Es-Saada
es-Saada[a] (السعادة Happiness; November 7, 1904[2] - December 27, 1956[2]) was an arabophone weekly newspaper published in Morocco that served as the mouthpiece of the French government.[3][4] The newspaper was financed by France, originally printed at the French Legation in Tangier, and used as a tool with which to spread French ideas among Moroccans.[3][5][6] It reached all cities of Greater Morocco.[7] Its content has been described as distinctively colonial and disruptive of public opinion in Morocco.[3]
History edit
When the newspaper was launched in 1904, its editor was an Algerian named Idriss Khubzawi.[7]
Commenting on the Tangier Crisis of 1905, es-Saada published:
"لا شك أن هاته الاتفاقية الفرنساوية الألمانية قد كشفت قناع المسألة المغربية وأزالت جميع العقبات التي كانت سابقا في وجه الدولة الفرنساوية حيث تحصلت بحسن سياسة وزير خارجيتها وخبرته بالأمور الحكمية على اعتراف دولة الألمان بجميع حقوقها في المغرب ومما يتعلق به كالمعاهدات العتيقة"[3]
"There is no doubt that this French-German Treaty has exposed the Moroccan question and removed all barriers that had previously stood before the French state, as it has acquired—thanks to its foreign minister's good politics and experience in governance—recognition from the German state of all of France's rights in Morocco and what pertains to that, such as old treaties."
es-Saada was first published at the French Legation in Tangier,[3] then it moved to Rabat in 1913.[8]
Wadii' Karam edit
Attacks on the Ulama of Fes edit
The newspaper's editorial line took a more radical turn when Wadii' Karam (وديع كرم), a Maronite man from Greater Syria, was appointed editor-in-chief in 1906.[9][10] His editorial line took aim at the Sufi Ulama of Fes after their pledge of allegiance to Abd al-Hafid.[11][12] An article published on January 15, 1908 described the Ulama of Fes as "renegade revolutionary heretics."[7]
Es-Saada published over 20 articles on the leader of the Kettani Sufi Order and the architect of Fes's conditional allegiance to Abdelhafid in 1908—Muhammad Bin Abd al-Kabiir al-Kettani—and his family and followers.[13] The newspaper pushed the idea that the Sufi sheikh sought to overthrow the monarchy, and lusted after the sultan's power.[13]
"المخزن كان نافرا من الكتاني تيقنا منه أن الرجل لا يقصد من وراء ورده الأمور الدينية وإنما له غاية أخرى يجللها بثوب الدين، ولذلك لم يحتفل به المخزن كما ينبغي ولا راعى شأنه كما يستحق. المخزن نفسه عارف ما يبطنه الكتاني وما تنطوي عليه نيته من الوثوب على الملك، وما له من المكانة في قلوب البربر."[13]
"The Makhzen turned away from al-Kettani, understanding that the man's intention is not to bring up religious matters but that he has an ulterior motive that he dresses in religion. In this regard, the Makhzen did not watch him enough, nor did it surveil his case enough. The Makhzen itself knows what al-Kettani is hiding and knows his intention to pounce on the king and his place in the hearts of the Berbers."
Leaders of the Islamic establishment in Fes tried to block the newspaper, which they termed ash-Shaqaawa (الشقاوة Wretchedness), from entering the city.[14][7] On January 30, 1908, Le Rappel reported that a council of Fesi ulama declared the prohibition of es-Saada in Fes and that its editor, Wadii' Karam, needed to be punished in an exemplary way.[15]
Notables of Fes also published articles refuting ideas in es-Saada, not hesitating to call out Wadii' Karam by name.[7] These included: al-Jaish al-'Aramram li Hazm Wadii' Karam (الجيش العرمرم لهزم وديع كرم The Vigorous Forces to Defeat Wadii' Karam), 24 pages printed anonymously on Fes's lithograph press in 1908,[7] and Sinan al-Qalam li Tanbiih Wadii' Karam (سنان القلم لتنبيه وديع كرم The Quill Tip to Alert Wadii' Karam), a political journal published by Muhammad al-'Aabid Bin Ahmad Bin Suda.[14][7]
Attacks on Ma al-'Aynayn edit
Karam's es-Saada also carried out an extensive character assassination campaign against Sheikh Ma’ al-‘Ainain, calling the qaid and spiritual leader’s patriotism and religious devotion into question, describing him as an unscrupulous mendicant and arms smuggler,[16] even peddling rumors that his followers were Shii'a.[17]
On Ma’ al-‘Ainain es-Saada published:
"عاد شيخ الصحراء إلى دسائسه المفطور عليها، فقام بما هايج من الخواطر يوم مروره بالشواطئ البحرية عند رجوعه إلى مقره، ولم يقنع بما ناله من الأموال وحاز من الهدايا، بل أرسل الآن ولده إلى فاس يتظاهر أمام المخزن باستعداد أبيه لحماية المخزن وإخراج الإفرنسيين من وجدة"[16]
"The sheikh of the Sahara has returned to his old tricks; he stirred up memories when he, discontent with the money he made and the gifts he got passing by the coast on his return to his base, sent his son to Fes to appear before the Makhzen, appealing with his father’s readiness to protect the Makhzen and oust the French from Oujda."
