Emulsified Fuels are emulsions composed of water and a combustible liquid, either oil or a fuel. Emulsions are a particular example of a dispersion comprising a continuous and a dispersed phase. The most commonly used emulsion fuel is water-in-diesel emulsion.[1] In the case of emulsions, both phases are the immiscible liquids, oil and water. Emulsion fuels can be either a microemulsion or an ordinary emulsion (sometimes referred to as macroemulsion, to differentiate it from microemulsion). The essential differences between the two are stability (microemulsions are thermodynamically stable systems, whereas macroemulsions are kinetically stabilized) and particle size distribution (microemulsions are formed spontaneously and have dimensions of 10 to 200 nm, whereas macroemulsions are formed by a shearing process and have dimensions of 100 nm to over 1 micrometer). Microemulsions are isotropic whereas macroemulsions are prone to settling (or creaming) and changes in particle size over time. Both use surfactants (also called emulsifiers) and can be either water-in-oil (invert emulsions), or oil-in-water (regular emulsions) or bicontinuous (also called multiple or complex emulsions).
Water continuous (oil-in-water) emulsified fuels are exemplified by the Orimulsion system and bitumen emulsions. These are often described as a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) because the continuous phase is around 30% of the composition of the fuel, whereas it is more usual for the dispersed phase to be the minor component. Water continuous emulsions of very heavy crudes, bitumen are easier to pump than the original fuel, which would require considerable heating and / or dilution with a distilled product (kerosene or light crude) in order to make them easy to handle. Water continuous emulsions of residual fuel, heavy fuel oils etc. which have a calorific value and are used in industrial applications can also be converted to emulsified fuels, thus reducing the need to use cutter fluids and improving the combustion emissions associated with the inferior fuels.
Oil continuous (water-in-oil) emulsified fuels are exemplified by diesel (or biodiesel blended fuels) and water emulsions. These emulsified fuels were recognized in Europe (France and Italy) and CEN workshop standard was established (CWA 15145:2004). Other types of fuels have been emulsified contain between 5 and 30% water (by mass) in the overall fuel emulsion. Water-in-diesel fuel emulsion could be used as an alternative fuel for low emissions and high brake thermal efficiency.[2]
Emulsion to combustion (E2C}or on demand water in fuel emulsions for HFO and Diesel for shipping and stationary boilers are available from Nonox Ltd. since 2006. The advantage of mixing on demand is no chemical surfactants are required, water/fuel ratio can be adjusted to load for maximum efficiency and no chance of separation in storage. This proven system reduces soot emissions up to 90%, NOx 40% and offers fuel savings which vary depending on the baseline efficiency of the load.
Microemulsions of fuels have also been prepared. The type of surfactants and quantities required to make these emulsion fuels sets them apart from other commercial emulsion fuels. These are considered where safety issues (e.g. fire prevention;[3]) or commercial return justify the extra costs (e.g. enhance oil recovery, surfactant flooding;[4]).
Theory
The main advantages to using emulsified fuels instead of the fuel itself are environmental and economic benefits. Addition of water to the diesel process decreases combustion temperatures and lowers NOx emissions.[5] A paper compares water injection and emulsified fuels into diesel engines (marine and stationary engines) and discusses the emissions and mechanisms involved. It concludes that emulsified fuels are singularly effective in simultaneously reducing NOx and PM emissions.[6] Another paper has examined the effects of EGR and Emulsion Fuels.[7]
See also
Look up emulsified fuel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
^Jhalani, Amit; Sharma, Dilip; Soni, Shyam Lal; Sharma, Pushpendra Kumar; Sharma, Sumit (6 January 2019). "A comprehensive review on water-emulsified diesel fuel: chemistry, engine performance and exhaust emissions". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26 (5): 4570–4587. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3958-y. PMID 30612375. S2CID 58543105.
^Jhalani, Amit; Sharma, Dilip; Soni, Shyam Lal; Sharma, Pushpendra Kumar (22 September 2019). "Effects of process parameters on performance and emissions of a water-emulsified diesel-fueled compression ignition engine". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects: 1–13. doi:10.1080/15567036.2019.1669739. S2CID 203940130.
^Archived at Ghostarchive and the : Fire Resistant Fuels for the Military at SwRI. YouTube.
^Canfield, C.A. (1999). Effects of Diesel-Water Emulsion Combustion on Diesel Engine NOx Emissions (M.S. thesis). State University System of Florida.
^W. Addy Majewski (2002). "Water in Diesel Combustion".
^Bertola, A.; Li, R.; Boulouchos, K. (2003). "Influence of Water-in-Diesel Emulsions and EGR on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of Heavy Duty DI-Diesel Engines equipped with Common-Rail Injector System". SAE Technical Paper. doi:10.4271/2003-01-3146. JSTOR 44742443. 2003-01-3146.
'Experimental investigation of a Diesel engine power, torque and noise emission using Water-Diesel emulsions', Mohammad Reza Seifi et al. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.122
External links
Serdyuk, Vasily (2008). "In search of the fuel of the future: In the near future, usual types of motor fuel will be replaced by water-fuel emulsions". Oil of Russia. No. 3. Lukoil. OCLC 74330613.
