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Energy expenditure

January 01, 1970

Energy expenditure, often estimated as the total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), is the amount of energy burned by the human body.

Causes of energy expenditure edit

Resting metabolic rate edit

Main article: Resting metabolic rate

Resting metabolic rate generally composes 60 to 75 percent of TDEE.[1] Because adipose tissue does not use much energy to maintain, fat free mass is a better predictor of metabolic rate. A taller person will typically have less fat mass than a shorter person at the same weight and therefore burn more energy. Men also carry more skeletal muscle tissue on average than women, and other sex differences in organ size account for sex differences in metabolic rate. Obese individuals burn more energy than lean individuals due to increase in the amount of calories needed to maintain adipose tissue and other organs that grow in size in response to obesity.[2] At rest, the largest fractions of energy are burned by the skeletal muscles, brain, and liver; around 20 percent each.[2] Increasing skeletal muscle tissue can increase metabolic rate.[1]

Activity edit

Energy burned during physical activity includes the thermic effect of physical activity (TEPA) and non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT).[1]

Thermic effect of food edit

Main article: Thermic effect of food

Thermic effect of food is the amount of energy burned digesting food, around 10 percent of TDEE. Proteins are the component of food requiring the most energy to digest.[3]

Changing energy expenditure edit

Weight change edit

Losing or gaining weight affects the energy expenditure. Reduced energy expenditure after weight loss can be a major challenge for people seeking to avoid weight regain after weight loss.[4] It is controversial whether losing weight causes a decrease in energy expenditure greater than expected by the loss of adipose tissue and fat-free mass during weight loss.[5] This excess reduction is termed adaptive thermogenesis and it is estimated that it might compose 50 to 100 kcal/day in people actively losing weight. Some studies have reported that it disappears after a short period of weight stability, while others report longer-lasting effects.[2]

Changing the activity level edit

Increasing exercise is recommended as a way to increase energy expenditure in individuals seeking to lose weight.[6][7]

Drugs edit

Main article: Weight loss drug § Energy expenditure

Some drugs used for weight loss work by increasing energy expenditure. Two of the earliest weight loss drugs, 2,4-dinitrophenol and thyroid hormone, increase energy expenditure, but both were withdrawn from use due to risks.[8] Adrenergic agonists, especially those that work on the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, increase energy expenditure. Although some such as clenbuterol are used without medical approval for weight loss, none have achieved approval for this indication due to cardiac risks.[8][9]

Other drugs such as atypical antipsychotics are believed to reduce energy expenditure.[10][11]

Effects edit

Energy expenditure is a leading factor in regulating appetite and energy intake in humans.[12]

Measurement edit

Formulas have been devised to estimate energy expenditure in humans, but they may not be accurate for people with certain illnesses[13][14][15] or the elderly.[16] Not all formula are accurate in overweight or obese individuals.[17]

Wearable devices can help estimate energy expenditure from physical activity but their accuracy varies.[18]

