Exogenous bacteria

Exogenous bacteria are microorganisms introduced to closed biological systems from the external world.^{[citation needed]} They exist in aquatic and terrestrial environments, as well as the atmosphere. Microorganisms in the external environment have existed on Earth for 3.5 billion years.^[1] Exogenous bacteria can be either benign or pathogenic. Pathogenic exogenous bacteria can enter a closed biological system and cause disease such as Cholera, which is induced by a waterborne microbe that infects the human intestine.^[2] Exogenous bacteria can be introduced into a closed ecosystem as well, and have mutualistic benefits for both the microbe and the host.^[1] A prominent example of this concept is bacterial flora, which consists of exogenous bacteria ingested and endogenously colonized during the early stages of life.^[3] Bacteria that are part of normal internal ecosystems, also known as bacterial flora, are called Endogenous Bacteria. A significant amount of prominent diseases are induced by exogenous bacteria such as gonorrhea, meningitis, tetanus, and syphilis.^[4] Pathogenic exogenous bacteria can enter a host via cutaneous transmission, inhalation, and consumption.^[5]

Difference with endogenous bacteria

Only a minority of bacteria species cause disease in humans; and many species colonize in the human body to create an ecosystem known as microbiota. Bacterial flora is endogenous bacteria, which is defined as bacteria that naturally reside in a closed system.^[6] Disease can occur when microbes included in normal bacteria flora enter a sterile area of the body such as the brain or muscle.^[6] This is considered an endogenous infection. A prime example of this is when the residential bacterium E. coli of the GI tract enters the urinary tract.^[6] This causes a urinary tract infection. Infections caused by exogenous bacteria occurs when microbes that are noncommensal enter a host.^[6] These microbes can enter a host via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria, ingestion of contaminated or ill-prepared foods, sexual activity, or the direct contact of a wound with the bacteria.^[6]

Diseases

Waterborne and foodborne

Microbial ecosystems in aquatic environments depend on a variety of factors including pH, temperature, and light exposure.^[1] Exogenous bacteria supported in specific aquatic environments can enter an host via consumption. Additionally, exogenous bacteria can enter a secondary host through an intermediate host such as insects and parasites.^[7] Exogenous bacteria can also enter an enclosed ecosystem via ingestion of contaminated food. Food-borne diseases such as Salmonella poisoning are transmitted by food not properly cooked or by individuals infected with the pathogen.

Salmonella enterocolitis

One of the most common food-borne illnesses, Salmonella poisoning is caused by ingestion of unsanitary conditions during food preparation.^[8] Salmonella can also be transmitted to humans via reptiles like turtles and iguanas, which are known carriers of pathogen.^[8] Symptoms include chills, diarrhea^[8] and fever.

Cholera

Cholera is a waterborne infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, and is transmitted via food or water that is contaminated with fecal matter.^[9] Vibrio cholerae releases a toxin that induces an increased amount of water in the small intestines.^[9] Symptoms primarily observed include, watery diarrhea and vomiting that can cause dehydration and death if not treated.^[9] An estimated 3-5 million cases of Cholera occur yearly around the world.^[10] The exogenous bacteria derived infection is primarilyfound in Africa, Asia, as well as Central and South America.^[9]

Campylobacter

Campylobacter infections are transmitted to a host via contaminated water and food, sexual activity, and interaction with infected animals.^[5] Symptoms include diarrhea, cramping, and abdominal pain.^[11] Campylobacter can cause disease in both humans and animals, and most human cases are induced by the species Campylobacter jejuni.^[11]

Terrestrial exogenous bacteria

Of all the residential microbes found in soil, bacteria is the smallest and most abundant.^[12] According to studies, there is an estimated 60,000 different types of bacteria that reside in the soil.^[12] Terrestrial bacteria can characteristically be either aerobic or anaerobic, and some can be pathogenic if consumed by a host.^[12]

Anthrax

Anthrax is a disease caused via a bacterium that resides in soil, and predominately affects animals more than humans.^[8] Anthrax is also considered a zoonotic disease and is transmitted to humans via contact with an infected animal host.^[5] The disease is caused by gram-positive Bacillus anthracis. (B. anthracis) and is found globally.^[5] B anthracis can enter a host via cutaneous transmission, inhalation, and/or consumption.^[5]

Botulism

Botulism is a rare disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This microbe is primarily found in the soil or untreated water.^[13] Botulism spores can survive in unproperly canned or ill-prepared foods.^[13] Even ingesting trace amounts of the spores can lead to severe poisoning that causes symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, and even paralysis.^[13]

See also

• Bacterial flora
• Cholera
• Waterborne diseases

References

1. Willey, Sherwood & Woolverton 2011, pp. 673–737.
2. Willey, Sherwood & Woolverton 2011, pp. 964–72.
3. Arumugam, Manimozhiyan; Raes, Jeroen; Pelletier, Eric; Le Paslier, Denis; Yamada, Takuji; Mende, Daniel R.; et al. (2011). "Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome". Nature. 473 (7346): 174–80. doi:10.1038/nature09944. PMC 3728647. PMID 21508958.
   • Carl Zimmer (April 20, 2011). "Bacterial Ecosystems Divide People Into 3 Groups, Scientists Say". The New York Times.
4. "Exogenous Bacteria." Bacteria Microbes. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Apr 2012. <http://bacteria.health-tips-diseases.com/2009/02/exogenous-bacteria-and-disease.html>.
5. Willey, Sherwood & Woolverton 2011, pp. 964–5.
6. "Bacteria." ENotes. ENotes.com Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Apr 2012. <http://www.enotes.com/bacteria-reference/bacteria-171754>.
7. "Mosquitoes and Disease." Prevention and Control. Illinois Department of Public Health, n.d. Web. 28 Apr 2012. <http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/pcmosquitoes.htm>
8. MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Salmonella enterocolitis
9. "Cholera." PubMed Health. US National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 28 Apr 2012. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001348/>.
10. "Cholera." Media Centre. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 28 Apr 2012. <http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html>
11. "Campylobacter." National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. Center for disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 28 Apr 2012. <https://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/campylobacter/>.
12. "Soil Bacteria." Soil Biology Basics. n. page. Web. 28 Apr. 2012.<http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/41642/Soil_bacteria.pdf>.
13. "Botulism." PubMed Health. US National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 29 Apr 2012. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001624/>.

Sources

• Willey, Joanne; Sherwood, Linda; Woolverton, Christopher (2011). Prescott's Microbiology (8th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-337526-7.