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As in other countries, Eirin classifies films to indicate their suitability for minors. It considers eight criteria, such as whether the film contains sexual or violent material, and gives the film a rating in one of four categories.[1] Although the ratings are sometimes controversial, Eirin's defenders argue that its independence shields film makers from the more draconian alternative, government censorship.[2]
During the opening credits (or in some cases, on the copyright screen immediately following the ending credits) of an Eirin-approved film, the Eirin logo is displayed prominently underneath or beside the movie's title. Eirin has no legal power to ban films, but the Japan Association of Theatre Owners forbids its members from screening films that haven't been classified by Eirin.[2]
History
During World War II the government of Japan censored films. The job of censoring was the responsibility of the Interior Ministry's Police Bureau. In time censorship was subsumed with the motions picture law of 1939. After the end of World War II, the General Headquarters of the Allied Forces who had occupied Japan took on the role of censoring movies. In 1949 Japan's motion picture industry formed its own self-regulating organization which was based on the code of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, which later became the Motion Picture Association of America.
The Motion Picture Code of Ethics Committee (映画倫理規程管理委員会, Eiga Rinri Kitei Kanri Iinkai) was established in 1949 and was the predecessor to Eirin.[2] The organization was criticized for hiring examiners who were part of the same movie industry that financed the organization, resulting in a conflict of interest. There was also criticism of the content of some films which came out at the time, such as Nikkatsu'sSeason of the Sun based on the award-winning book by Shintaro Ishihara.
In response to the criticism Eirin began to bring in outsiders to join the commission in 1956, and reorganized into a self-financing, independent body. At that time it also changed its name to Eirin Kanri Iinkai, and is the foundation of today's rating body.[2]
Ratings
Early ratings set
From 1976 to May 1, 1998, there were three rating categories:
General Audiences (一般指定, Ippan Shitei) - Patrons of all ages are admitted.
Limited General Film (一般映画制限付, Ippan Eiga Seigen-tsuki) - Patrons under 15 must be accompanied by a parent or guardian. The first Japanese film to use this rating was Ninkyo Gaiden: Genkai Nada (任侠外伝 玄界灘, Ninkyō Gaiden: Genkai Nada, released May 29, 1976) and the first non-Japanese film to use this rating was Snuff (released June 19, 1976), a movie claiming to show actual scenes of homicide.
Adult Audiences (成人指定, Seijin Shitei) - Only adults are admitted.
Current ratings set
Eirin ratings
On May 1, 1998, four rating categories were introduced:[1] R15+ and R18+ are restricted categories and it is forbidden to admit an underage patron to a film with a restricted rating as well as rent, sell, or exhibit DVDs/motion picture releases to underage patrons with restricted ratings. Such violations are a criminal offense and strictly enforced.
Unrestricted
G: General Audiences. All ages admitted.
PG12 (PG-12): Parental Guidance Requested. Some material may be unsuitable for children under 12. Parents are advised to accompany and give guidance for their children during the film. Films with this rating can influence elementary schoolers. May contain violent content, sexual content, use of drugs as well as underage drinking, smoking or driving. Horror movies usually get this rating.[citation needed]
Restricted
The R15+ and R18+ ratings are age restricted. All cinemas are legally required to check the age of all patrons who wish to view an R15+ or R18+ rated film. Admitting underage patrons to such films is considered a criminal offense and can be punished with fines/imprisonment.[citation needed]
R15+ (R-15): Restricted to teenagers 15 and over only. Children and pre-teenagers under the age of 15 are banned from viewing the film. Films with this rating are strongly stimulating. May contain bullying, more violent content, more sexual content, more inappropriate language and criminal activity such as the yakuza and crimes of counterfeiting.
R18+ (R-18): Restricted to adults only. Children and teenagers under the age of 18 are banned from viewing the film. Films with this rating are extremely stimulating. May contain glamorization and graphic depiction of violence, explicit sexual activity and glamorization of the use of drugs.