TDEE Calculator web application is built using Mifflin-St. Jeor equation which is considered to be very authentic to measure the Total Daily Energy Expenditure.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Comana, Fabio. "Resting Metabolic Rate: How to Calculate and Improve Yours". blog.nasm.org. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Heymsfield, Steven B.; Smith, Brooke; Dahle, Jared; Kennedy, Samantha; Fearnbach, Nicole; Thomas, Diana M.; Bosy‐Westphal, Anja; Müller, Manfred J. (March 2021). "Resting Energy Expenditure: From Cellular to Whole‐Body Level, a Mechanistic Historical Perspective". Obesity. 29 (3): 500–511. doi:10.1002/oby.23090. PMID 33624441. S2CID 232021492.
  3. ^ "Energy Balance: Totaling Up Energy Expenditure". Obesity Prevention Source. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  4. ^ Müller, Manfred J.; Enderle, Janna; Bosy-Westphal, Anja (1 December 2016). "Changes in Energy Expenditure with Weight Gain and Weight Loss in Humans". Current Obesity Reports. 5 (4): 413–423. doi:10.1007/s13679-016-0237-4. ISSN 2162-4968. PMC 5097076. PMID 27739007.
  5. ^ Schwartz, Alexander; Kuk, Jennifer L.; Lamothe, Gilles; Doucet, Éric (November 2012). "Greater Than Predicted Decrease in Resting Energy Expenditure and Weight Loss: Results From a Systematic Review". Obesity. 20 (11): 2307–2310. doi:10.1038/oby.2012.34. PMID 22327054.
  6. ^ Washburn, R. A.; Lambourne, K.; Szabo, A. N.; Herrmann, S. D.; Honas, J. J.; Donnelly, J. E. (February 2014). "Does increased prescribed exercise alter non‐exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in healthy adults? A systematic review". Clinical Obesity. 4 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/cob.12040. ISSN 1758-8103. PMC 5996763. PMID 25425128.
  7. ^ Wiklund, Petri (June 2016). "The role of physical activity and exercise in obesity and weight management: Time for critical appraisal". Journal of Sport and Health Science. 5 (2): 151–154. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2016.04.001. PMC 6188737. PMID 30356545.
  8. ^ a b Christoffersen, Berit Østergaard; Sanchez‐Delgado, Guillermo; John, Linu Mary; Ryan, Donna H.; Raun, Kirsten; Ravussin, Eric (April 2022). "Beyond appetite regulation: Targeting energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation for sustainable weight loss". Obesity. 30 (4): 841–857. doi:10.1002/oby.23374. ISSN 1930-7381. PMC 9310705. PMID 35333444.
  9. ^ Kumari, Sweta; Pal, Biplab; Sahu, Sanjeev Kumar; Prabhakar, Pranav Kumar; Tewari, Devesh (1 July 2023). "Adverse events of clenbuterol among athletes: a systematic review of case reports and case series". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 137 (4): 1023–1037. doi:10.1007/s00414-023-02996-1. ISSN 1437-1596. PMID 37062796. S2CID 258178293.
  10. ^ Singh, Raghunath; Bansal, Yashika; Medhi, Bikash; Kuhad, Anurag (February 2019). "Antipsychotics-induced metabolic alterations: Recounting the mechanistic insights, therapeutic targets and pharmacological alternatives". European Journal of Pharmacology. 844: 231–240. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.12.003. PMID 30529195. S2CID 54482216.
  11. ^ Cuerda, C.; Velasco, C.; Merchán-Naranjo, J.; García-Peris, P.; Arango, C. (February 2014). "The effects of second-generation antipsychotics on food intake, resting energy expenditure and physical activity". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 68 (2): 146–152. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.253. ISSN 1476-5640. PMID 24327118.
  12. ^ Blundell, John E; Gibbons, Catherine; Beaulieu, Kristine; Casanova, Nuno; Duarte, Cristiana; Finlayson, Graham; Stubbs, R James; Hopkins, Mark (May 2020). "The drive to eat in homo sapiens: Energy expenditure drives energy intake" (PDF). Physiology & Behavior. 219: 112846. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112846. PMID 32081814. S2CID 211141215.
  13. ^ Mazzo, Rafaela; Ribeiro, Francieli Barreiro; Vasques, Ana Carolina Junqueira (February 2020). "Accuracy of predictive equations versus indirect calorimetry for the evaluation of energy expenditure in cancer patients with solid tumors – An integrative systematic review study". Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 35: 12–19. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.11.001. PMID 31987104. S2CID 210935787.
  14. ^ Genton, L.; Viatte, V.; Janssens, J. -P.; Héritier, A. -C.; Pichard, C. (1 October 2011). "Nutritional state, energy intakes and energy expenditure of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients". Clinical Nutrition. 30 (5): 553–559. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.06.004. ISSN 0261-5614. PMID 21798636.
  15. ^ Santos, Bárbara Chaves; Correia, Maria Isabel Toulson Davisson; Anastácio, Lucilene Rezende (March 2021). "Energy Expenditure and Liver Transplantation: What We Know and Where We Are". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 45 (3): 456–464. doi:10.1002/jpen.1985. hdl:1843/40766. PMID 32744332.
  16. ^ Cioffi, Iolanda; Marra, Maurizio; Pasanisi, Fabrizio; Scalfi, Luca (May 2021). "Prediction of resting energy expenditure in healthy older adults: A systematic review". Clinical Nutrition. 40 (5): 3094–3103. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.027. hdl:2434/953871. PMID 33288302.
  17. ^ Macena, Mateus de Lima; Paula, Déborah Tenório da Costa; da Silva Júnior, André Eduardo; Praxedes, Dafiny Rodrigues Silva; Pureza, Isabele Rejane de Oliveira Maranhão; de Melo, Ingrid Sofia Vieira; Bueno, Nassib Bezerra (10 October 2022). "Estimates of resting energy expenditure and total energy expenditure using predictive equations in adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review with meta-analysis". Nutrition Reviews. 80 (11): 2113–2135. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac031. PMID 35551409.
  18. ^ O’Driscoll, Ruairi; Turicchi, Jake; Beaulieu, Kristine; Scott, Sarah; Matu, Jamie; Deighton, Kevin; Finlayson, Graham; Stubbs, James (1 March 2020). "How well do activity monitors estimate energy expenditure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the validity of current technologies". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (6): 332–340. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099643. ISSN 0306-3674. PMID 30194221.

