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Equine atypical myopathy

January 01, 1970

Equine atypical myopathy, also known as atypical myoglobinuria, or EAM is a fatal disease of horses (equidae) characterized by acute rhabdomyolysis.[1][2][3][4] It is caused by the ingestion of the seeds or young shoots of sycamore tree.[5][6][7] EAM has a high fatality rate.[8][9][10][1]

Cause edit

Atypical myopathy is a commonly fatal form of equine rhabdomyolysis caused by the toxin Hypoglycin A (HGA).[10][3][5] HGA is a naturally-occurring amino acid contained by trees and shrubs of Acer genus. Horses can become poisoned by eating the seeds or seedlings of Acer pseudoplatanus (called Sycamore in the UK or more widely Sycamore Maple) or Acer negundo (Box Elder).[11][4][12][13] The amount of HGA in sycamore seeds may vary.[6] The toxin affects the functioning of horse’s muscle cells by slowing down or stopping the energy production.[9]

Even if atypical myopathy is not contagious it can affect either to individual horse or several horses in the same stock.[14] Some horses may be more resistant to the toxin than others due to genetic differences and different grazing habitats.[15]

Changes in weather conditions and temperature may contribute to the propensity of being affected, which is the reason why many cases are reported during autumn and spring.[9][1]

Diagnosis edit

Diagnosis can be confirmed by clinical examination and laboratory tests. In most cases treatment needs to be started before getting the laboratory test results as the confirmation of diagnosis may take several days.[9]

First symptoms are usually muscular weakness, soreness and stiffness causing problems with walking and breathing. Within hours of first symptoms horse may be unable to stand and in 72 hours of the onset of signs mortalities may occur.[16][13][1] The mortality rate of atypical myopathy is high; only 30-40% of affected horses survive.[9]

EAM affected horse’s urine is dark red or brown. Sweating and muscle trembling can be observed while moving. Horses may hang their heads down and be apathetic. Symptoms resemble colic symptoms except that EAM affected horse doesn’t lose appetite. The body temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate may be normal in some cases.[9][3][1]

Prevention edit

As treatment is still unsuccessful in the majority of cases the main emphasis is on prevention.[17] Risk of atypical myopathy can be reduced by checking pasture for sycamore plants regularly and avoid letting horses graze in pastures where are sycamore trees. In case there are fallen sycamore leaves and seeds in pasture they should be cleaned from the ground. Fresh and clean water should be easily accessible all the time. Keeping the stock size appropriate reduces the risk as there is enough proper grazing for every horse. Taking care of regular vaccinations and anthelmintic treatments decreases the risk. The presence of HGA in pasture can be tested by submitting a sample to laboratory.[9][1]

Treatment edit

EAM affected horses are in need of intensive care. There is no antitoxin for HGA but some medications can be used to stop absorption of the toxin. Symptomatic treatment includes intravenous fluid therapy, supplementation of glucose and insulin as well as administration of carnitine, vitamin E, selenium and riboflavin. Anti-inflammatory medication is used to decrease the pain and possibly increase the chance to survive. Supportive therapy includes the regular emptying of the bladder. Affected horse should be kept warm.[18][1]

