The Majapahit flagand emblem refers to the royal colors and symbols used to represent the Majapahit empire.[1] However, the nature of how the colors and the symbols were used and represented is still a subject of study and disagreement among historians.[2]
Modern representation of the royal colors of the Majapahit empire.
The red-and-white color combination is flown by the Indonesian Navy in the Republic of Indonesia Ship (KRI) as naval jack and pennon, with the name "Lencana Perang" and "Ular-Ular Perang" respectively.[3]
Derivative from the colors of the royal flag of the Majapahit is still used as jack of the Indonesian Navy
The red and white banner is recorded in the Kudadu inscription dated 1294 AD. In the inscription it is said that the red and white banners were flown by Jayakatwang troops from Daha who were chasing Raden Wijaya's troops.[4] The Red and White Charter is another name for the Kudadu inscription.[5] It was stated that Raden Wijaya was being chased by Jayakatwang's troops carrying the flag, when suddenly "the enemy's banner was seen east of Hanyiruh, the colors were red and white" (hana ta tuṅgulniṁ atru layū-layū katon·vetani hañiru[h], bāṁ lāvan putiḥ varṇnanya). This is found on the 3rd line of Kudadu 4v inscription.[6]
When King Hayam Wuruk made a visit to the whole country of Majapahit, the red and white color was noted to be used as a sign of the entourage. Recorded in Nagarakretagama canto 18 stanza 2–4:[7]
Painting by Walter Spies (1931) depicting life in pre-Islamic Java.
Red and white color are used as the colors of the kajang—meaning the side curtains or the semi-cylindrical roof of the carriages, made of palm leaves tacked together or plaited. The red-white combination is considered the most noble.[12]
Lobheng lewih is the name of an ornate motif for a painting, drawing, or textile.[9] This motif is colored red and white, the combination is called gula-kalapa, which is the opposite of pare-anom, namely the green and gold colors, which Daha uses. The combination of red and white is considered the most exalted in Java.[12]
Gringsing is also the name of a decorative motif, especially for weaving and batik. It was probably white and black-colored, spotted, or dotted.[12]
In Nagarakretagama canto 84 stanza 4 also mentioned banners (Old Javanese: dwaja atau dhwaja). The color is not stated, Pigeaud argues that such banners have a symbolic color, with red-white (gula-klapa) be the most sublime combination.[13][14][15]
Sukarno depicted the maritime banner of Majapahit with alternating red and white lines, called it Sang Getih-Getah (The Red-and-White).[16]
State emblemedit
The state emblem of Majapahit (rajasa lancana) is mentioned in Nagarakretagama canto 18 stanza 4. It is noted that when King Hayam Wuruk went to Lumajang, the king's chariot had a cihna, which means identification mark.[17] Its symbol is the wilwa (Sanskrit for maja / bael fruit—Aegle marmelos). The round shape of the maja fruit was probably associated with the position of the king and capital of Majapahit as the center of the Majapahit mandala.[12]
Notesedit
^H. Kern wrote mawan. According to Pigeaud, pinten is used in connection with numbers so mawan doesn't make sense here. He replaced it with kawan, meaning "four" (from "sekawan", the formal idiom).[8]
^H. Kern wrote diwaśaśri, which Pigeaud thought was not making sense. Pigeaud's emendation is handiwaśri, handiwa is other name for sugar-palm.[8]
^N.J. Krom wrote sadahakusuma, which Pigeaud thought was not making sense. The original reading is probably sadak akusuma, betel leaves with flowers.[9]
^Budianto, Enggran Eko (2022-01-14). "Salah Kaprah Lambang Kerajaan-Bendera Majapahit dan Buah Maja". detikJatim. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
^Moelyono, Setiyo, ed. (29 January 2020). "Tradisi TNI Angkatan Laut: Pewarisan Nilai-Nilai Luhur dalam Membangun Semangat Juang dan Karakter Prajurit Matra Laut" (PDF). Dinas Perawatan Personel Angkatan Laut (in Indonesian). Indonesian Navy. pp. 76–79. (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
^Ranoewidjojo, Romo Dony S. (2021). "Bendera Gula Kelapa dan Kontras Bayangan Wayang Kulit Nusantara". Majalah Adiluhung Edisi 28: Wayang, Keris, Batik, dan Kuliner Tradisional. PT Daniasta Perdana. p. 18.
