Esperanza y Cia
Esperanza y Cia, SA (Ecia) was a defense equipment manufacturer based in the city of Markina-Xemein in province of Vizcaya, Basque Country, Spain. From its origins, Ecia had focused primarily on the design and manufacture of mortars and their ammunition.
| Company type | Joint stock company |
|---|---|
| Industry | Defence |
| Founded | 1925 |
| Founder | Juan Esperanza Salvador |
| Defunct | 1994 |
| Headquarters | , |
| Products | Explosives, Electro-optical devices |
| 1,760 million peseta[1] (1978) | |
Number of employees | 223[2] (1991) |
History edit
The arms factory, Esperanza y Cia SA (Ecia) was founded in 1925 by prominent businessman Juan Esperanza Salvador (1860–1951). Esperanza-Salvador was one of the co-founders of Astra-Unceta y Cia SA. Ecia utilised the expertise which Esperanza-Salvador and Juan Pedro Unceta had previously accumulated in Eibar and Gernika, later known as Astra-Unceta, through the signature "Esperanza and Unceta".[3][4]
Its first activity was the manufacture of guns, under patent from Alkartasuna Eibar, and then designed his own semi-automatic pistol (known as ECIA) and a light machine gun. The company moved to Marquina in 1933. During the Civil War, the company was controlled by the Basque Government, which moved the factory to Derio to move it away from the front and then to Bilbao. After the war the company returned to Marquina. In the 1940s production capabilities reached new levels with the development of lines of infantry mortars and their ammunition, the products that the company would prosper on. During the Second World War, Ecia would supply arms to Germany, though an attempt to supply arms to Egypt was rejected.[5]
In 1978, the company was the largest arms exporter in Spain, ahead of another Basque firm, Explosivos Alaveses. At that time there were seven companies from Basque Country among the top ten Spanish weapons manufacturers.[1]
In 1980, a convoy carrying military company material was attacked by a command of the separatist organization ETA, and the six civil guards who were escorting him were killed in the attack.[6] In 1985 ETA also murdered José Martínez Parens, then the head of security for the company.[7]
The arms industry entered a deep crisis in the 1980s, due to a decline in domestic and foreign demand. Under the new name, Esperanza y Cia Explosives, entered into partnership with Unión Explosivos Río Tinto, which grew up to 40% of the shares, and managed to survive through projects like the Euromortar.[8]
In January 1986, it was alleged that the company had been provided military technology by Israeli companies, which Ecia denied.[9] Ecia reputedly used loyalist prisoners of war from the Spanish Civil War as slave labour.[citation needed] Its reputation also suffered from the connection with the sale of arms to war-torn countries like Iraq or Iran, and even for the terrorist attacks suffered by their stocks and managers.[citation needed]
It did not help the situation of its main shareholder, ERT, which declared bankruptcy in 1992, as Esperanza Y Cia. closed its main plant in Markina in 1994. A small part of its research units were integrated into Alaveses Explosives-Expal, which would also cease to operate in 2004.[10] Another 20 workers founded Ecia-Xemein in Markina in June 1995 to manufacture metal parts.[11]
Products edit
Firearms edit
In the late 1920s, Ecia manufactured prototypes of a double-action pistol and a machine-gun. An ECIA Model 1927 machine gun, with a rate of fire of 180 rounds per minute, was displayed at the Expedition of War Material taken from the Enemy in San Sebastián.[4]
Mortars edit
Ecia manufactured mortars since the company's founding in 1925,[9] though after the Civil War, it became the company's specicality.[4] Customers using modern Ecia mortars include, among others, Guatemala and Chile.[12] As well as manufacturing the weapons themselves, Ecia manufactured high explosive, smoke, and illumination rounds for its products, as well as training ammunition, anti-personal and anti-armour ammunition, and ammunition for 122mm and 82mm mortars.[13]
Valero 60mm model 1926 edit
Entered into Spanish service by royal order on 4 May 1926.[14]
- Caliber: 60 mm
Valero 50mm model 1932 edit
Entered into Spanish service by order on 6 September 1932.[15][16]
- Caliber: 50 mm
- Ammunition weight: 780 g
- Range: from 50 to 1000 m
- Weight: 7 kg
Valero 81mm model 1933 edit
Entered into Spanish service by order on 24 May 1933, replacing the 1926 60mm modelas battalion weapon.[17]
- Caliber: 81 mm
- Ammunition weight: 4 kg
- Maximum range: 3250 m
- Weight: 63 kg
- Tube length: 1.2m
120mm "Franco" edit
Began manufacture in 1942.[18]
- Caliber: 120mm
- Weight: 85 kg
- Maximum range: 6400 m
- Firing Rate: 3 shots / minute
Valero-Ecia 1942 models edit
An 81mm caliber and a 120mm caliber model was produced from 1942.[19]
Ecia models 1951 edit
Three types of Ecia models replaced the Valeros previously in service, improving on weight. 60mm, 81mm and 120mm variants were produced.[19]
Ecia model 1951 81mm edit
Transported by four individuals or a mule, or used on vehicles.[19]
- Caliber: 81 mm
- Ammunition weight: 3,935 kg (breaker) 4,154 kg (smoke)
- Range: from 200 to 3145m
- Fire Rate: 10 to 30 shots / minute
- Elevation: 49.5° to 89.5°
- Position weight: 66.37 kg
