Erysiphe betae is a fungal plant pathogen. It is a form of powdery mildew that can affect crops of sugar beet, that could cause up to a 30% yield loss. The fungus occurs worldwide in all regions where sugar beet is grown and it also infects other edible crops, e.g. beetroot.
This pathogen is a strict obligated parasite, and therefore can only be identified when in planta. Often to properly identify this pathogen, some form of microscopic analysis is needed when it is only found on one type of plant. This can be done through isolation and observation of cleistothecia, which are the product of sexual reproduction.[3][4]
Disease symptomsedit
Symptoms appear as dirty white, circular, floury patches on either sides of the leaves.
Under favourable environmental conditions, entire leaves, stems, floral parts and pods are affected.
The whole leaf may be covered with powdery mass.
If persistent, mild chlorosis or necrosis can also occur.[5]
Survival and spreadedit
The pathogen survives overwinter through cleistothecia which are present in crop debris in the field and which contain ascospores (sexual spores).[4] Infection occurs when ascospores or conidia (asexual spores) are able to germinate and penetrate the plant's leaf. After infection, the pathogen, now growing as hyphae within the leaf, begins producing conidia on short conidiophores. Both ascospores and conidia can be the source of a primary inoculum or "first infection". The production of which type of spore is determined by weather conditions and time of year. Conidia can travel long distances through the air.[3]
Favourable conditionsedit
Disease development is favored by high temperatures (15-28 °C) coupled with low humidity (<60% humidity), and low or no rainfall, with wind.[citation needed]
Descriptionedit
This fungus, like all powdery mildews, has a white powdery appearance. It appears on leaves in the summer time. Infection normally begins on older leaves, typically close to the junction between the lamina and petiole, and it develops on both ab- and adaxial surfaces.
Pathogenicityedit
This pathogen decreases yields in crops by the reduction of light available for photosynthesis in the leaves of plants.[4] It also causes leaf and shoot deformities. This will affect the yield and the quality of seed crops as well as visual appearance and quality of leaf crops. In the case of Erysiphe betae, entry into the cell involves both mechanical penetration and enzymatic degradation of the cuticle and the cell wall.[citation needed]
Plant defensesedit
The fungus can produce some cell wall degrading enzymes include pectin lyases and polygalacturonases. Plants can contain an array of specialized inhibitors that counteract the effects of these enzymes.
Methods of controledit
In the case of control against Erysiphe betae, not much is known about how to totally eradicate this disease once it has taken hold of the crop. It must therefore be assumed that the best method of control is prevention. This can be done using fungicides. Some genes have been identified in wild species.[6]
^"Species Fungorum - GSD Species". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ abNeher, Oliver T., and John J. Gallian. "Powdery Mildew." Encyclopedia of Entomology (n.d.): 1817-818. Powdery Mildew on Sugar Beet. Apr. 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2016. <https://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/PNW/PNW643.pdf>.
