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Ernst Gehrcke

January 05, 2023

Ernst J. L. Gehrcke (1 July 1878 in Berlin – 25 January 1960 in Hohen-Neuendorf) was a German experimental physicist. He was director of the optical department at the Reich Physical and Technical Institute. Concurrently, he was a professor at the University of Berlin. He developed the Lummer–Gehrcke method in interferometry and the multiplex interferometric spectroscope for precision resolution of spectral-line structures. As an anti-relativist, he was a speaker at an event organized in 1920 by the Working Society of German Scientists. He sat on the board of trustees of the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory. After World War II, he worked at Carl Zeiss Jena, and he helped to develop and become the director of the Institute for Physiological Optics at the University of Jena. In 1949, he began work at the German Office for Materials and Product Testing. In 1953, he became the director of the optical department of the German Office for Weights and Measures.

Education

Gehrcke studied at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (today, the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) from 1897 to 1901. He received his doctorate under Emil Warburg in 1901.[1]

Career

In 1901, Gehrcke joined the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR, Reich Physical and Technical Institute, after 1945 renamed the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt). In 1926, he became the director of the optical department, a position he held until 1946. Concurrent with his position at the PTR, he was a Privatdozent at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität from 1904 to 1921 and an außerordentlicher Professor (extraordinarius professor) from 1921 to 1946. After the close of World War II, the University was in the Russian sector of Berlin.[2][3]

In 1946, Gehrcke worked at Carl Zeiss AG in Jena, and he helped to develop and become the director of the Institute for Physiological Optics at the Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. In 1949, he went to East Berlin to the Deutsches Amt für Materialprüfung (German Office for Materials and Product Testing). In 1953, he became the director of the optical department of the Deutsches Amt für Maß und Gewicht (DAMG, German Office for Weights and Measures) in East Berlin, the East German equivalent to the West German Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (Federal Physical and Technical Institute).[4][5]

Gehrcke contributed to the experimental techniques of interference spectroscopy (interferometry), physiological optics, and the physics of electrical discharges in gases. In 1903, with Otto Lummer, he developed the Lummer–Gehrcke method in interferometry. In 1927, with Ernst Gustav Lau, he developed the multiplex interferometric spectroscope for precision resolution of spectral-line structures.[6][7]

Like a number of other prominent physicists of the time (including the leading Dutch theoretician H. A. Lorentz) Gehrcke, an experimentalist, was not prepared to give up the concept of the luminiferous aether, and for this and various other reasons had been highly critical of Einstein's theories of relativity at least since 1911. This led to an invitation to an event organized in 1920 by Paul Weyland. Weyland, a radical political activist, professional agitator, small-time criminal,[8][9] and editor of the vehemently anti-Semitic periodical Völkische Monatshefte, believed that Einstein's theories had been excessively promoted in the Berlin press, which he imagined was dominated by Jews who were sympathetic to Einstein's cause for other than scientific reasons. In response, Weyland organized the Arbeitsgemeinschaft deutscher Naturforscher zur Erhaltung reiner Wissenschaft (Working Group of German Natural Scientists for the Preservation of Pure Science), which was never officially registered. Weyland tried to enlist the support of some prominent conservative scientists, such as the Nobel Laureate Philipp Lenard, to build support for the Society (although Lenard declined to participate in Weyland's meetings). The Society held its first and only event on 24 August 1920, featuring lectures against Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. Weyland gave the first presentation in which he accused Einstein of being a plagiarizer.[10][11] Gehrcke gave the second and last talks, in which he presented detailed criticisms of Einstein's theories. Einstein attended the event with Walther Nernst. Max von Laue, Walther Nernst, and Heinrich Rubens published a brief and dignified response to the event, in the leading Berlin daily Tägliche Rundschau, on 26 August. Einstein published his own somewhat lengthy reply on 27 August, which he later came to regret. Rising anti-Semitism and antipathy to recent trends in theoretical physics (especially with respect to the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics) were key motivational factors for the Deutsche Physik movement.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Under advice from some of his closest associates, Einstein later publicly challenged his critics to debate him in a more professional environment, and several of his scientific adversaries, including Gehrcke and Lenard, accepted. The ensuing debate took place at the 86th meeting of the German Society of Scientists and Physicians in Bad Nauheim on 20 September, chaired by Friedrich von Müller, with Hendrik Lorentz, Max Planck, and Hermann Weyl present. In this meeting Gehrcke pressed his criticism that Einstein's general theory of relativity now admitted superluminal velocities in rotating frames of reference, which the special theory of relativity had ruled out (see Criticism of the theory of relativity).