and:
"لم يكن إشفاق المولى عبد العزيز على هذا الشيخ ولا أكرمه سخاء على حاشيته وأتباعه فمازلنا نتذكر الأنعام العديدة التي حباه بها في العام الماضي والذنوب الكبيرة التي تحمل المخون مسؤوليتها يوم مروره بالدار البيضاء وكيف كانت العمال تقاد إلى طاعة الشيخ صاغرة كالنعاج لدى الراعي والأمناء تتسابق للتبريك …حاملة الهدايا والدراهم، والشيخ يهزأ بالمخزن ويضحك عليه"[16]
"Abdelaziz had no compassion for the sheikh, nor did he honor him for the sake of his entourage and supporters. We still remember the gifts bestowed upon him last year, and the great wrongs the day the ungrateful sheikh passed through Casablanca, and how the laborers were made to submit to him, supplicating like sheep around a shepherd while their managers jostled to bless him, bearing gifts and money. The sheikh mocks the Makhzen and laughs at it."
Under the French Protectorate edit
With the establishment of the French Protectorate, Resident General Hubert Lyautey moved es-Saada to Rabat October 1913, and it became the official mouthpiece of the French colonial government in Morocco.[3] It was located at Ave. Delcasse.[18] Lyautey provided ample funding and support, and appointed a French Arabist named Eugene Marco [?] (أوجين ماركو) as the director.[6]
It was soon eclipsed in importance by l'Echo du Maroc.[3]
Notes edit
- ^ also romanized as Essaada, Al-saʿāda, Al-saʿādah, Al-saʿādaẗ, etc.
References edit
- ^ a b PMB Group. "Catalogue en ligne". biblio.ircam.ma. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
- ^ a b "دعوة الحق - الصحافة المغربية في الموسوعة العربية الميسرة". www.habous.gov.ma. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g "تاريخ الصحافة العربية - المغرب". الجزيرة الوثائقية (in Arabic). 11 May 2016.
- ^ "Al-'Saādaẗ (Al-Ribāṭ) - Year available1925 - Gallica". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ^ "جريدة "السعادة" التي كانت لسانا ناطقا باسم الاحتلال الفرنسي في المغرب". هوية بريس (in Arabic). 2015-05-15. Retrieved 2019-06-24.
- ^ a b "متصوفة استهوتهم "السلطة الرابعة" : شيخ الطريقة المعينية "صحافيا" في "السعادة" - جريدة الصباح". assabah.ma (in Arabic). 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g العفاقي, رشيد. "الصحافة اللبنانية الهاجرة إلى طنجة (1889-1911م)" (PDF). مدن وثقافات (in Arabic).
- ^ "دعوة الحق - مدخل لدراسة الصحافة المغربية بعد سنة 1332 هـ 1912 م". www.habous.gov.ma. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
- ^ Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). A History of Modern Morocco. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–85. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139045834. ISBN 978-1-139-04583-4.
- ^ "متصوفة استهوتهم "السلطة الرابعة" : شيخ الطريقة المعينية "صحافيا" في "السعادة" - جريدة الصباح". assabah.ma (in Arabic). 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
- ^ "Le Rappel / directeur gérant Albert Barbieux". Gallica. 1908-01-30. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
- ^ "السلطانُ المغربي المخلوع". Taroudant News | تارودانت نيوز (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-04-11.
- ^ a b c "متصوفة استهوتهم "السلطة الرابعة" : 20 مقالا عن الطريقة الكتانية". الصباح. July 11, 2012.
- ^ a b "صفحات من تاريخ الصحافة المغربية". مغرس. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
- ^ "Le Rappel / directeur gérant Albert Barbieux". Gallica. 1908-01-30. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ a b c "متصوفة استهوتهم "السلطة الرابعة" : "السعادة" تتهجم على الشيخ ماء العينين". الصباح (in Arabic).
- ^ "متصوفة استهوتهم "السلطة الرابعة" : شيخ الطريقة المعينية "صحافيا" في "السعادة"". الصباح. July 10, 2012.
- ^ Arabes, Guide Arabe pour le Commerce, l'Industrie et les Professions Libérales Dans Laes Pays (1966). Edition Franco-Anglaise.
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