible depth of about 80 m (260 ft). Most of the samples returned from the Moon from Fra Mauro are classified as breccias from the vicinity of Cone crater.[7]

Studies conducted upon samples from Apollo 14 have shown that the samples do not support the possibility that the landing site is floored by volcanic rocks, or basalts. Basalts are sparse in samples of Cone crater ejecta, but somewhat abundant in samples recovered farther west, on the opposite side of the immediate landing site. Two explanations have been presented for this: (1) the majority of basalt in the landing site lies below the depth of excavation of Cone crater or (2) the presence of a basalt flow beneath the landing area excavated by a nearby crater with a diameter of 100 m (330 ft). It is believed[7] that the former seems more likely, as the basalts are similar to the basalts recovered at Cone crater. It is inconclusive whether or not the recovered basalts have a direct affiliation with the landing site, as it is located in a valley between ridges, and there exists the possibility that the basalts were merely deposited there as a result of other impact events.[7]

The Apollo 14 crew members sampled boulders in the ejecta of Cone crater. These boulders appeared to be layered and fractured breccias, contrasting from the appearance of the surrounding area because of their older age. As these boulders increase in size and number closer to Cone crater, it is believed that they originate from the greatest depth of excavation of Cone crater. These boulders show what is believed to be general characteristics of the Fra Mauro formation: clastic texture, stratification, and jointing or fracturing.[7]

Landing site selection edit

As Apollo 14 was an early Apollo mission, consideration for landing sites was restricted to equatorial regions in order to enable the Moon-bound spacecraft to remain on a free-return trajectory should the Apollo Service Module engine fail.[8] After Apollo 12 demonstrated the ability to land with some degree of precision at a pre-specified landing site, mission planners considered landings in rough, but geologically interesting areas of the Moon.[1]

The aborted Apollo 13 mission was originally scheduled to land at Fra Mauro, with Apollo 14 scheduled to land in the Littrow region of Mare Serenitatis. After Apollo 13 failed to land, mission planners decided to re-target Apollo 14 to Fra Mauro, as they regarded Fra Mauro as more interesting scientifically than the Littrow site. There, Apollo 14 had the objective of sampling ejecta from the Imbrium impact to gain insight into the Moon's geologic history. Mission planners chose a landing site near the relatively freshly formed Cone crater, as this crater served as a 'natural drill hole' to allow the astronauts to obtain Imbrium ejecta, a primary objective of the mission.[1]

 
Panorama of the Apollo 14 landing site taken in 1971.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "Landing Site Overview". Apollo 14 Mission. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d . The Apollo Program. National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  3. ^ "Fra Mauro". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  4. ^ a b Compston, W.; Vernon; Berry; Rudowski (September 1971). "The age of the Fra Mauro Formation: a radiometric older limit". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 12 (1): 55–58. Bibcode:1971E&PSL..12...55C. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(71)90054-9.
  5. ^ Wilshire, H.G.; Jackson (1972). "Petrology of the Fra Mauro Formation at the Apollo 14 Landing Site". Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 3: 803–805. Bibcode:1972LPI.....3..803W.
  6. ^ Stöffler, Bobe; Jessberger, Lingner; Palme, Spettel; Stadermann, Wänke. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d Sutton, Hait, Swann (1972). "Geology of the Apollo 14 landing site". Proceedings of the Third Lunar Science Conference. 1: 27–38. Bibcode:1972LPSC....3...27S.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ . NASA. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2020.

External links edit

  • Area map
  • Geological Survey Professional Paper 880 - Apollo 14 Professional Paper