The physics Nobel Laureate Philipp Lenard suggested Gehrcke for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.[19]

From 1922 to 1925, Gehrcke was also a member of the Kuratorium (board of trustees) of the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory. On 9 February 1922, Max Planck nominated Gehrcke, Max von Laue, G. Müller, Walther Nernst to sit on the Kuratorium, and they were installed by the Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Prussian Academy of Sciences). Gehrcke represented the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt. During their appointment, they sat four times with Albert Einstein present. This was a surprising collaboration in view of what had happened just 18 months earlier at the gathering under the auspices of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft deutscher Naturforscher and the responses in the press by Einstein, Laue, and Nernst.[20][21]

Memberships

Gehrcke was a member of professional organizations, which included:[22]

Literature by Gehrcke

  • Ernst Gehrcke and Rudolf Seeliger Über das Leuchten der Gase unter dem Einfluss von Kathodenstrahlen, Verh. D. Deutsch. Phys. Ges. (2) 15, 534–539 (1912), cited in Mehra, Volume 1, Part 2, p. 776.
  • Gehrcke, Ernst Die gegen die Relativitätstheorie erhobenen Einwände, Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 1, 62–66 (1913)
  • Gehrcke, Ernst Zur Kritik und Geschichte der neueren Gravitationstheorien, Annalen der Physik Volume 51, Number 4, 119 – 124 (1916)
  • Gehrcke, Ernst Berichtigung zum Dialog über die Relativitätstheorie, Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 7, 147 – 148 (1919)
  • Gehrcke, Ernst Zur Diskussion über den Äther, Zeitschrift der Physik Volume 2, 67 – 68 (1920)
  • Gehrcke, Ernst Wie die Energieverteilung der schwarzen Strahlung in Wirklichkeit gefunden wurde, Physikalische Zeitschrift Volume 37, 439 – 440 (1936)

Books by Gehrcke

  • Gehrcke, Ernst (editor) Handbuch der physikalischen Optik. In zwei Bänden (Barth, 1927–1928)

Bibliography

  • Beyerchen, Alan D. Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich (Yale, 1977) ISBN 0-300-01830-4
  • Einstein, Albert Meine Antwort. Über die anti-relativitätstheoretische G.M.b.H., Berliner Tageblatt Volume 49, Number 402, Morning Edition A, p. 1 (27 August 1920), translated and published as Document #1, Albert Einstein: My Reply. On the Anti-Relativity Theoretical Co., Ltd. [August 27, 1920] in Klaus Hentschel (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) pp. 1 – 5.
  • Clark, Ronald W. Einstein: The Life and Times (World, 1971)
  • Goenner, Hubert The Reaction to Relativity Theory I: The Anti-Einstein Campaign in Germany in 1920 pp. 107–136 in Mara Beller (editor), Robert S. Cohen (editor), and Jürgen Renn Einstein in Context (Cambridge, 1993) ISBN 0-521-44834-4 (paperback)
  • Heilbron, J. L. The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science (Harvard, 2000) ISBN 0-674-00439-6
  • Hentschel, Klaus (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial Assistant and Translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996)
  • Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900 – 1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties. (Springer, 2001) ISBN 0-387-95175-X
  • van Dongen, Jeroen Reactionaries and Einstein’s Fame: “German Scientists for the Preservation of Pure Science,” Relativity, and the Bad Nauheim Meeting, Physics in Perspective Volume 9, Number 2, 212–230 (June, 2007). Institutional affiliations of the author: (1) Einstein Papers Project, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, and (2) Institute for History and Foundations of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands.