Horses usually recover completely if they survive the first days after being affected. Recovery may still take several months.[9]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Votion DM, Serteyn D (November 2008). "Equine atypical myopathy: a review". Veterinary Journal. 178 (2): 185–90. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.004. PMID 18375157.
  2. ^ Votion D (April 2010). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-22.
  3. ^ a b c Van Galen G, Amory H, Busschers E, Cassart D, De Bruijn M, Gerber V, et al. (October 2010). "European outbreak of atypical myopathy in the autumn 2009". Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 20 (5): 528–32. doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00574.x. PMID 20955305.
  4. ^ a b González Medina S, Hyde C, Lovera I, Piercy RJ (2018-07-03). "Detection of equine atypical myopathy-associated hypoglycin A in plant material: Optimisation and validation of a novel LC-MS based method without derivatisation". PLOS ONE. 13 (7): e0199521. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1399521G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199521. PMC 6029767. PMID 29969503.
  5. ^ a b Karlíková R, Široká J, Jahn P, Friedecký D, Gardlo A, Janečková H, et al. (October 2016). "Equine atypical myopathy: A metabolic study". Veterinary Journal. 216: 125–32. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.07.015. PMID 27687939.
  6. ^ a b "Equine Atypical Myopathy Testing". Royal Veterinary College. 2017. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  7. ^ Żuraw A, Dietert K, Kühnel S, Sander J, Klopfleisch R (July 2016). "Equine atypical myopathy caused by hypoglycin A intoxication associated with ingestion of sycamore maple tree seeds". Equine Veterinary Journal. 48 (4): 418–21. doi:10.1111/evj.12460. PMID 25970235.
  8. ^ Votion DM, van Galen G, Sweetman L, Boemer F, de Tullio P, Dopagne C, et al. (March 2014). "Identification of methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid in serum of European horses with atypical myopathy". Equine Veterinary Journal. 46 (2): 146–9. doi:10.1111/evj.12117. PMID 23773055.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "Atypical myopathy (Sycamore poisoning)" (PDF). B&W Equine Vets.
  10. ^ a b Boemer F, Detilleux J, Cello C, Amory H, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Richard E, et al. (August 2017). "Acylcarnitines profile best predicts survival in horses with atypical myopathy". PLOS ONE. 12 (8): e0182761. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1282761B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182761. PMC 5573150. PMID 28846683.
  11. ^ Bochnia M, Ziegler J, Sander J, Uhlig A, Schaefer S, Vollstedt S, et al. (2015). "Hypoglycin A Content in Blood and Urine Discriminates Horses with Atypical Myopathy from Clinically Normal Horses Grazing on the Same Pasture". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0136785. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1036785B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136785. PMC 4574941. PMID 26378918.
  12. ^ Lemieux H, Boemer F, van Galen G, Serteyn D, Amory H, Baise E, et al. (September 2016). "Mitochondrial function is altered in horse atypical myopathy". Mitochondrion. 30: 35–41. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2016.06.005. hdl:1854/LU-8507237. PMID 27374763.
  13. ^ a b McKenzie RK, Hill FI, Habyarimana JA, Boemer F, Votion DM (May 2016). "Detection of hypoglycin A in the seeds of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and box elder (A. negundo) in New Zealand; the toxin associated with cases of equine atypical myopathy". New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 64 (3): 182–7. doi:10.1080/00480169.2015.1123123. PMID 26593855. S2CID 8237904.
  14. ^ Votion D, van Galen G, Marr CM (November 2009). "Equine atypical myopathy". The Veterinary Record. 165 (20): 605. doi:10.1136/vr.165.20.605-b. PMID 19915196. S2CID 30893301.
  15. ^ Votion DM (2018-01-01). "Analysing hypoglycin A, methylenecyclopropylacetic acid conjugates and acylcarnitines in blood to confirm the diagnosis and improve our understanding of atypical myopathy". Equine Veterinary Education. 30 (1): 29–30. doi:10.1111/eve.12617.
  16. ^ Gonzalez-Medina S (February 2015). "Update on the cause of equine atypical myopathy". The Veterinary Record. 176 (6): 143–5. doi:10.1136/vr.h414. PMID 25655543. S2CID 5455536.
  17. ^ Votion DM (November 2012). "The story of equine atypical myopathy: a review from the beginning to a possible end". ISRN Veterinary Science. 2012: 281018. doi:10.5402/2012/281018. PMC 3671727. PMID 23762581.
  18. ^ Fabius LS, Westermann CM (2018). "Evidence-based therapy for atypical myopathy in horses". Equine Veterinary Education. 30 (11): 616–622. doi:10.1111/eve.12734. ISSN 2042-3292. S2CID 79038752.