^ abcHeffer, V.; Powelson, M.L.; Johnson, K.B.; Shishkoff., N. (2006). "Identification of Powdery Mildew Fungi". The Plant Health Instructor. Oregon State University and USDA-ARS. doi:10.1094/PHI-I-2006-0706-01. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
erysiphe, betae, fungal, plant, pathogen, form, powdery, mildew, that, affect, crops, sugar, beet, that, could, cause, yield, loss, fungus, occurs, worldwide, regions, where, sugar, beet, grown, also, infects, other, edible, crops, beetroot, scientific, classi. Erysiphe betae is a fungal plant pathogen It is a form of powdery mildew that can affect crops of sugar beet that could cause up to a 30 yield loss The fungus occurs worldwide in all regions where sugar beet is grown and it also infects other edible crops e g beetroot Erysiphe betaeScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass LeotiomycetesOrder ErysiphalesFamily ErysiphaceaeGenus ErysipheSpecies E betaeBinomial nameErysiphe betae Vanha Weltzien 1963 1 Synonyms 2 Erysiphe betae var spinaciarum Y S Paul amp V K Thakur as spinacearum J Econ Taxon Bot Addn Ser 26 33 2006 Erysiphe communis f betae Jacz Karm Opred Grib Vip 2 Muchn rosj griby Leningrad 235 1927 Microsphaera betae Vanha Zeitschr f Zuckerind in Bohmen 27 180 1903 Contents 1 Identification 2 Disease symptoms 3 Survival and spread 4 Favourable conditions 5 Description 6 Pathogenicity 7 Plant defenses 8 Methods of control 9 References 10 Other sourcesIdentification editThis pathogen is a strict obligated parasite and therefore can only be identified when in planta Often to properly identify this pathogen some form of microscopic analysis is needed when it is only found on one type of plant This can be done through isolation and observation of cleistothecia which are the product of sexual reproduction 3 4 Disease symptoms editSymptoms appear as dirty white circular floury patches on either sides of the leaves Under favourable environmental conditions entire leaves stems floral parts and pods are affected The whole leaf may be covered with powdery mass If persistent mild chlorosis or necrosis can also occur 5 Survival and spread editThe pathogen survives overwinter through cleistothecia which are present in crop debris in the field and which contain ascospores sexual spores 4 Infection occurs when ascospores or conidia asexual spores are able to germinate and penetrate the plant s leaf After infection the pathogen now growing as hyphae within the leaf begins producing conidia on short conidiophores Both ascospores and conidia can be the source of a primary inoculum or first infection The production of which type of spore is determined by weather conditions and time of year Conidia can travel long distances through the air 3 Favourable conditions editDisease development is favored by high temperatures 15 28 C coupled with low humidity lt 60 humidity and low or no rainfall with wind citation needed Description editThis fungus like all powdery mildews has a white powdery appearance It appears on leaves in the summer time Infection normally begins on older leaves typically close to the junction between the lamina and petiole and it develops on both ab and adaxial surfaces Pathogenicity editThis pathogen decreases yields in crops by the reduction of light available for photosynthesis in the leaves of plants 4 It also causes leaf and shoot deformities This will affect the yield and the quality of seed crops as well as visual appearance and quality of leaf crops In the case of Erysiphe betae entry into the cell involves both mechanical penetration and enzymatic degradation of the cuticle and the cell wall citation needed Plant defenses editThe fungus can produce some cell wall degrading enzymes include pectin lyases and polygalacturonases Plants can contain an array of specialized inhibitors that counteract the effects of these enzymes Methods of control editIn the case of control against Erysiphe betae not much is known about how to totally eradicate this disease once it has taken hold of the crop It must therefore be assumed that the best method of control is prevention This can be done using fungicides Some genes have been identified in wild species 6 References edit Vanha Weltzien Phytopath Z 47 127 1963 Species Fungorum GSD Species www speciesfungorum org Retrieved 20 September 2023 a b Neher Oliver T and John J Gallian Powdery Mildew Encyclopedia of Entomology n d 1817 818 Powdery Mildew on Sugar Beet Apr 2013 Web 11 Nov 2016 lt https www cals uidaho edu edcomm pdf PNW PNW643 pdf gt a b c Heffer V Powelson M L Johnson K B Shishkoff N 2006 Identification of Powdery Mildew Fungi The Plant Health Instructor Oregon State University and USDA ARS doi 10 1094 PHI I 2006 0706 01 Retrieved 20 September 2023 Sugar beet Powdery Mildew N p May 2002 Web lt http www plantwise org KnowledgeBank Datasheet aspx dsid 22063 gt Francis Sally 2002 Sugar beet powdery mildew Erysiphe betae Molecular Plant Pathology 3 3 119 24 doi 10 1046 j 1364 3703 2002 00103 x PMID 20569317 Other sources edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erysiphe betae Dr Alan J Silverside 2002 September Erysiphe cichoracearum DC var cichoracearum Retrieved November 4 2007 from Website https web archive org web 20080208144943 http www biol paisley ac uk bioref Fungi ascomycetes Erysiphe cichoracearum html Robin Philippe n a Powdery mildew Retrieved November 4 2007 from Web site http www inra fr hyp3 pathogene 6erybet htm Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Erysiphe betae amp oldid 1195226457, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