References

  1. ^ Mehra and Rechenberg, Volume 1, Part 2, 2001, 657.
  2. ^ Mehra and Rechenberg, Volume 1, Part 2, 2001, 657.
  3. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Gehrcke.
  4. ^ Mehra and Rechenberg, Volume 1, Part 2, 2001, 657.
  5. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Gehrcke.
  6. ^ Mehra and Rechenberg, Volume 1, Part 2, 2001, 657.
  7. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Gehrcke.
  8. ^ Heilbron, 2000, 114.
  9. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 1n2.
  10. ^ Heilbron, 2000, 115.
  11. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 1n2.
  12. ^ Hentschel and Hetschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Weyland.
  13. ^ Heilbron, 2000, 114–115 and 115n72.
  14. ^ Goenner, 1993, 114–115.
  15. ^ Clark, 1971, 256–259.
  16. ^ Albert Einstein Meine Antwort. Über die anti-relativitätstheoretische G.M.b.H., Berliner Tageblatt Volume 49, Number 402, Morning Edition A, p. 1 (27 August 1920), translated and published as Document #1, Albert Einstein: My Reply. On the Anti-Relativity Theoretical Co., Ltd. [August 27, 1920] in Klaus Hentschel (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) pp. 1 – 5.
  17. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 1n1 and 1n4.
  18. ^ Beyerchen, 1977, 126 – 140.
  19. ^ Goenner, 1993, 114.
  20. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Gehrcke.
  21. ^ Goenner, 1993, 116.
  22. ^ Goenner, 1993, 114.

