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Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde

April 11, 2024

This article is about the early tenth-century king. For other kings of the same name, see Dyfnwal (disambiguation) and Dumnagual (disambiguation).

Dyfnwal (died 908×915) was King of Strathclyde.[note 1] Although his parentage is unknown, he was probably a member of the Cumbrian dynasty that is recorded to have ruled the Kingdom of Strathclyde immediately before him. Dyfnwal is attested by only one source, a mediaeval chronicle that places his death between the years 908 and 915.

Dyfnwal
Dyfnwal's title as it appears on 29r of Paris Bibliothèque Nationale Latin 4126 (the Poppleton manuscript): "rex Britanniorum".[1]
King of Strathclyde
SuccessorOwain ap Dyfnwal
Died908-915
Issueprobably Owain ap Dyfnwal
FatherUncertain, possibly Rhun ab Arthgal or Eochaid ab Rhun

Ancestry edit

Dyfnwal's parentage is uncertain. No historical source accords him a patronym.[6] He could have been a son of Rhun ab Arthgal,[7] the last identifiable King of Strathclyde before Dyfnwal.[8] Rhun was a member of the long-reigning Cumbrian dynasty of Strathclyde. He is the last monarch to be named by a pedigree preserved within a collection of tenth-century Welsh genealogical material known as the Harleian genealogies.[9]

A certain son of Rhun was Eochaid, a man who seems to have possessed a stake in the Scottish kingship before falling from power in the last decades of the ninth century.[10] It is unknown if Eochaid actually ruled the Kingdom of Strathclyde, although it is possible.[11] If Dyfnwal was not a son of Rhun, another possibility is that he descended from Eochaid:[12] either as a son[13] or grandson. Alternately, Dyfnwal could have represented a more distant branch of the same dynasty.[14] If Dyfnwal was indeed a son of Eochaid, a sister of his could have been Eochaid's apparent daughter, Land, the wife of Niall Glúndub mac Áeda attested by the twelfth-century Banshenchas.[15]

Expansion edit

Rhun's father, Arthgal ap Dyfnwal, ruled the Kingdom of Al Clud. In the 870s, the kingdom's principal citadel—the eponymous fortress of Al Clud ("Rock of the Clyde")—fell to the Irish-based Scandinavian kings Amlaíb and Ímar.[16] Thereafter, the kingdom's capital seems to have relocated up the River Clyde to the vicinity of Govan[17] and Partick.[18] The relocation is partly exemplified by a shift in royal terminology. Until the fall of Al Clud, for example, the rulers of the realm were styled after the fortress; whereas following the loss of this site, the Kingdom of Al Clud came to be known as the Kingdom of Strathclyde in consequence of its reorientation towards Ystrad Clud (Strathclyde), the valley of the River Clyde.[19][note 2]

At some point after the loss of Al Clud, the Kingdom of Strathclyde appears to have undergone a period of expansion.[21] Although the precise chronology is uncertain, by 927 the southern frontier appears to have reached the River Eamont, close to Penrith.[22] The catalyst for this southern extension may have been the dramatic decline of the Kingdom of Northumbria at the hands of conquering Scandinavians,[23] and the expansion may have been facilitated by cooperation between the Cumbrians and insular Scandinavians in the late ninth- and early tenth century.[24][note 3] Amiable relations between these powers may be evidenced by the remarkable collection of contemporary Scandinavian-influenced sculpture at Govan.[26]

Attestation edit

After Eochaid's career, the next notice of the Cumbrian realm is the record of Dyfnwal's death preserved by the ninth- to twelfth-century Chronicle of the Kings of Alba.[27] This is Dyfnwal's only attestation, and his appearance in this source could confirm that he was indeed related to the earlier rulers of Strathclyde.[28] In any case, one particular passage of the chronicle notes the deaths of five kings during the reign of Dyfnwal's Scottish counterpart, Custantín mac Áeda, King of Alba. Dyfnwal is the second of these five; the king before him is Cormac mac Cuilennáin; the ones after him are Domnall mac Áeda, Flann Sinna mac Maíl Sechnaill, and Niall Glúndub.[29][note 4] Although Dyfnwal's death is not specifically dated by the chronicle, the context of the passage suggests that it took place in 908×915.[31] Therefore, if the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba is to be believed, Dyfnwal died no later than 915.[32]