January 01, 1970
energy, expenditure, often, estimated, total, daily, energy, expenditure, tdee, amount, energy, burned, human, body, contents, causes, energy, expenditure, resting, metabolic, rate, activity, thermic, effect, food, changing, energy, expenditure, weight, change. Energy expenditure often estimated as the total daily energy expenditure TDEE is the amount of energy burned by the human body Contents 1 Causes of energy expenditure 1 1 Resting metabolic rate 1 2 Activity 1 3 Thermic effect of food 2 Changing energy expenditure 2 1 Weight change 2 2 Changing the activity level 2 3 Drugs 3 Effects 4 Measurement 5 ReferencesCauses of energy expenditure editResting metabolic rate edit Main article Resting metabolic rate Resting metabolic rate generally composes 60 to 75 percent of TDEE 1 Because adipose tissue does not use much energy to maintain fat free mass is a better predictor of metabolic rate A taller person will typically have less fat mass than a shorter person at the same weight and therefore burn more energy Men also carry more skeletal muscle tissue on average than women and other sex differences in organ size account for sex differences in metabolic rate Obese individuals burn more energy than lean individuals due to increase in the amount of calories needed to maintain adipose tissue and other organs that grow in size in response to obesity 2 At rest the largest fractions of energy are burned by the skeletal muscles brain and liver around 20 percent each 2 Increasing skeletal muscle tissue can increase metabolic rate 1 Activity edit Energy burned during physical activity includes the thermic effect of physical activity TEPA and non exercise activity thermogenesis NEAT 1 Thermic effect of food edit Main article Thermic effect of food Thermic effect of food is the amount of energy burned digesting food around 10 percent of TDEE Proteins are the component of food requiring the most energy to digest 3 Changing energy expenditure editWeight change edit Losing or gaining weight affects the energy expenditure Reduced energy expenditure after weight loss can be a major challenge for people seeking to avoid weight regain after weight loss 4 It is controversial whether losing weight causes a decrease in energy expenditure greater than expected by the loss of adipose tissue and fat free mass during weight loss 5 This excess reduction is termed adaptive thermogenesis and it is estimated that it might compose 50 to 100 kcal day in people actively losing weight Some studies have reported that it disappears after a short period of weight stability while others report longer lasting effects 2 Changing the activity level edit Increasing exercise is recommended as a way to increase energy expenditure in individuals seeking to lose weight 6 7 Drugs edit Main article Weight loss drug Energy expenditure Some drugs used for weight loss work by increasing energy expenditure Two of the earliest weight loss drugs 2 4 dinitrophenol and thyroid hormone increase energy expenditure but both were withdrawn from use due to risks 8 Adrenergic agonists especially those that work on the beta 2 adrenergic receptor increase energy expenditure Although some such as clenbuterol are used without medical approval for weight loss none have achieved approval for this indication due to cardiac risks 8 9 Other drugs such as atypical antipsychotics are believed to reduce energy expenditure 10 11 Effects editEnergy expenditure is a leading factor in regulating appetite and energy intake in humans 12 Measurement editFormulas have been devised to estimate energy expenditure in humans but they may not be accurate for people with certain illnesses 13 14 15 or the elderly 16 Not all formula are accurate in overweight or obese individuals 17 Wearable devices can help estimate energy expenditure from physical activity but their accuracy varies 18 TDEE Calculator web application is built using Mifflin St Jeor equation which is considered to be very authentic to measure the Total Daily Energy Expenditure References edit a b c Comana Fabio Resting Metabolic Rate How to Calculate and Improve Yours blog nasm org Retrieved 15 October 2023 a b c Heymsfield Steven B Smith Brooke Dahle Jared Kennedy Samantha Fearnbach Nicole Thomas Diana M Bosy Westphal Anja Muller Manfred J March 2021 Resting Energy Expenditure From Cellular to Whole Body Level a Mechanistic Historical Perspective Obesity 29 3 500 511 doi 10 1002 oby 23090 PMID 33624441 S2CID 232021492 Energy Balance Totaling Up Energy Expenditure Obesity Prevention Source 21 October 2012 Retrieved 15 October 2023 Muller Manfred J Enderle Janna Bosy Westphal Anja 1 December 2016 Changes in Energy Expenditure with Weight Gain and Weight Loss in Humans