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Eleven Caesars

January 01, 1970

The Eleven Caesars was a series of eleven painted half-length portraits of Roman emperors made by Titian in 1536-1540 for Federico II, Duke of Mantua. They were among his best-known works, inspired by the Lives of the Caesars by Suetonius. Titian's paintings were originally housed in a new room inside the Palazzo Ducale di Mantova. Bernardino Campi added a twelfth portrait in 1562.

The Emperor Otho, by Robert Van Voerst after the lost painting by Titian
The Emperor Titus, by Aegidius Sadeler II

The portraits were copied by Flemish engravers in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, who added engravings of twelve Roman Empresses. Between 1627 and 1628 the paintings were sold to Charles I of England by Vincenzo II Gonzaga, and when the Royal Collection of Charles I was broken up and sold after his execution by the English Commonwealth, the Eleven Caesars passed in 1651 into the collection of Philip IV of Spain. They were all destroyed in a catastrophic fire at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid in 1734, and are now only known from copies and engravings.

History edit

Titian was commissioned in 1536 to paint eleven portraits for the Gabinetto dei Cesari (sometimes Camerino dei Cesari, "Cabinet of the Caesars"), one room in new suite at the Palazzo Ducale di Mantova designed by Giulio Romano, with décor inspired by ancient history. The suite, the Appartamento di Troia ("Troy Apartments"), was named after the theme of the main room. Titian's portraits were inspired by Suetonius's account of the Lives of the Twelve Caesars and informed by Titian's study of ancient medals and busts. The dimensions of the room allowed three portraits on each wall, but a window on the west wall meant that only eleven painting were included in the decorative scheme. Titian's portraits were completed shortly before the death of Duke Federico in August 1540. Romano later added a portrait of the twelfth emperor, Domitian, displayed elsewhere.

The emperors were depicted in classical poses, wearing armour and flowing draped clothing, accompanied by various objects such as swords and staffs. The series ran clockwise around the top of the room, from Julius Caesar on the north wall to Titus on the west wall. Romano added frescos on the ceilings; stucco and niches to frame Titian's paintings; and a series of further paintings on wooden panels as a dado or basamento around the lower part of the walls, with a scene from the life of each emperor below the relevant portrait. Some of the works by Romano, or his workshop, designed to hang below Titian's portraits are in the British Royal Collection.[1]

Titian's eleven portraits were copied by Bernardino Campi in 1561 for Francesco Ferdinando d'Ávalos, governor of Milan. To Titian's eleven portraits, Campi added the twelfth Caesar, Domitian, in 1562, after the portrait by Romano. Campi returned to the subject several times, painting at least another four sets for other patrons.

Drawings of most of Titian's originals (but omitting the west wall) were made by Ippolito Andreasi for Jacopo Strada in about 1568. The portraits were engraved by Aegidius Sadeler II and published in Antwerp in about 1593, and then republished by Marcus Sadeler in about 1625. Both were court artists to Emperor Rudolf II in Prague. The engravers added twelve accompanying empresses - eleven wives and Otho's mother, Albia Terentia - based on portraits by Giulio Romano. Each engraved portrait is accompanied by a poem in Latin. The engravings are an important source for the details of Renaissance armour, including examples attributed to Filippo Negroli.

The Gonzaga collection, including Titian's paintings, was sold by Vincenzo II Gonzaga to Charles I of England in 1628, but Charles's Royal Collection was broken up and auctioned under the English Commonwealth. The Titian portraits were sold for £1,200 in 1651 and bought by the Spanish Ambassador Alonso de Cárdenas, acting on behalf Don Luis Méndez de Haro, who gave them to Philip IV of Spain.

Titian's portraits were displayed at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid, along with other portraits by Titian and Tintoretto, where the Galería del Mediodía (the South gallery) became known as the Galería de Retratos (Portrait Gallery). They were lost in the catastrophic fire that destroyed the Alcázar in 1734.