Successor edit

Dyfnwal appears to have been the father of Owain ap Dyfnwal,[33] a man who succeeded him as King of Strathclyde.[34] Dyfnwal's descendants are recorded to have ruled the Kingdom of Strathclyde into eleventh century.[35]

The personal name Dyfnwal was commonly employed by the Cumbrian royal dynasty. This name lays behind the place name of Dundonald/Dundonald Castle (grid reference NS3636034517), derived from the British *Din Dyfnwal. Although no Cumbrian monarch can be specifically linked to this location, any one of those named Dyfnwal could be the eponym.[36] Another place that could have been named after any of these like-named kings is Cardonald (grid reference NS5364).[37]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Since the 1990s, academics have accorded Dyfnwal various personal names in English secondary sources: Donald,[2] Donevaldus,[3] Dyfnwal,[4] and Dynwal.[5]
  2. ^ Either Arthgal or Rhun could have been the first monarch to rule the reconstructed realm of Strathclyde.[20]
  3. ^ The expansion of the Cumbrian kingdom may be perceptible in some of the place names of southern Scotland and northern England.[25]
  4. ^ The fact that the chronicle renders Domnall's kingdom as elig, a term which can be mistakenly interpreted as an abbreviation of eligitur ("he was selected"), has led to the erroneous belief that the ruling Alpínid dynasty of Alba inserted a member of its own—an otherwise unknown brother of Custantín named Domnall—to succeed Dyfnwal.[30]