Current Obesity Reports 5 4 413 423 doi 10 1007 s13679 016 0237 4 ISSN 2162 4968 PMC 5097076 PMID 27739007 Schwartz Alexander Kuk Jennifer L Lamothe Gilles Doucet Eric November 2012 Greater Than Predicted Decrease in Resting Energy Expenditure and Weight Loss Results From a Systematic Review Obesity 20 11 2307 2310 doi 10 1038 oby 2012 34 PMID 22327054 Washburn R A Lambourne K Szabo A N Herrmann S D Honas J J Donnelly J E February 2014 Does increased prescribed exercise alter non exercise physical activity energy expenditure in healthy adults A systematic review Clinical Obesity 4 1 1 20 doi 10 1111 cob 12040 ISSN 1758 8103 PMC 5996763 PMID 25425128 Wiklund Petri June 2016 The role of physical activity and exercise in obesity and weight management Time for critical appraisal Journal of Sport and Health Science 5 2 151 154 doi 10 1016 j jshs 2016 04 001 PMC 6188737 PMID 30356545 a b Christoffersen Berit Ostergaard Sanchez Delgado Guillermo John Linu Mary Ryan Donna H Raun Kirsten Ravussin Eric April 2022 Beyond appetite regulation Targeting energy expenditure fat oxidation and lean mass preservation for sustainable weight loss Obesity 30 4 841 857 doi 10 1002 oby 23374 ISSN 1930 7381 PMC 9310705 PMID 35333444 Kumari Sweta Pal Biplab Sahu Sanjeev Kumar Prabhakar Pranav Kumar Tewari Devesh 1 July 2023 Adverse events of clenbuterol among athletes a systematic review of case reports and case series International Journal of Legal Medicine 137 4 1023 1037 doi 10 1007 s00414 023 02996 1 ISSN 1437 1596 PMID 37062796 S2CID 258178293 Singh Raghunath Bansal Yashika Medhi Bikash Kuhad Anurag February 2019 Antipsychotics induced metabolic alterations Recounting the mechanistic insights therapeutic targets and pharmacological alternatives European Journal of Pharmacology 844 231 240 doi 10 1016 j ejphar 2018 12 003 PMID 30529195 S2CID 54482216 Cuerda C Velasco C Merchan Naranjo J Garcia Peris P Arango C February 2014 The effects of second generation antipsychotics on food intake resting energy expenditure and physical activity European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68 2 146 152 doi 10 1038 ejcn 2013 253 ISSN 1476 5640 PMID 24327118 Blundell John E Gibbons Catherine Beaulieu Kristine Casanova Nuno Duarte Cristiana Finlayson Graham Stubbs R James Hopkins Mark May 2020 The drive to eat in homo sapiens Energy expenditure drives energy intake PDF Physiology amp Behavior 219 112846 doi 10 1016 j physbeh 2020 112846 PMID 32081814 S2CID 211141215 Mazzo Rafaela Ribeiro Francieli Barreiro Vasques Ana Carolina Junqueira February 2020 Accuracy of predictive equations versus indirect calorimetry for the evaluation of energy expenditure in cancer patients with solid tumors An integrative systematic review study Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 35 12 19 doi 10 1016 j clnesp 2019 11 001 PMID 31987104 S2CID 210935787 Genton L Viatte V Janssens J P Heritier A C Pichard C 1 October 2011 Nutritional state energy intakes and energy expenditure of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS patients Clinical Nutrition 30 5 553 559 doi 10 1016 j clnu 2011 06 004 ISSN 0261 5614 PMID 21798636 Santos Barbara Chaves Correia Maria Isabel Toulson Davisson Anastacio Lucilene Rezende March 2021 Energy Expenditure and Liver Transplantation What We Know and Where We Are Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 45 3 456 464 doi 10 1002 jpen 1985 hdl 1843 40766 PMID 32744332 Cioffi Iolanda Marra Maurizio Pasanisi Fabrizio Scalfi Luca May 2021 Prediction of resting energy expenditure in healthy older adults A systematic review Clinical Nutrition 40 5 3094 3103 doi 10 1016 j clnu 2020 11 027 hdl 2434 953871 PMID 33288302 Macena Mateus de Lima Paula Deborah Tenorio da Costa da Silva Junior Andre Eduardo Praxedes Dafiny Rodrigues Silva Pureza Isabele Rejane de Oliveira Maranhao de Melo Ingrid Sofia Vieira Bueno Nassib Bezerra 10 October 2022 Estimates of resting energy expenditure and total energy expenditure using predictive equations in adults with overweight and obesity a systematic review with meta analysis Nutrition Reviews 80 11 2113 2135 doi 10 1093 nutrit nuac031 PMID 35551409 O Driscoll Ruairi Turicchi Jake Beaulieu Kristine Scott Sarah Matu Jamie Deighton Kevin Finlayson Graham Stubbs James 1 March 2020 How well do activity monitors estimate energy expenditure A systematic review and meta analysis of the validity of current technologies British Journal of Sports Medicine 54 6 332 340 doi 10 1136 bjsports 2018 099643 ISSN 0306 3674 PMID 30194221 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Energy expenditure amp oldid 1206889036, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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