April 17, 2023
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Emulsified Fuels are emulsions composed of water and a combustible liquid either oil or a fuel Emulsions are a particular example of a dispersion comprising a continuous and a dispersed phase The most commonly used emulsion fuel is water in diesel emulsion 1 In the case of emulsions both phases are the immiscible liquids oil and water Emulsion fuels can be either a microemulsion or an ordinary emulsion sometimes referred to as macroemulsion to differentiate it from microemulsion The essential differences between the two are stability microemulsions are thermodynamically stable systems whereas macroemulsions are kinetically stabilized and particle size distribution microemulsions are formed spontaneously and have dimensions of 10 to 200 nm whereas macroemulsions are formed by a shearing process and have dimensions of 100 nm to over 1 micrometer Microemulsions are isotropic whereas macroemulsions are prone to settling or creaming and changes in particle size over time Both use surfactants also called emulsifiers and can be either water in oil invert emulsions or oil in water regular emulsions or bicontinuous also called multiple or complex emulsions Contents 1 Applications 2 Theory 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksApplications EditWater continuous oil in water emulsified fuels are exemplified by the Orimulsion system and bitumen emulsions These are often described as a high internal phase emulsion HIPE because the continuous phase is around 30 of the composition of the fuel whereas it is more usual for the dispersed phase to be the minor component Water continuous emulsions of very heavy crudes bitumen are easier to pump than the original fuel which would require considerable heating and or dilution with a distilled product kerosene or light crude in order to make them easy to handle Water continuous emulsions of residual fuel heavy fuel oils etc which have a calorific value and are used in industrial applications can also be converted to emulsified fuels thus reducing the need to use cutter fluids and improving the combustion emissions associated with the inferior fuels Oil continuous water in oil emulsified fuels are exemplified by diesel or biodiesel blended fuels and water emulsions These emulsified fuels were recognized in Europe France and Italy and CEN workshop standard was established CWA 15145 2004 Other types of fuels have been emulsified contain between 5 and 30 water by mass in the overall fuel emulsion Water in diesel fuel emulsion could be used as an alternative fuel for low emissions and high brake thermal efficiency 2 Emulsion to combustion E2C or on demand water in fuel emulsions for HFO and Diesel for shipping and stationary boilers are available from Nonox Ltd since 2006 The advantage of mixing on demand is no chemical surfactants are required water fuel ratio can be adjusted to load for maximum efficiency and no chance of separation in storage This proven system reduces soot emissions up to 90 NOx 40 and offers fuel savings which vary depending on the baseline efficiency of the load Microemulsions of fuels have also been prepared The type of surfactants and quantities required to make these emulsion fuels sets them apart from other commercial emulsion fuels These are considered where safety issues e g fire prevention 3 or commercial return justify the extra costs e g enhance oil recovery surfactant flooding 4 Theory EditThe main advantages to using emulsified fuels instead of the fuel itself are environmental and economic benefits Addition of water to the diesel process decreases combustion temperatures and lowers NOx emissions 5 A paper compares water injection and emulsified fuels into diesel engines marine and stationary engines and discusses the emissions and mechanisms involved It concludes that emulsified fuels are singularly effective in simultaneously reducing NOx and PM emissions 6 Another paper has examined the effects of EGR and Emulsion Fuels 7 See also Edit Look up emulsified fuel in Wiktionary the free dictionary Emulsions Emulsion dispersion Microemulsion Miniemulsion Pickering emulsion Water in water emulsionReferences Edit Jhalani Amit Sharma Dilip Soni Shyam Lal Sharma Pushpendra Kumar Sharma Sumit 6 January 2019 A comprehensive review on water emulsified diesel fuel chemistry engine performance and exhaust emissions Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26 5 4570 4587 doi 10 1007 s11356 018 3958 y PMID 30612375 S2CID 58543105 Jhalani Amit Sharma Dilip Soni Shyam Lal Sharma Pushpendra Kumar 22 September 2019 Effects of process parameters on performance and emissions of a water emulsified diesel fueled compression ignition engine Energy Sources Part A Recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects 1 13 doi 10 1080 15567036 2019 1669739 S2CID 203940130 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Fire Resistant Fuels for the Military at SwRI YouTube http files sc akzonobel com bulletins Enhanced 20Oil 20Recovery Tech bulletin pdf permanent dead link Canfield C A 1999 Effects of Diesel Water Emulsion Combustion on Diesel Engine NOx Emissions M S thesis State University System of Florida W Addy Majewski 2002 Water in Diesel Combustion Bertola A Li R Boulouchos K 2003 Influence of Water in Diesel Emulsions and EGR on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of Heavy Duty DI Diesel Engines equipped with Common Rail Injector System SAE Technical Paper doi 10 4271 2003 01 3146 JSTOR 44742443 2003 01 3146 Experimental investigation of a Diesel engine power torque and noise emission using Water Diesel emulsions Mohammad Reza Seifi et al http doi org 10 1016 j fuel 2015 10 122External links EditSerdyuk Vasily 2008 In search of the fuel of the future In the near future usual types of motor fuel will be replaced by water fuel emulsions Oil of Russia No 3 Lukoil OCLC 74330613 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emulsified fuel amp oldid 1126892136, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
