The ependyma is made up of ependymal cells called ependymocytes, a type of glial cell. These cells line the ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, which become filled with cerebrospinal fluid. These are nervous tissue cells with simple columnar shape, much like that of some mucosal epithelial cells.[2] Early monociliated ependymal cells are differentiated to multiciliated ependymal cells for their function in circulating cerebrospinal fluid.[3]
The basal membranes of these cells are characterized by tentacle-like extensions that attach to astrocytes. The apical side is covered in cilia and microvilli.[4]
Functionedit
Cerebrospinal fluidedit
Lining the CSF-filled ventricles, and spinal canal, the ependymal cells play an important role in the production and regulation of CSF. Their apical surfaces are covered in a layer of cilia, which circulate CSF around the CNS.[4] Their apical surfaces are also covered with microvilli, which absorb CSF. Within the ventricles of the brain, a population of modified ependymal cells and capillaries together known as the tela choroidea form a structure called the choroid plexus, which produces the CSF.[5]
Modified tight junctions between epithelial cells control fluid release. This release allows free exchange between CSF and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord. This is why sampling of CSF, such as through a spinal tap, provides information about the whole CNS.
Neuroregenerationedit
Jonas Frisén and his colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm provided evidence that ependymal cells act as reservoir cells in the forebrain, which can be activated after stroke and as in vivo and in vitro stem cells in the spinal cord. However, these cells did not self-renew and were subsequently depleted as they generated new neurons, thus failing to satisfy the requirement for stem cells.[6][7] One study observed that ependymal cells from the lining of the lateral ventricle might be a source for cells which can be transplanted into the cochlea to reverse hearing loss.[8]
^Histology, a text in atlas, M. Ross 2011, 6th edition page 367
^Kyrousi, C; Lygerou, Z; Taraviras, S (July 2017). "How a radial glial cell decides to become a multiciliated ependymal cell". Glia. 65 (7): 1032–1042. doi:10.1002/glia.23118. PMID 28168763. S2CID 3770948.
^ abBrat, Daniel J. (2010-01-01), Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (eds.), "2 - Normal Brain Histopathology", Practical Surgical Neuropathology, New York: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 15–33, ISBN978-0-443-06982-6, retrieved 2021-01-06
^Sadler, T. (2010). Langman's medical embryology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins. p. 305. ISBN978-0-7817-9069-7.
^Johansson CB, Momma S, Clarke DL, Risling M, Lendahl U, Frisen J (1999). "Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system". Cell. 96 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80956-3. PMID 9989494. S2CID 9658786.
^Carlén M, Meletis K, Göritz C, Darsalia V, Evergren E, Tanigaki K, Amendola M, Barnabé-Heider F, Yeung MS, Naldini L, Honjo T, Kokaia Z, Shupliakov O, Cassidy RM, Lindvall O, Frisén J (2009). "Forebrain ependymal cells are Notch-dependent and generate neuroblasts and astrocytes after stroke". Nature Neuroscience. 12 (3): 259–267. doi:10.1038/nn.2268. PMID 19234458. S2CID 10479458.
^"Brain cell hope for hearing loss". BBC News. 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ependyma.
December 11, 2023
ependyma, ependyma, thin, neuroepithelial, simple, columnar, ciliated, epithelium, lining, ventricular, system, brain, central, canal, spinal, cord, ependyma, four, types, neuroglia, central, nervous, system, involved, production, cerebrospinal, fluid, shown, . The ependyma is the thin neuroepithelial simple columnar ciliated epithelium lining of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord 1 The ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system CNS It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid CSF and is shown to serve as a reservoir for neuroregeneration EpendymaSection of central canal of the spinal cord showing ependyma and gliaPhotomicrograph of normal ependymal cells at 400 magnification in human autopsy tissueIdentifiersMeSHD004805TA98A14 1 00 022TA25368FMA242791Anatomical terminology edit on Wikidata Contents 1 Structure 2 Function 2 1 Cerebrospinal fluid 2 2 Neuroregeneration 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksStructure editThe ependyma is made up of ependymal cells called ependymocytes a type of glial cell These cells line the ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord which become filled with cerebrospinal fluid These are nervous tissue cells with simple columnar shape much like that of some mucosal epithelial cells 2 Early monociliated ependymal cells are differentiated to multiciliated ependymal cells for their function in circulating cerebrospinal fluid 3 The basal membranes of these cells are characterized by tentacle like extensions that attach to astrocytes The apical side is covered in cilia and microvilli 4 Function editCerebrospinal fluid edit Lining the CSF filled ventricles and spinal canal the ependymal cells play an important role in the production and regulation of CSF Their apical surfaces are covered in a layer of cilia which circulate CSF around the CNS 4 Their apical surfaces are also covered with microvilli which absorb CSF Within the ventricles of the brain a population of modified ependymal cells and capillaries together known as the tela choroidea form a structure called the choroid plexus which produces the CSF 5 Modified tight junctions between epithelial cells control fluid release This release allows free exchange between CSF and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord This is why sampling of CSF such as through a spinal tap provides information about the whole CNS Neuroregeneration edit Jonas Frisen and his colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm provided evidence that ependymal cells act as reservoir cells in the forebrain which can be activated after stroke and as in vivo and in vitro stem cells in the spinal cord However these cells did not self renew and were subsequently depleted as they generated new neurons thus failing to satisfy the requirement for stem cells 6 7 One study observed that ependymal cells from the lining of the lateral ventricle might be a source for cells which can be transplanted into the cochlea to reverse hearing loss 8 Clinical significance editEpendymoma is a tumor of the ependymal cells most commonly found in the fourth ventricle See also editEpendymin glycoprotein isolated from the ependyma Tanycyte NeurogliaReferences edit ependyma The Free Dictionary Histology a text in atlas M Ross 2011 6th edition page 367 Kyrousi C Lygerou Z Taraviras S July 2017 How a radial glial cell decides to become a multiciliated ependymal cell Glia 65 7 1032 1042 doi 10 1002 glia 23118 PMID 28168763 S2CID 3770948 a b Brat Daniel J 2010 01 01 Perry Arie Brat Daniel J eds 2 Normal Brain Histopathology Practical Surgical Neuropathology New York Churchill Livingstone pp 15 33 ISBN 978 0 443 06982 6 retrieved 2021 01 06 Sadler T 2010 Langman s medical embryology 11th ed Philadelphia Lippincott William amp Wilkins p 305 ISBN 978 0 7817 9069 7 Johansson CB Momma S Clarke DL Risling M Lendahl U Frisen J 1999 Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system Cell 96 1 25 34 doi 10 1016 S0092 8674 00 80956 3 PMID 9989494 S2CID 9658786 Carlen M Meletis K Goritz C Darsalia V Evergren E Tanigaki K Amendola M Barnabe Heider F Yeung MS Naldini L Honjo T Kokaia Z Shupliakov O Cassidy RM Lindvall O Frisen J 2009 Forebrain ependymal cells are Notch dependent and generate neuroblasts and astrocytes after stroke Nature Neuroscience 12 3 259 267 doi 10 1038 nn 2268 PMID 19234458 S2CID 10479458 Brain cell hope for hearing loss BBC News 2008 12 09 Retrieved 2008 12 09 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ependyma Illustrations at ucsf edu Atlas at mcg edu Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ependyma amp oldid 1032079563, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