Gallery edit

Set of engravings with English commentary, after those of Aegidius Sadeler II (Antwerp c. 1593, and later editions), after the lost paintings by Titian.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Lucy Whitaker, Martin Clayton, The Art of Italy in the Royal Collection; Renaissance and Baroque, pp. 139-145, Royal Collection Publications, 2007, ISBN 978-1-902163-29-1

Sources edit

  • F. Valcanover, L'opera completa di Tiziano, Milano 1969, p. 109 (in Italian)
  • Titian Portraits of Roman Emperors and Empresses, George Glazer Gallery
  • The Life of Titian, Carlo Ridolfi, Penn State Press, 2010, ISBN 027104053X, p.86
  • Heroic Armor of the Italian Renaissance: Filippo Negroli and His Contemporaries, Stuart W. Pyhrr, Filippo Negroli, José-A. Godoy, Silvio Leydi, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), p.149-152
  • Giulio Romano, Nero playing while Rome burns, from the Cabinet of the Caesars; Royal Collection

External links edit

  • After Tiziano Vecellio, called Titian, First half of the 18th century, A rare set of 24 portraits of Roman emperors and their consorts, in classical poses, dressed in armour and draped clothing, together with the personification of Rome, Alain R. Truong, 1 February 2015
  • Catalogue of the Pepys Library at Magdalene College, Cambridge, Eric Chamberlain, Boydell & Brewer, 1993, ISBN 0859913325, p.31-34
  • A set of six portraits of emperors, After Tiziano Vecellio, called Titian, Sotheby's, 25 April 2006
  • Notices of the Life and Works of Titian, A. Hume, John Rodwell and Colnaghi, 1829, p.55-59
  • The image of "the Twelve Caesars" from Titian to the end of the 17th century: images of military triumph of the Spanish monarchy, Margarita-Ana Vázquez-Manassero, in Actual problems of theory and history of art: Sun. researcher articles. 5. ed. S.v. Maltsev, E.y. Stanyukovich-Denisova, A.v. Zakharova. St. Petersburg: NP-print, 2015. S. 655–663. ISSN 2312-2129. https://dx.doi.org/10.18688/aa155-7-71