Muljana, Raden Benedictus Slamet (2005). Al-Fayyadl, Muhammad (ed.). Menuju Puncak Kemegahan: Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit. Yogyakarta: LKiS Pelangi Aksara.
Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1960a). Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume I: Javanese Texts in Transcription (3rd revised ed.). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1960b). Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume II: Notes on the Texts and the Translations (3rd revised ed.). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN978-94-011-8774-9.
Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1960c). Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume III: Translations (3rd revised ed.). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN978-94-011-8772-5.
Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1962). Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume IV: Commentaries and Recapitulations (3rd revised ed.). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN978-94-017-7133-7.
Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1963). Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume V: Glossary, General Index (3rd revised ed.). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN978-94-011-8778-7.
Prapanca, Mpu (2018). Isidora (ed.). Kakawin Nagarakertagama: Teks Asli dan Terjemahan. Translated by Saktiani, Damaika; Widya, Kartika; Aminullah, Zakaria Pamuji; Marginingrum, Novi; Septi, Neda (2nd revised ed.). Yogyakarta: Narasi. ISBN978-979-168-553-5.
Yamin, Mohammad (1954). 600 Tahun Sang Merah-Putih, jaitu Uraian Tentang Hasil-Penjelidikan Sedjarah dan Arti jang dikandung Sang Merah-Putih Sebagai Warna-Kebangsaan. Penerbit Siguntang.
flags, emblems, majapahit, majapahit, flag, emblem, refers, royal, colors, symbols, used, represent, majapahit, empire, however, nature, colors, symbols, were, used, represented, still, subject, study, disagreement, among, historians, modern, representation, r. The Majapahit flag and emblem refers to the royal colors and symbols used to represent the Majapahit empire 1 However the nature of how the colors and the symbols were used and represented is still a subject of study and disagreement among historians 2 Modern representation of the royal colors of the Majapahit empire The red and white color combination is flown by the Indonesian Navy in the Republic of Indonesia Ship KRI as naval jack and pennon with the name Lencana Perang and Ular Ular Perang respectively 3 Derivative from the colors of the royal flag of the Majapahit is still used as jack of the Indonesian NavyContents 1 History 2 State emblem 3 Notes 4 Other flags 5 See also 6 References 7 BibliographyHistory editThe red and white banner is recorded in the Kudadu inscription dated 1294 AD In the inscription it is said that the red and white banners were flown by Jayakatwang troops from Daha who were chasing Raden Wijaya s troops 4 The Red and White Charter is another name for the Kudadu inscription 5 It was stated that Raden Wijaya was being chased by Jayakatwang s troops carrying the flag when suddenly the enemy s banner was seen east of Hanyiruh the colors were red and white hana ta tuṅgulniṁ atru layu layu katon vetani haniru h baṁ lavan putiḥ varṇnanya This is found on the 3rd line of Kudadu 4v inscription 6 When King Hayam Wuruk made a visit to the whole country of Majapahit the red and white color was noted to be used as a sign of the entourage Recorded in Nagarakretagama canto 18 stanza 2 4 7 Stanza 2 nistanyasankya tang syandana mapawilanan deni cihnanya bheda tekwan lampah nikapanta tulis ika dudu ri sang mantri samantri rakryan sang mantri mukyapatih i majhapahit sang pranalen kadatwan pinten kawan i sata syandana pulupulutan teki cihnanya neka Stanza 3 sang sri natheng pajang kwehni rathanira padacihnaning handiwasri ii ndan sri natheng lasem sok rathanira matulis nandaka sweta sobha sang sri natheng daha cihna sadak akusuma iii