Citations edit

  1. ^ Hudson (1998) p. 150; Skene (1867) p. 9; Lat. 4126 (n.d.) fol. 29v.
  2. ^ Hudson (2002); Hudson (1998).
  3. ^ Hudson (1994).
  4. ^ Clarkson (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013b); Oram (2011); Clarkson (2010); Broun (2004b); Dumville, D (2000); Hudson (1994).
  5. ^ Hudson (1994).
  6. ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 4.
  7. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, 9 ¶ 4; Broun (2004b) p. 135 tab.
  8. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 4 ¶ 12.
  9. ^ Clarkson (2014) chs. genealogical tables, 1 ¶ 23, 1 n. 56, 2 ¶¶ 21–22, 3 ¶ 19; Edmonds (2014) p. 201; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 571; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, introduction ¶ 12, 2 ¶ 35–36, 4 ¶ 44, 8 ¶ 23, 9 ¶ 4; Bartrum (2009) p. 642; Woolf (2007) p. 28; Charles-Edwards (2006) p. 324 n. 1; Broun (2004b) p. 117; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 38; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 331; Dumville, DN (1999) p. 110; Woolf (1998) pp. 159–160, 160–161 n. 61; Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991) p. 134; Hudson (1994) pp. 72, 110; Macquarrie (1986) p. 21; Anderson (1922) pp. clvii–clviii; Phillimore (1888) pp. 172–173; Skene (1867) p. 15.
  10. ^ Oram (2011) ch. 2.
  11. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 4 ¶ 12.
  12. ^ Hudson (1998) p. 157 n. 39.
  13. ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 4; Hudson (1994) pp. 56, 72, 173 genealogy 6.
  14. ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 4.
  15. ^ Bartrum (2009) p. 286; Clancy (2006a); Bhreathnach (2005) p. 270; Hudson (2004); Hudson (1994) pp. 56, 171 genealogy 4, 173 genealogy 6, 174 n. 6; Dobbs (1931) p. 188.
  16. ^ Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 5–6; Edmonds (2015) p. 44; Edmonds (2014) p. 200; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 9, 480; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 21; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 20; Davies (2009) p. 73; Downham (2007) pp. 66, 142, 162; Clancy (2006b); Forsyth (2005) p. 32; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 8.
  17. ^ Foley (2017); Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 5, 7; Clarkson (2014) chs. 1 ¶ 23, 3 ¶ 11–12; Edmonds (2014) p. 201; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 9, 480–481; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22; Davies (2009) p. 73; Oram (2008) p. 169; Downham (2007) p. 169; Clancy (2006b); Driscoll, S (2006); Forsyth (2005) p. 32; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 8, 10; Driscoll, ST (2003) pp. 81–82; Hicks (2003) pp. 32, 34; Driscoll, ST (2001a); Driscoll, ST (2001b); Driscoll, ST (1998) p. 112.
  18. ^ Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 5, 7; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 13; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22; Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 8, 10.
  19. ^ Driscoll, ST (2015) p. 5; Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 11; Edmonds (2014) pp. 200–201; Clarkson (2012a) ch. 8 ¶ 23; Clarkson (2012b) ch. 11 ¶ 46; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 26; Downham (2007) p. 162 n. 158; Clancy (2006b); Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 8, 10; Hicks (2003) pp. 15, 16, 30.
  20. ^ Clarkson (2014) chs. 1 ¶ 23, 3 ¶ 18.
  21. ^ Dumville, DN (2018) p. 118; Driscoll, ST (2015) pp. 6–7; Edmonds (2015) p. 44; James (2013) pp. 71–72; Parsons (2011) p. 123; Davies (2009) p. 73; Downham (2007) pp. 160–161, 161 n. 146; Woolf (2007) p. 153; Breeze (2006) pp. 327, 331; Clancy (2006b); Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) pp. 9–10; Hicks (2003) pp. 35–38, 36 n. 78.
  22. ^ Dumville, DN (2018) pp. 72, 110, 118; Edmonds (2015) pp. 44, 53, 62; Charles-Edwards (2013a) p. 20; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 9, 481; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Parsons (2011) p. 138 n. 62; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 10; Davies (2009) p. 73, 73 n. 40; Downham (2007) p. 165; Woolf (2007) p. 154; Clancy (2006b); Todd (2005) p. 96; Hicks (2003) pp. 35–38; Stenton (1963) p. 328.
  23. ^ Lewis (2016) p. 15; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 9, 481–482; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Breeze (2006) pp. 327, 331; Hicks (2003) pp. 35–38, 36 n. 78; Woolf (2001); Macquarrie (1998) p. 19; Fellows-Jensen (1991) p. 80.
  24. ^ Evans (2015) pp. 150–151; Charles-Edwards (2013b) pp. 481–482.
  25. ^ James (2013) p. 72; James (2011); James (2009) p. 144, 144 n. 27; Millar (2009) p. 164.
  26. ^ Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 482; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 24; Downham (2007) pp. 162, 170.
  27. ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 § 4; Downham (2007) p. 163.
  28. ^ Hudson (1998) p. 157 n. 39.
  29. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 4 ¶ 13, 4 n. 11; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶¶ 4, 17; Downham (2007) pp. 163–164; Woolf (2007) pp. 126–128, 157; Broun (2004b) pp. 132–133; Davidson (2002) pp. 129 n. 96, 130; Hudson (2002) p. 37; Dumville, D (2000) p. 77; Hudson (1998) pp. 140, 150, 156–157, 156 n. 38, 157 nn. 39–42; Broun (1997) pp. 118–119 n. 35; Hudson (1994) pp. 56, 71, 174 n. 5; Anderson (1922) pp. 445–446; Skene (1867) p. 9.
  30. ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 137; Clarkson (2014) ch. 4 ¶ 13; Clancy (2011) p. 373; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 17; Downham (2007) pp. 163–164; Woolf (2007) p. 157; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2007) p. 99; Broun (2004a); Broun (2004b) pp. 132–133; Davidson (2002) p. 129, 129 n. 96; Hudson (1998) p. 140; Hudson (1994) p. 71.
  31. ^ Downham (2007) p. 163; Davidson (2002) p. 130.
  32. ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 4 ¶ 14.
  33. ^ Clarkson (2014) chs. genealogical tables, 1 ¶ 13, 4 ¶ 14; Charles-Edwards (2013b) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, 9 ¶ 17; Broun (2004b) p. 135 tab.; Hudson (1994) pp. 72, 173 genealogy 6.
  34. ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 17; Hudson (1994) p. 72.
  35. ^ Broun (2004b) p. 136.
  36. ^ Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) p. 7.
  37. ^ Hicks (2003) p. 147, 147 n. 20.