External links edit

  • Equine Atypical Myopathy: The disease

January 01, 1970
equine, atypical, myopathy, also, known, atypical, myoglobinuria, fatal, disease, horses, equidae, characterized, acute, rhabdomyolysis, caused, ingestion, seeds, young, shoots, sycamore, tree, high, fatality, rate, contents, cause, diagnosis, prevention, trea. Equine atypical myopathy also known as atypical myoglobinuria or EAM is a fatal disease of horses equidae characterized by acute rhabdomyolysis 1 2 3 4 It is caused by the ingestion of the seeds or young shoots of sycamore tree 5 6 7 EAM has a high fatality rate 8 9 10 1 Contents 1 Cause 2 Diagnosis 3 Prevention 4 Treatment 5 References 6 External linksCause editAtypical myopathy is a commonly fatal form of equine rhabdomyolysis caused by the toxin Hypoglycin A HGA 10 3 5 HGA is a naturally occurring amino acid contained by trees and shrubs of Acer genus Horses can become poisoned by eating the seeds or seedlings of Acer pseudoplatanus called Sycamore in the UK or more widely Sycamore Maple or Acer negundo Box Elder 11 4 12 13 The amount of HGA in sycamore seeds may vary 6 The toxin affects the functioning of horse s muscle cells by slowing down or stopping the energy production 9 Even if atypical myopathy is not contagious it can affect either to individual horse or several horses in the same stock 14 Some horses may be more resistant to the toxin than others due to genetic differences and different grazing habitats 15 Changes in weather conditions and temperature may contribute to the propensity of being affected which is the reason why many cases are reported during autumn and spring 9 1 Diagnosis editDiagnosis can be confirmed by clinical examination and laboratory tests In most cases treatment needs to be started before getting the laboratory test results as the confirmation of diagnosis may take several days 9 First symptoms are usually muscular weakness soreness and stiffness causing problems with walking and breathing Within hours of first symptoms horse may be unable to stand and in 72 hours of the onset of signs mortalities may occur 16 13 1 The mortality rate of atypical myopathy is high only 30 40 of affected horses survive 9 EAM affected horse s urine is dark red or brown Sweating and muscle trembling can be observed while moving Horses may hang their heads down and be apathetic Symptoms resemble colic symptoms except that EAM affected horse doesn t lose appetite The body temperature heart rate and respiratory rate may be normal in some cases 9 3 1 Prevention editAs treatment is still unsuccessful in the majority of cases the main emphasis is on prevention 17 Risk of atypical myopathy can be reduced by checking pasture for sycamore plants regularly and avoid letting horses graze in pastures where are sycamore trees In case there are fallen sycamore leaves and seeds in pasture they should be cleaned from the ground Fresh and clean water should be easily accessible all the time Keeping the stock size appropriate reduces the risk as there is enough proper grazing for every horse Taking care of regular vaccinations and anthelmintic treatments decreases the risk The presence of HGA in pasture can be tested by submitting a sample to laboratory 9 1 Treatment editEAM affected horses are in need of intensive care There is no antitoxin for HGA but some medications can be used to stop absorption of the toxin Symptomatic treatment includes intravenous fluid therapy supplementation of glucose and insulin as well as administration of carnitine vitamin E selenium and riboflavin Anti inflammatory medication is used to decrease the pain and possibly increase the chance to survive Supportive therapy includes the regular emptying of the bladder Affected horse should be kept warm 18 1 Horses usually recover completely if they survive the first days after being affected Recovery may still take several months 9 References edit a b c d e f g Votion DM Serteyn D November 2008 Equine atypical myopathy a review Veterinary Journal 178 2 185 90 doi 10 1016 j tvjl 2008 02 004 PMID 18375157 Votion D April 2010 