January 01, 1970
eleven, caesars, series, eleven, painted, half, length, portraits, roman, emperors, made, titian, 1536, 1540, federico, duke, mantua, they, were, among, best, known, works, inspired, lives, caesars, suetonius, titian, paintings, were, originally, housed, room,. The Eleven Caesars was a series of eleven painted half length portraits of Roman emperors made by Titian in 1536 1540 for Federico II Duke of Mantua They were among his best known works inspired by the Lives of the Caesars by Suetonius Titian s paintings were originally housed in a new room inside the Palazzo Ducale di Mantova Bernardino Campi added a twelfth portrait in 1562 The Emperor Otho by Robert Van Voerst after the lost painting by Titian The Emperor Titus by Aegidius Sadeler II The portraits were copied by Flemish engravers in the late 16th and early 17th centuries who added engravings of twelve Roman Empresses Between 1627 and 1628 the paintings were sold to Charles I of England by Vincenzo II Gonzaga and when the Royal Collection of Charles I was broken up and sold after his execution by the English Commonwealth the Eleven Caesars passed in 1651 into the collection of Philip IV of Spain They were all destroyed in a catastrophic fire at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid in 1734 and are now only known from copies and engravings Contents 1 History 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External linksHistory editTitian was commissioned in 1536 to paint eleven portraits for the Gabinetto dei Cesari sometimes Camerino dei Cesari Cabinet of the Caesars one room in new suite at the Palazzo Ducale di Mantova designed by Giulio Romano with decor inspired by ancient history The suite the Appartamento di Troia Troy Apartments was named after the theme of the main room Titian s portraits were inspired by Suetonius s account of the Lives of the Twelve Caesars and informed by Titian s study of ancient medals and busts The dimensions of the room allowed three portraits on each wall but a window on the west wall meant that only eleven painting were included in the decorative scheme Titian s portraits were completed shortly before the death of Duke Federico in August 1540 Romano later added a portrait of the twelfth emperor Domitian displayed elsewhere The emperors were depicted in classical poses wearing armour and flowing draped clothing accompanied by various objects such as swords and staffs The series ran clockwise around the top of the room from Julius Caesar on the north wall to Titus on the west wall Romano added frescos on the ceilings stucco and niches to frame Titian s paintings and a series of further paintings on wooden panels as a dado or basamento around the lower part of the walls with a scene from the life of each emperor below the relevant portrait Some of the works by Romano or his workshop designed to hang below Titian s portraits are in the British Royal Collection 1 Titian s eleven portraits were copied by Bernardino Campi in 1561 for Francesco Ferdinando d Avalos governor of Milan To Titian s eleven portraits Campi added the twelfth Caesar Domitian in 1562 after the portrait by Romano Campi returned to the subject several times painting at least another four sets for other patrons Drawings of most of Titian s originals but omitting the west wall were made by Ippolito Andreasi for Jacopo Strada in about 1568 The portraits were engraved by Aegidius Sadeler II and published in Antwerp in about 1593 and then republished by Marcus Sadeler in about 1625 Both were court artists to Emperor Rudolf II in Prague The engravers added twelve accompanying empresses eleven wives and Otho s mother Albia Terentia based on portraits by Giulio Romano Each engraved portrait is accompanied by a poem in Latin The engravings are an important source for the details of Renaissance armour including examples attributed to Filippo Negroli The Gonzaga collection including Titian s paintings was sold by Vincenzo II Gonzaga to Charles I of England in 1628 but Charles s Royal Collection was broken up and auctioned under the English Commonwealth The Titian portraits were sold for 1 200 in 1651 and bought by the Spanish Ambassador Alonso de Cardenas acting on behalf Don Luis Mendez de Haro who gave them to Philip IV of Spain Titian s portraits were displayed at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid along with other portraits by Titian and Tintoretto where the Galeria del Mediodia the South gallery became known as the Galeria de Retratos Portrait Gallery They were lost in the catastrophic fire that destroyed the Alcazar in 1734 Gallery editSet of engravings with English commentary after those of Aegidius Sadeler II Antwerp c 1593 and later editions after the lost paintings by Titian nbsp Julius Caesar nbsp Augustus nbsp Tiberius nbsp Caligula nbsp Claudius nbsp Nero nbsp Pompeia wife of Julius Caesar nbsp Livia Drusilla wife of Augustus nbsp Vipsania Agrippina wife of Tiberius nbsp Milonia Caesonia wife of Caligula nbsp Aelia Paetina wife of Claudius nbsp Statilia Messalina wife of Nero nbsp Galba nbsp Otho nbsp Vitellius nbsp Vespasian nbsp Titus nbsp Domitian after Giulio Romano nbsp Aemilia Lepida wife of Galba nbsp Albia Terentia mother of Otho nbsp Petronia wife of Vitellius nbsp Flavia Domitilla wife of Vespasian nbsp Martia Fulvia Marcia Furnilla wife of Titus nbsp Domitia Longina wife of DomitianSee also editList of works by TitianReferences edit Lucy Whitaker Martin Clayton The Art of Italy in the Royal Collection Renaissance and Baroque pp 139 145 Royal Collection Publications 2007 ISBN 978 1 902163 29 1Sources editF Valcanover L opera completa di Tiziano Milano 1969 p 109 in Italian Titian Portraits of Roman Emperors and Empresses George Glazer Gallery The Life of Titian Carlo Ridolfi Penn State Press 2010 ISBN 027104053X p 86 Heroic Armor of the Italian Renaissance Filippo Negroli and His Contemporaries Stuart W Pyhrr Filippo Negroli Jose A Godoy Silvio Leydi Metropolitan Museum of Art New York N Y p 149 152 Giulio Romano Nero playing while Rome burns from the Cabinet of the Caesars Royal CollectionExternal links editShort history After Tiziano Vecellio called Titian First half of the 18th century A rare set of 24 portraits of Roman emperors and their consorts in classical poses dressed in armour and draped clothing together with the personification of Rome Alain R Truong 1 February 2015 Catalogue of the Pepys Library at Magdalene College Cambridge Eric Chamberlain Boydell amp Brewer 1993 ISBN 0859913325 p 31 34 A set of six portraits of emperors After Tiziano Vecellio called Titian Sotheby s 25 April 2006 Notices of the Life and Works of Titian A Hume John Rodwell and Colnaghi 1829 p 55 59 The image of the Twelve Caesars from Titian to the end of the 17th century images of military triumph of the Spanish monarchy Margarita Ana Vazquez Manassero in Actual problems of theory and history of art Sun researcher articles 5 ed S v Maltsev E y Stanyukovich Denisova A v Zakharova St Petersburg NP print 2015 S 655 663 ISSN 2312 2129 https dx doi org 10 18688 aa155 7 71 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eleven Caesars amp oldid 1221799522, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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