References edit

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Dyfnwal
 Died: 908×915
Regnal titles
Unknown
Last known title holder:
Rhun ab Arthgal1 		King of Strathclyde Succeeded by
Notes and references
1. It is possible that Rhun's son, Eochaid, held the kingship after Rhun.

April 11, 2024
dyfnwal, king, strathclyde, this, article, about, early, tenth, century, king, other, kings, same, name, dyfnwal, disambiguation, dumnagual, disambiguation, dyfnwal, died, king, strathclyde, note, although, parentage, unknown, probably, member, cumbrian, dynas. This article is about the early tenth century king For other kings of the same name see Dyfnwal disambiguation and Dumnagual disambiguation Dyfnwal died 908 915 was King of Strathclyde note 1 Although his parentage is unknown he was probably a member of the Cumbrian dynasty that is recorded to have ruled the Kingdom of Strathclyde immediately before him Dyfnwal is attested by only one source a mediaeval chronicle that places his death between the years 908 and 915 DyfnwalDyfnwal s title as it appears on 29r of Paris Bibliotheque Nationale Latin 4126 the Poppleton manuscript rex Britanniorum 1 King of StrathclydeSuccessorOwain ap DyfnwalDied908 915Issueprobably Owain ap DyfnwalFatherUncertain possibly Rhun ab Arthgal or Eochaid ab Rhun Contents 1 Ancestry 2 Expansion 3 Attestation 4 Successor 5 Notes 6 Citations 7 References 7 1 Primary sources 7 2 Secondary sourcesAncestry editDyfnwal s parentage is uncertain No historical source accords him a patronym 6 He could have been a son of Rhun ab Arthgal 7 the last identifiable King of Strathclyde before Dyfnwal 8 Rhun was a member of the long reigning Cumbrian dynasty of Strathclyde He is the last monarch to be named by a pedigree preserved within a collection of tenth century Welsh genealogical material known as the Harleian genealogies 9 A certain son of Rhun was Eochaid a man who seems to have possessed a stake in the Scottish kingship before falling from power in the last decades of the ninth century 10 It is unknown if Eochaid actually ruled the Kingdom of Strathclyde although it is possible 11 If Dyfnwal was not a son of Rhun another possibility is that he descended from Eochaid 12 either as a son 13 or grandson Alternately Dyfnwal could have represented a more distant branch of the same dynasty 14 If Dyfnwal was indeed a son of Eochaid a sister of his could have been Eochaid s apparent daughter Land the wife of Niall Glundub mac Aeda attested by the twelfth century Banshenchas 15 Expansion editRhun s father Arthgal ap Dyfnwal ruled the Kingdom of Al Clud In the 870s the kingdom s principal citadel the eponymous fortress of Al Clud Rock of the Clyde fell to the Irish based Scandinavian kings Amlaib and Imar 16 Thereafter the kingdom s capital seems to have relocated up the River Clyde to the vicinity of Govan 17 and Partick 18 The relocation is partly exemplified by a shift in royal terminology Until the fall of Al Clud for example the rulers of the realm were styled after the fortress whereas following the loss of this site the Kingdom of Al Clud came to be known as the Kingdom of Strathclyde in consequence of its reorientation towards Ystrad Clud Strathclyde the valley of the River Clyde 19 note 2 At some point after the loss of Al Clud the Kingdom of Strathclyde appears to have undergone a period of expansion 21 Although the precise chronology is uncertain by 927 the southern frontier appears to have reached the