January 01, 1970
mauro, formation, mauro, highlands, formation, near, side, earth, moon, that, served, landing, site, american, apollo, mission, 1971, named, after, kilometer, diameter, crater, mauro, located, within, formation, well, mauro, crater, take, their, names, from, 1. The Fra Mauro formation or Fra Mauro Highlands is a formation on the near side of Earth s Moon that served as the landing site for the American Apollo 14 mission in 1971 It is named after the 80 kilometer diameter crater Fra Mauro located within it The formation as well as Fra Mauro crater take their names from a 15th century Italian monk and mapmaker of the same name Apollo 13 was originally scheduled to land in the Fra Mauro highlands but was unable due to an in flight technical failure 1 2 3 Oblique view of Fra Mauro taken from lunar orbit on the Apollo 12 mission Fra Mauro is thought to have been formed from ejecta or debris from the impact which formed Mare Imbrium During Apollo 14 the crew members sampled ejecta from Cone crater a feature close in proximity to the immediate landing site of the mission which provided insight into the composition of material deep inside the formation Data from the mission has helped to determine the approximate age of Mare Imbrium suggesting that it is no more than about 4 25 billion years old 2 4 Contents 1 Formation and geography 2 Geology 3 Landing site selection 4 References 5 External linksFormation and geography editFra Mauro is a widespread hilly geological area covering large portions of the lunar surface around Mare Imbrium and is thought to be composed of ejecta from the impact which formed Imbrium The area is primarily composed of relatively low ridges and hills between which exist undulating valleys Much of the ejecta blanket from the Imbrium impact is covered with debris from younger impacts and material churned up by possible moonquakes Debris found in the formation may have originated from deep beneath the original crust and samples collected there could give insight into the geologic history of the Moon 2 The petrology of the formation based on data obtained on Apollo 14 indicates a history of impact and ejection possibly spanning over approximately 500 million years 5 A relatively recent impact created Cone crater 1 000 feet across and 250 feet deep near the landing site of Apollo 14 One of the main objectives of that mission was to sample the original Imbrium material located on its rim 2 Samples obtained of the Fra Mauro formation during Apollo 14 suggest that the impact that formed the Imbrium basin is no older than 4 25 billion years 4 Geology edit nbsp Photograph taken on Apollo 14 showing a cluster of boulders near the rim of Cone crater Note the layering on some of the larger boulders Analysis of Apollo 14 samples suggests that there are five major geologic constituents present in the immediate landing area regolith breccias fragmental breccias igneous lithologies granulitic lithologies and impact melt lithologies Samples of each of these compositions were recovered in one or both of two major surface units of the Apollo 14 landing site within Fra Mauro the immediate impact blanket of Cone crater about 25 million years old and surrounding older terrain 6 nbsp Geologic map of an area of the formation Click to enlarge and see color key During Apollo 14 astronauts Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell recovered ejecta material from the Cone crater impact which is believed to have excavated Imbrium impact material from a possible depth of about 80 m 260 ft Most of the samples returned from the Moon from Fra Mauro are classified as breccias from the vicinity of Cone crater 7 Studies conducted upon samples from Apollo 14 have shown that the samples do not support the possibility that the landing site is floored by volcanic rocks or basalts Basalts are sparse in samples of Cone crater ejecta but somewhat abundant in samples recovered farther west on the opposite side of the immediate landing site Two explanations have been presented for this 1 the majority of basalt in the landing site lies below the depth of excavation of Cone crater or 2 the presence of a basalt flow beneath the landing area excavated by a nearby crater with a diameter of 100 m 330 ft It is believed 7 that the former seems more likely as the basalts are similar to the basalts recovered at Cone crater It is inconclusive whether or not the recovered basalts have a direct affiliation with the landing site as it is located in a valley between ridges and there exists the possibility that the basalts were merely deposited there as a result of other impact events 7 The Apollo 14 crew members sampled boulders in the ejecta of Cone crater These boulders appeared to be layered and fractured breccias contrasting from the appearance of the surrounding area because of their older age As these boulders increase in size and number closer to Cone crater it is believed that they originate from the greatest depth of excavation of Cone crater These boulders show what is believed to be general characteristics of the Fra Mauro formation clastic texture stratification and jointing or fracturing 7 Landing site selection editAs Apollo 14 was an early Apollo mission consideration for landing sites was restricted to equatorial regions in order to enable the Moon bound spacecraft to remain on a free return trajectory should the Apollo Service Module engine fail 8 After Apollo 12 demonstrated the ability to land with some degree of precision at a pre specified landing site mission planners considered landings in rough but geologically interesting areas of the Moon 1 The aborted Apollo 13 mission was originally scheduled to land at Fra Mauro with Apollo 14 scheduled to land in the Littrow region of Mare Serenitatis After Apollo 13 failed to land mission planners decided to re target Apollo 14 to Fra Mauro as they regarded Fra Mauro as more interesting scientifically than the Littrow site There Apollo 14 had the objective of sampling ejecta from the Imbrium impact to gain insight into the Moon s geologic history Mission planners chose a landing site near the relatively freshly formed Cone crater as this crater served as a natural drill hole to allow the astronauts to obtain Imbrium ejecta a primary objective of the mission 1 nbsp Panorama of the Apollo 14 landing site taken in 1971 References edit a b c Landing Site Overview Apollo 14 Mission Lunar and Planetary Institute Retrieved 21 September 2010 a b c d Apollo 14 Landing Site The Apollo Program National Air and Space Museum Archived from the original on 22 April 2012 Retrieved 21 September 2010 Fra Mauro Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature International Astronomical Union Retrieved 21 September 2010 a b Compston W Vernon Berry Rudowski September 1971 The age of the Fra Mauro Formation a radiometric older limit Earth and Planetary Science Letters 12 1 55 58 Bibcode 1971E amp PSL 12 55C doi 10 1016 0012 821X 71 90054 9 Wilshire H G Jackson 1972 Petrology of the Fra Mauro Formation at the Apollo 14 Landing Site Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 3 803 805 Bibcode 1972LPI 3 803W Stoffler Bobe Jessberger Lingner Palme Spettel Stadermann Wanke Fra Mauro Formation Apollo 14 IV Synopsis and Synthesis of Consortium Studies PDF Archived from the original PDF on 30 June 2010 Retrieved 2 December 2010 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c d Sutton Hait Swann 1972 Geology of the Apollo 14 landing site Proceedings of the Third Lunar Science Conference 1 27 38 Bibcode 1972LPSC 3 27S a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Mission and Science Planning Operational Constraints on Landing Sites NASA Archived from the original on 30 July 2021 Retrieved 4 June 2020 External links editArea map Geological Survey Professional Paper 880 Apollo 14 Professional Paper Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fra Mauro formation amp oldid 1221095712, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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