syandanabhratulis mas mukyang sri jiwanendrasakata samasama cihna lobheng lwih sok Stanza 4 ndan sang sri tiktawilwaprabhu sakatanirasankya cihnanya wilwa gringsing lobheng lwih laka pada tinulis ing mas kajangnyan rinenga salwirning pungawamwat bini haji nuniweh swari sri sudewi sakwehning pekabharyya sakata nika sinang panharpning sapanta Translations 10 Stanza 2 Although numberless yet the carts had means to be counted namely by their different marks Naturally the tour of those carts went in groups those drawings on their sides were not the same from one mantri to another The rakryan Right Honourable the honoured mantri principal the prime minister of Majapahit is the honoured mediator of the Royal Family Even as many as four hundred carts pupulutan was their mark in great numbers Stanza 3 The honoured Illustrious Protector of Pajang the great number of Her wagons alike had the mark of the handiwa sugar palm glorious Then the Illustrious Protector of Lasem crowded were Her wagons with drawings a white bull splendid The honoured IIlustrious Protector of Daha had for marks sadak betel leaves with flowers the carts were glittering with drawings of gold The principal is the IIlustrious Jiwana monarch with cars all alike having for mark lobheng lewih figures crowded Stanza 4 Then the honoured Illustrious Tikta Wilwa Majapahit Prabhu His cars were numberless their marks were wilwas maja bael fruit Of gringsing lobheng lewih laka alike drawn in gold were their kajangs screens with ornaments All kinds of punggawas superior serving men conveyed the bini hajis ladies of the keputren and also the Mistress the IlIustrious Sudewi All the followers wives those cars were open the vanguard of the whole group From the translation the colors and emblems used by Majapahit can be classified as follows 11 Group Emblem Motif Color NotesPrime minister Gajah Mada Pupulutan Urena lobata Ruler of Pajang Handiwa Sugar palm Arenga pinnata Dark color According to Pigeaud Hayam Wuruk s sisterRuler of Lasem White bull White According to Pigeaud Hayam Wuruk s cousinRuler of Daha Betel leaves with flowers Green and gold According to Pigeaud Hayam Wuruk s auntRuler of Jiwana Lobheng lewih Red and white The ruler of Jiwana Kahuripan according to Pigeaud was the mother of the KingKing Hayam Wuruk Maja bael fruit Aegle marmelos Gringsing lobheng lewih Black white red white laka red mas gold nbsp Painting by Walter Spies 1931 depicting life in pre Islamic Java Red and white color are used as the colors of the kajang meaning the side curtains or the semi cylindrical roof of the carriages made of palm leaves tacked together or plaited The red white combination is considered the most noble 12 Lobheng lewih is the name of an ornate motif for a painting drawing or textile 9 This motif is colored red and white the combination is called gula kalapa which is the opposite of pare anom namely the green and gold colors which Daha uses The combination of red and white is considered the most exalted in Java 12 Gringsing is also the name of a decorative motif especially for weaving and batik It was probably white and black colored spotted or dotted 12 In Nagarakretagama canto 84 stanza 4 also mentioned banners Old Javanese dwaja atau dhwaja The color is not stated Pigeaud argues that such banners have a symbolic color with red white gula klapa be the most sublime combination 13 14 15 Sukarno depicted the maritime banner of Majapahit with alternating red and white lines called it Sang Getih Getah The Red and White 16 State emblem editThe state emblem of Majapahit rajasa lancana is mentioned in Nagarakretagama canto 18 stanza 4 It is noted that when King Hayam Wuruk went to Lumajang the king s chariot had a cihna which means identification mark 17 Its symbol is the wilwa Sanskrit for maja bael fruit Aegle marmelos The round shape of the maja fruit was probably associated with the position of the king and capital of Majapahit as the center of the Majapahit mandala 12 Notes edit H Kern