January 05, 2023
ernst, gehrcke, ernst, gehrcke, july, 1878, berlin, january, 1960, hohen, neuendorf, german, experimental, physicist, director, optical, department, reich, physical, technical, institute, concurrently, professor, university, berlin, developed, lummer, gehrcke,. Ernst J L Gehrcke 1 July 1878 in Berlin 25 January 1960 in Hohen Neuendorf was a German experimental physicist He was director of the optical department at the Reich Physical and Technical Institute Concurrently he was a professor at the University of Berlin He developed the Lummer Gehrcke method in interferometry and the multiplex interferometric spectroscope for precision resolution of spectral line structures As an anti relativist he was a speaker at an event organized in 1920 by the Working Society of German Scientists He sat on the board of trustees of the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory After World War II he worked at Carl Zeiss Jena and he helped to develop and become the director of the Institute for Physiological Optics at the University of Jena In 1949 he began work at the German Office for Materials and Product Testing In 1953 he became the director of the optical department of the German Office for Weights and Measures Contents 1 Education 2 Career 3 Memberships 4 Literature by Gehrcke 5 Books by Gehrcke 6 Bibliography 7 ReferencesEducation EditGehrcke studied at the Friedrich Wilhelms Universitat today the Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin from 1897 to 1901 He received his doctorate under Emil Warburg in 1901 1 Career EditIn 1901 Gehrcke joined the Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt PTR Reich Physical and Technical Institute after 1945 renamed the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt In 1926 he became the director of the optical department a position he held until 1946 Concurrent with his position at the PTR he was a Privatdozent at the Friedrich Wilhelms Universitat from 1904 to 1921 and an ausserordentlicher Professor extraordinarius professor from 1921 to 1946 After the close of World War II the University was in the Russian sector of Berlin 2 3 In 1946 Gehrcke worked at Carl Zeiss AG in Jena and he helped to develop and become the director of the Institute for Physiological Optics at the Friedrich Schiller Universitat Jena In 1949 he went to East Berlin to the Deutsches Amt fur Materialprufung German Office for Materials and Product Testing In 1953 he became the director of the optical department of the Deutsches Amt fur Mass und Gewicht DAMG German Office for Weights and Measures in East Berlin the East German equivalent to the West German Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt Federal Physical and Technical Institute 4 5 Gehrcke contributed to the experimental techniques of interference spectroscopy interferometry physiological optics and the physics of electrical discharges in gases In 1903 with Otto Lummer he developed the Lummer Gehrcke method in interferometry In 1927 with Ernst Gustav Lau he developed the multiplex interferometric spectroscope for precision resolution of spectral line structures 6 7 Like a number of other prominent physicists of the time including the leading Dutch theoretician H A Lorentz Gehrcke an experimentalist was not prepared to give up the concept of the luminiferous aether and for this and various other reasons had been highly critical of Einstein s theories of relativity at least since 1911 This led to an invitation to an event organized in 1920 by Paul Weyland Weyland a radical political activist professional agitator small time criminal 8 9 and editor of the vehemently anti Semitic periodical Volkische Monatshefte believed that Einstein s theories had been excessively promoted in the Berlin press which he imagined was dominated by Jews who were sympathetic to Einstein s cause for other than scientific reasons In response Weyland organized the Arbeitsgemeinschaft deutscher Naturforscher zur Erhaltung reiner Wissenschaft Working Group of German Natural Scientists for the Preservation of Pure Science which was never officially registered Weyland tried to enlist the support of some prominent conservative scientists such as the Nobel Laureate Philipp Lenard to build support for the Society although Lenard declined to participate in Weyland s meetings The Society held its first and only event on 24 August 1920 featuring lectures against Albert Einstein s theory of relativity Weyland gave the first presentation in which he accused Einstein of being a plagiarizer 10 11 Gehrcke gave the second and last talks in which he presented detailed criticisms of Einstein s theories Einstein attended the event with Walther Nernst Max von Laue Walther Nernst and Heinrich Rubens published a brief and dignified response to the event in the leading Berlin daily Tagliche Rundschau on 26 August Einstein published his own somewhat lengthy reply on 27 August which he later came to regret Rising anti Semitism and antipathy to recent trends in theoretical physics especially with respect to the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics were key motivational factors for the Deutsche Physik movement 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Under advice from some of his closest associates Einstein later publicly challenged his critics to debate him in a more professional environment and several of his scientific adversaries including Gehrcke and Lenard accepted The ensuing debate took place at the 86th meeting of the German Society of Scientists and Physicians in Bad Nauheim on 20 September chaired by Friedrich von Muller with Hendrik Lorentz Max Planck and Hermann Weyl present In this meeting Gehrcke pressed his criticism