La myopathie atypique des equides PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 02 22 a b c Van Galen G Amory H Busschers E Cassart D De Bruijn M Gerber V et al October 2010 European outbreak of atypical myopathy in the autumn 2009 Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 20 5 528 32 doi 10 1111 j 1476 4431 2010 00574 x PMID 20955305 a b Gonzalez Medina S Hyde C Lovera I Piercy RJ 2018 07 03 Detection of equine atypical myopathy associated hypoglycin A in plant material Optimisation and validation of a novel LC MS based method without derivatisation PLOS ONE 13 7 e0199521 Bibcode 2018PLoSO 1399521G doi 10 1371 journal pone 0199521 PMC 6029767 PMID 29969503 a b Karlikova R Siroka J Jahn P Friedecky D Gardlo A Janeckova H et al October 2016 Equine atypical myopathy A metabolic study Veterinary Journal 216 125 32 doi 10 1016 j tvjl 2016 07 015 PMID 27687939 a b Equine Atypical Myopathy Testing Royal Veterinary College 2017 Retrieved 2019 12 08 Zuraw A Dietert K Kuhnel S Sander J Klopfleisch R July 2016 Equine atypical myopathy caused by hypoglycin A intoxication associated with ingestion of sycamore maple tree seeds Equine Veterinary Journal 48 4 418 21 doi 10 1111 evj 12460 PMID 25970235 Votion DM van Galen G Sweetman L Boemer F de Tullio P Dopagne C et al March 2014 Identification of methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid in serum of European horses with atypical myopathy Equine Veterinary Journal 46 2 146 9 doi 10 1111 evj 12117 PMID 23773055 a b c d e f g h Atypical myopathy Sycamore poisoning PDF B amp W Equine Vets a b Boemer F Detilleux J Cello C Amory H Marcillaud Pitel C Richard E et al August 2017 Acylcarnitines profile best predicts survival in horses with atypical myopathy PLOS ONE 12 8 e0182761 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1282761B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0182761 PMC 5573150 PMID 28846683 Bochnia M Ziegler J Sander J Uhlig A Schaefer S Vollstedt S et al 2015 Hypoglycin A Content in Blood and Urine Discriminates Horses with Atypical Myopathy from Clinically Normal Horses Grazing on the Same Pasture PLOS ONE 10 9 e0136785 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1036785B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0136785 PMC 4574941 PMID 26378918 Lemieux H Boemer F van Galen G Serteyn D Amory H Baise E et al September 2016 Mitochondrial function is altered in horse atypical myopathy Mitochondrion 30 35 41 doi 10 1016 j mito 2016 06 005 hdl 1854 LU 8507237 PMID 27374763 a b McKenzie RK Hill FI Habyarimana JA Boemer F Votion DM May 2016 Detection of hypoglycin A in the seeds of sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus and box elder A negundo in New Zealand the toxin associated with cases of equine atypical myopathy New Zealand Veterinary Journal 64 3 182 7 doi 10 1080 00480169 2015 1123123 PMID 26593855 S2CID 8237904 Votion D van Galen G Marr CM November 2009 Equine atypical myopathy The Veterinary Record 165 20 605 doi 10 1136 vr 165 20 605 b PMID 19915196 S2CID 30893301 Votion DM 2018 01 01 Analysing hypoglycin A methylenecyclopropylacetic acid conjugates and acylcarnitines in blood to confirm the diagnosis and improve our understanding of atypical myopathy Equine Veterinary Education 30 1 29 30 doi 10 1111 eve 12617 Gonzalez Medina S February 2015 Update on the cause of equine atypical myopathy The Veterinary Record 176 6 143 5 doi 10 1136 vr h414 PMID 25655543 S2CID 5455536 Votion DM November 2012 The story of equine atypical myopathy a review from the beginning to a possible end ISRN Veterinary Science 2012 281018 doi 10 5402 2012 281018 PMC 3671727 PMID 23762581 Fabius LS Westermann CM 2018 Evidence based therapy for atypical myopathy in horses Equine Veterinary Education 30 11 616 622 doi 10 1111 eve 12734 ISSN 2042 3292 S2CID 79038752 External links editEquine Atypical Myopathy The disease Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Equine atypical myopathy amp oldid 1184018112, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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