Ecia model 1951 120mm edit
Transported by being towed.[19]
- Caliber: 120mm
- Ammunition weight: 16.55 kg (breaker) 17.7 kg (smoke)
- Range: 600 to 6400m
- Fire Rate: 5 to 10 shots / minute
- Elevation: 49.5 ° to 89.5 °
- Position weight: 321.62 kg
- Tube length: 1m
Ecia Models C, C-2 and L 60mm edit
Also called the "Commando", the C model was designed for special operations units. The C-2 variant was used on vehicles, whilst the L had a bipod to increase its range to 2000m. Their low weight allowed them to be utilised by a single individual.[20][21]
- Caliber: 60mm
- Ammunition weight: 1,428 kg (explosive, smoke) 1,966 kg (illuminant)
- Maximum range: 1060 m (C, C-2) 2100 m (L)
- Firing rate: 30 shots / minute
- Elevation: 49.5 ° to 89.5 °
- Weight in position: 5 kg (C) 10 kg (L)
- Tube length: 650mm
ECIA Models L and L1 81mm edit
These mortars were equipped with a tripod instead of the usual bipod. They could be transported, dismounted, by a team of three.[21]
- Caliber: 81.35 mm
- Ammunition weight: 4.13 kg (N) 3.2 kg (NA)
- Maximum range: 4100 m (L) 4500 m (L)
- Firing Rate: 15 shots / minute
- Weight in position: 43 kg (L) 45 kg (L1)
- Tube length: 1.15m (L) 1.45m (L1)
ECIA Model L 105mm edit
Larger mortar with a circular base, designed to be transported which mounted on a two-wheeled trailer.[21]
- Caliber: 105mm
- Ammunition weight: 9.2 kg (HE)
- Maximum range: 7050 m
- Firing Rate: 12 shots / minute
- Position weight: 105 kg
- Shipping weight: 239 kg
- Tube length: 1.5m
ECIA Model SL and L 120mm edit
Transported in a two-wheeled trailer.[21]
- Caliber: 120mm
- Ammunition weight: 16,745 kg (N-HE) 13,195 kg (L-HE)
- Maximum range: 5000m (L / N-HE) 5940m (L / L-HE) 5700m (SL / N-HE) 6660m (SL / L-HE)
- Firing Rate: 12 shots / minute
- Position weight: 123 kg (SL) 213 kg (L)
- Shipping weight: 257 kg (SL) 316 kg (L)
- Tube length: 1.6m
ECIA L65/60 edit
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2020) |
ECIA L65/81 edit
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2020) |
ECIA L65/105 edit
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2020) |
ECIA L65/120 edit
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2020) |
ECIA MC-2 edit
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2020) |
See also edit
- Astra-Unceta y Cia SA - another company founded by Juan Esperanza Salvador.
References edit
- ^ a b "Esperanza, primer exportador de armas". El País (in Spanish). 1979-04-11. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ Bidaurrazaga, Aitor Guenaga (1991-04-02). "Esperanza y Cía suspende pagos tras perder 2.606 millones en cuatro años". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
- ^ ""Fábrica de Armas Esperanza y Cía." (Markina - Xemein)" (PDF). Historicó de Biskaia. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ a b c Angel Etxaniz Ortuñez, José. "JUAN ESPERANZA SALVADOR". Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ Smith, Stuart (2018-09-20). Otto Skorzeny: The Devil's Disciple. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-2947-4.
- ^ "Six civil guards killed in terrorist ambush". Archivo Linz de la Transicion espanola. 1980-02-02. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ Etxarri, Tonia (1985-05-31). "Paro casi total en Marquina en protesta por el asesinato de José Martínez Parens". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ Navares, Jesus (1989-04-16). "La empresa vasca Ecia encabeza el proyecto del 'euromortero'". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ a b Muñoz, Ismael López (1986-02-01). "Los morteros de Esperanza y Cía, SA". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ Gorospe, Pedro (2004-04-17). "La fábrica alavesa Expal, con 84 trabajadores, anuncia el cierre". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ "ECIA XEMEIN presentacion". www.eciaxemein.com. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2020). "Chapter Eight: Latin America and the Caribbean". The Military Balance. 120 (1): 410, 422. doi:10.1080/04597222.2020.1707970. S2CID 219623398.
- ^ Fabrie, Robert (1987). World Support Base, Spain. National Defense University. pp. 35–37.
- ^ Colección Legislativa del Ejército. Spain. 1926. p. 166.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Colección Legislativa del Ejército. Spain. 1932. p. 585.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Halcón Lucas, Fernando (1933). "Descripción, funcionamiento, desarmme y armado del Mortero "Valero" M. I. I. C. de 50 mm., modelo 1932 y su granada". Retrieved 2020-05-29.
- ^ Colección Legislativa del Ejército. Spain. 1933. pp. 339–340.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ . 2019-05-08. Archived from the original on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ a b c d Rodrigo Fernández, Rafael (April 1961). "La Infantería y los Morteros" (PDF). Publicanciones Defensa. Ministerio del Ejército. pp. 17–26.
- ^ "Mortero ligero COMMANDO" (PDF). Servicio de Publicaciones del Estado Mayor del Ejército. April 1988. p. 131. (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-12. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
- ^ a b c d "Mortero ECIA de 120mm.texto". Scribd. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
Bibliography edit
- ↑ Historicó de Biskaia
- ↑ El Mundo 12 de febrero de 1999 Expal fabrica bombas de aviación para Turquía