wrote mawan According to Pigeaud pinten is used in connection with numbers so mawan doesn t make sense here He replaced it with kawan meaning four from sekawan the formal idiom 8 H Kern wrote diwasasri which Pigeaud thought was not making sense Pigeaud s emendation is handiwasri handiwa is other name for sugar palm 8 N J Krom wrote sadahakusuma which Pigeaud thought was not making sense The original reading is probably sadak akusuma betel leaves with flowers 9 Other flags editFlags with similar design nbsp Indonesian flag nbsp Flag of Poland nbsp Flag of Monaco nbsp Flag of Hesse nbsp Flag of Alsace nbsp Indonesian Navy naval jack nbsp Bali Kingdom flag nbsp British East India Company flag 1600 1707 nbsp Flag of the British East India Company 1801 1874 nbsp Malaysian flag nbsp Singapore flag with the addition of a crescent moon and five small stars arranged in a pentagon nbsp Liberian flag nbsp U S Flag nbsp Bikini Atoll flag nbsp Hawaiian flag nbsp Puerto Rico flagSee also editSurya Majapahit Flag of IndonesiaReferences edit Wasitaatmadja 2018 p 21 Budianto Enggran Eko 2022 01 14 Salah Kaprah Lambang Kerajaan Bendera Majapahit dan Buah Maja detikJatim Retrieved 2022 05 24 Moelyono Setiyo ed 29 January 2020 Tradisi TNI Angkatan Laut Pewarisan Nilai Nilai Luhur dalam Membangun Semangat Juang dan Karakter Prajurit Matra Laut PDF Dinas Perawatan Personel Angkatan Laut in Indonesian Indonesian Navy pp 76 79 Archived PDF from the original on 28 April 2021 Retrieved 22 February 2022 Yamin 1954 p 90 92 137 150 Windoe Kandi 2015 05 02 Melihat Kibar Bendera Merah Putih dan Nusantara Sebelum Indonesia Archived from the original on 2020 09 14 Retrieved 2018 03 12 Brandes J L A 1896 Pararaton Ken Angrok of Het Boek der Koningen van Tumapĕl en van Majapahit Batavia Albrecht amp Co p 79 Pigeaud 1960a p 16 a b Pigeaud 1960b p 38 a b Pigeaud 1960b p 39 Pigeaud 1960c p 23 24 Pigeaud 1962 p 53 58 a b c d Pigeaud 1962 p 58 Pigeaud 1960a p 65 Pigeaud 1960c p 100 Pigeaud 1962 p 281 Ranoewidjojo Romo Dony S 2021 Bendera Gula Kelapa dan Kontras Bayangan Wayang Kulit Nusantara Majalah Adiluhung Edisi 28 Wayang Keris Batik dan Kuliner Tradisional PT Daniasta Perdana p 18 Muljana 2005 p 58 59 Bibliography editMuljana Raden Benedictus Slamet 2005 Al Fayyadl Muhammad ed Menuju Puncak Kemegahan Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit Yogyakarta LKiS Pelangi Aksara Pigeaud Theodoor Gautier Thomas 1960a Java in the 14th Century A Study in Cultural History Volume I Javanese Texts in Transcription 3rd revised ed The Hague Martinus Nijhoff Pigeaud Theodoor Gautier Thomas 1960b Java in the 14th Century A Study in Cultural History Volume II Notes on the Texts and the Translations 3rd revised ed The Hague Martinus Nijhoff ISBN 978 94 011 8774 9 Pigeaud Theodoor Gautier Thomas 1960c Java in the 14th Century A Study in Cultural History Volume III Translations 3rd revised ed The Hague Martinus Nijhoff ISBN 978 94 011 8772 5 Pigeaud Theodoor Gautier Thomas 1962 Java in the 14th Century A Study in Cultural History Volume IV Commentaries and Recapitulations 3rd revised ed The Hague Martinus Nijhoff ISBN 978 94 017 7133 7 Pigeaud Theodoor Gautier Thomas 1963 Java in the 14th Century A Study in Cultural History Volume V Glossary General Index 3rd revised ed The Hague Martinus Nijhoff ISBN 978 94 011 8778 7 Prapanca Mpu 2018 Isidora ed Kakawin Nagarakertagama Teks Asli dan Terjemahan Translated by Saktiani Damaika Widya Kartika Aminullah Zakaria Pamuji Marginingrum Novi Septi Neda 2nd revised ed Yogyakarta Narasi ISBN 978 979 168 553 5 Yamin Mohammad 1954 600 Tahun Sang Merah Putih jaitu Uraian Tentang Hasil Penjelidikan Sedjarah dan Arti jang dikandung Sang Merah Putih Sebagai Warna Kebangsaan Penerbit Siguntang Wasitaatmadja Fokky Fuad 2018 Spiritualisme Pancasila Prenada Media ISBN 9786024222673 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Flags and emblems of Majapahit amp oldid 1211781959, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