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Not to be confused with Erin This article relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Eirin news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2011 The Film Classification and Rating Organization 映画倫理機構 Eiga Rinri Kikō also known as Eirin 映倫 is Japan s self regulatory film regulator Eirin was established on the model of the now defunct American Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association s Production Code Administration in June 1949 succeeding the US led occupation authorities role of film censorship during the Occupation of Japan It classifies films into one of four categories depending on their suitability for viewing by minors of different ages Film Classification and Rating Organization映画倫理機構PronunciationEiga Rinri KikōFormationJune 1949 73 years ago 1949 06 FounderJapanese film industryFounded atJapanTypeSelf regulatoryLegal statusGeneral associationPurposeClassifying films to indicate their suitability for minorsHeadquartersChuō Tokyo JapanLocationJapanArea servedJapan Contents 1 Description 2 History 3 Ratings 3 1 Early ratings set 3 2 Current ratings set 3 3 Unrestricted 3 4 Restricted 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksDescription EditAs in other countries Eirin classifies films to indicate their suitability for minors It considers eight criteria such as whether the film contains sexual or violent material and gives the film a rating in one of four categories 1 Although the ratings are sometimes controversial Eirin s defenders argue that its independence shields film makers from the more draconian alternative government censorship 2 During the opening credits or in some cases on the copyright screen immediately following the ending credits of an Eirin approved film the Eirin logo is displayed prominently underneath or beside the movie s title Eirin has no legal power to ban films but the Japan Association of Theatre Owners forbids its members from screening films that haven t been classified by Eirin 2 History EditDuring World War II the government of Japan censored films The job of censoring was the responsibility of the Interior Ministry s Police Bureau In time censorship was subsumed with the motions picture law of 1939 After the end of World War II the General Headquarters of the Allied Forces who had occupied Japan took on the role of censoring movies In 1949 Japan s motion picture industry formed its own self regulating organization which was based on the code of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America which later became the Motion Picture Association of America The Motion Picture Code of Ethics Committee 映画倫理規程管理委員会 Eiga Rinri Kitei Kanri Iinkai was established in 1949 and was the predecessor to Eirin 2 The organization was criticized for hiring examiners who were part of the same movie industry that financed the organization resulting in a conflict of interest There was also criticism of the content of some films which came out at the time such as Nikkatsu s Season of the Sun based on the award winning book by Shintaro Ishihara In response to the criticism Eirin began to bring in outsiders to join the commission in 1956 and reorganized into a self financing independent body At that time it also changed its name to Eirin Kanri Iinkai and is the foundation of today s rating body 2 Ratings EditEarly ratings set Edit From 1976 to May 1 1998 there were three rating categories General Audiences 一般指定 Ippan Shitei Patrons of all ages are admitted Limited General Film 一般映画制限付 Ippan Eiga Seigen tsuki Patrons under 15 must be accompanied by a parent or guardian The first Japanese film to use this rating was Ninkyo Gaiden Genkai Nada 任侠外伝 玄界灘 Ninkyō Gaiden Genkai Nada released May 29 1976 and the first non Japanese film to use this rating was Snuff released June 19 1976 a movie claiming to show actual scenes of homicide Adult Audiences 成人指定 Seijin Shitei Only adults are admitted Current ratings set Edit Eirin ratings On May 1 1998 four rating categories were introduced 1 R15 and R18 are restricted categories and it is forbidden to admit an underage patron to a film with a restricted rating as well as rent sell or exhibit DVDs motion picture releases to underage patrons with restricted ratings Such violations are a criminal offense and strictly enforced Unrestricted Edit G General Audiences All ages admitted PG12 PG 12 Parental Guidance Requested Some material may be unsuitable for children under 12 Parents are advised to accompany and give guidance for their children during the film Films with this rating can influence elementary schoolers May contain violent content sexual content use of drugs as well as underage drinking smoking or driving Horror movies usually get this rating citation needed Restricted Edit The R15 and R18 ratings are age restricted All cinemas are legally required to check the age of all patrons who wish to view an R15 or R18 rated film Admitting underage patrons to such films is considered a criminal offense and can be punished with fines imprisonment citation needed R15 R 15 Restricted to teenagers 15 and over only Children and pre teenagers under the age of 15 are banned from viewing the film Films with this rating are strongly stimulating May contain bullying more violent content more sexual content more inappropriate language and criminal activity such as the yakuza and crimes of counterfeiting R18 R 18 Restricted to adults only Children and teenagers under the age of 18 are banned from viewing the film Films with this rating are extremely stimulating May contain glamorization and graphic depiction of violence explicit sexual activity and glamorization of the use of drugs See also EditComputer Entertainment Rating Organization The Japanese rating system for video games Motion picture rating system Nihon Ethics of Video AssociationReferences Edit a b FILM CLASSIFICATION eirin jp a b c d Martin Alex 2010 03 02 All movies subject to rating even cuts The Japan Times Online ISSN 0447 5763 Retrieved 2017 01 30 External links EditOfficial website http www midnighteye com interviews kinji fukasaku shtml Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eirin amp oldid 1126844418, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