that Einstein s general theory of relativity now admitted superluminal velocities in rotating frames of reference which the special theory of relativity had ruled out see Criticism of the theory of relativity The physics Nobel Laureate Philipp Lenard suggested Gehrcke for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 19 From 1922 to 1925 Gehrcke was also a member of the Kuratorium board of trustees of the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory On 9 February 1922 Max Planck nominated Gehrcke Max von Laue G Muller Walther Nernst to sit on the Kuratorium and they were installed by the Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften Prussian Academy of Sciences Gehrcke represented the Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt During their appointment they sat four times with Albert Einstein present This was a surprising collaboration in view of what had happened just 18 months earlier at the gathering under the auspices of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft deutscher Naturforscher and the responses in the press by Einstein Laue and Nernst 20 21 Memberships EditGehrcke was a member of professional organizations which included 22 Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft German Physical Society Berlin Society of Anthropology Ethnology and PrehistoryLiterature by Gehrcke EditErnst Gehrcke and Rudolf Seeliger Uber das Leuchten der Gase unter dem Einfluss von Kathodenstrahlen Verh D Deutsch Phys Ges 2 15 534 539 1912 cited in Mehra Volume 1 Part 2 p 776 Gehrcke Ernst Die gegen die Relativitatstheorie erhobenen Einwande Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 1 62 66 1913 Gehrcke Ernst Zur Kritik und Geschichte der neueren Gravitationstheorien Annalen der Physik Volume 51 Number 4 119 124 1916 Gehrcke Ernst Berichtigung zum Dialog uber die Relativitatstheorie Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 7 147 148 1919 Gehrcke Ernst Zur Diskussion uber den Ather Zeitschrift der Physik Volume 2 67 68 1920 Gehrcke Ernst Wie die Energieverteilung der schwarzen Strahlung in Wirklichkeit gefunden wurde Physikalische Zeitschrift Volume 37 439 440 1936 Books by Gehrcke EditGehrcke Ernst editor Handbuch der physikalischen Optik In zwei Banden Barth 1927 1928 Bibliography EditBeyerchen Alan D Scientists Under Hitler Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich Yale 1977 ISBN 0 300 01830 4 Einstein Albert Meine Antwort Uber die anti relativitatstheoretische G M b H Berliner Tageblatt Volume 49 Number 402 Morning Edition A p 1 27 August 1920 translated and published as Document 1 Albert Einstein My Reply On the Anti Relativity Theoretical Co Ltd August 27 1920 in Klaus Hentschel editor and Ann M Hentschel editorial assistant and translator Physics and National Socialism An Anthology of Primary Sources Birkhauser 1996 pp 1 5 Clark Ronald W Einstein The Life and Times World 1971 Goenner Hubert The Reaction to Relativity Theory I The Anti Einstein Campaign in Germany in 1920 pp 107 136 in Mara Beller editor Robert S Cohen editor and Jurgen Renn Einstein in Context Cambridge 1993 ISBN 0 521 44834 4 paperback Heilbron J L The Dilemmas of an Upright Man Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science Harvard 2000 ISBN 0 674 00439 6 Hentschel Klaus Editor and Ann M Hentschel Editorial Assistant and Translator Physics and National Socialism An Anthology of Primary Sources Birkhauser 1996 Mehra Jagdish and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck Einstein Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900 1925 Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties Springer 2001 ISBN 0 387 95175 X van Dongen Jeroen Reactionaries and Einstein s Fame German Scientists for the Preservation of Pure Science Relativity and the Bad Nauheim Meeting Physics in Perspective Volume 9 Number 2 212 230 June 2007 Institutional affiliations of the author 1 Einstein Papers Project California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA and 2 Institute for History and Foundations of Science Utrecht University P O Box 80 000 3508 TA Utrecht The Netherlands References Edit Mehra and Rechenberg Volume 1 Part 2 2001 657 Mehra and Rechenberg Volume 1 Part 2 2001 657 Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 Appendix F see the entry for Gehrcke Mehra and Rechenberg Volume 1 Part 2 2001 657 Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 Appendix F see the entry for Gehrcke Mehra and Rechenberg Volume 1 Part 2 2001 657 Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 Appendix F see the entry for Gehrcke Heilbron 2000 114 Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 1n2 Heilbron 2000 115 Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 1n2 Hentschel and Hetschel 1996 Appendix F see the entry for Weyland Heilbron 2000 114 115 and 115n72 Goenner 1993 114 115 Clark 1971 256 259 Albert Einstein Meine Antwort Uber die anti relativitatstheoretische G M b H Berliner Tageblatt Volume 49 Number 402 Morning Edition A p 1 27 August 1920 translated and published as Document 1 Albert Einstein My Reply On the Anti Relativity Theoretical Co Ltd August 27 1920 in Klaus Hentschel editor and Ann M Hentschel editorial assistant and translator Physics and National Socialism An Anthology of Primary Sources Birkhauser 1996 pp 1 5 Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 1n1 and 1n4 Beyerchen 1977 126 140 Goenner 1993 114 Hentschel and Hentschel 1996 Appendix F see the entry for Gehrcke Goenner 1993 116 Goenner 1993 114 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ernst Gehrcke amp oldid 1068183938, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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