River Eamont close to Penrith 22 The catalyst for this southern extension may have been the dramatic decline of the Kingdom of Northumbria at the hands of conquering Scandinavians 23 and the expansion may have been facilitated by cooperation between the Cumbrians and insular Scandinavians in the late ninth and early tenth century 24 note 3 Amiable relations between these powers may be evidenced by the remarkable collection of contemporary Scandinavian influenced sculpture at Govan 26 Attestation editAfter Eochaid s career the next notice of the Cumbrian realm is the record of Dyfnwal s death preserved by the ninth to twelfth century Chronicle of the Kings of Alba 27 This is Dyfnwal s only attestation and his appearance in this source could confirm that he was indeed related to the earlier rulers of Strathclyde 28 In any case one particular passage of the chronicle notes the deaths of five kings during the reign of Dyfnwal s Scottish counterpart Custantin mac Aeda King of Alba Dyfnwal is the second of these five the king before him is Cormac mac Cuilennain the ones after him are Domnall mac Aeda Flann Sinna mac Mail Sechnaill and Niall Glundub 29 note 4 Although Dyfnwal s death is not specifically dated by the chronicle the context of the passage suggests that it took place in 908 915 31 Therefore if the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba is to be believed Dyfnwal died no later than 915 32 Successor editDyfnwal appears to have been the father of Owain ap Dyfnwal 33 a man who succeeded him as King of Strathclyde 34 Dyfnwal s descendants are recorded to have ruled the Kingdom of Strathclyde into eleventh century 35 The personal name Dyfnwal was commonly employed by the Cumbrian royal dynasty This name lays behind the place name of Dundonald Dundonald Castle grid reference NS3636034517 derived from the British Din Dyfnwal Although no Cumbrian monarch can be specifically linked to this location any one of those named Dyfnwal could be the eponym 36 Another place that could have been named after any of these like named kings is Cardonald grid reference NS5364 37 Notes edit Since the 1990s academics have accorded Dyfnwal various personal names in English secondary sources Donald 2 Donevaldus 3 Dyfnwal 4 and Dynwal 5 Either Arthgal or Rhun could have been the first monarch to rule the reconstructed realm of Strathclyde 20 The expansion of the Cumbrian kingdom may be perceptible in some of the place names of southern Scotland and northern England 25 The fact that the chronicle renders Domnall s kingdom as elig a term which can be mistakenly interpreted as an abbreviation of eligitur he was selected has led to the erroneous belief that the ruling Alpinid dynasty of Alba inserted a member of its own an otherwise unknown brother of Custantin named Domnall to succeed Dyfnwal 30 Citations edit Hudson 1998 p 150 Skene 1867 p 9 Lat 4126 n d fol 29v Hudson 2002 Hudson 1998 Hudson 1994 Clarkson 2014 Charles Edwards 2013b Oram 2011 Clarkson 2010 Broun 2004b Dumville D 2000 Hudson 1994 Hudson 1994 Clarkson 2010 ch 9 4 Clarkson 2014 ch genealogical tables Charles Edwards 2013b p 572 fig 17 4 Oram 2011 ch 2 Clarkson 2010 chs genealogical tables 9 4 Broun 2004b p 135 tab Clarkson 2014 ch 4 12 Clarkson 2014 chs genealogical tables 1 23 1 n 56 2 21 22 3 19 Edmonds 2014 p 201 Charles Edwards 2013b p 571 Clarkson 2010 chs genealogical tables introduction 12 2 35 36 4 44 8 23 9 4 Bartrum 2009 p 642 Woolf 2007 p 28 Charles Edwards 2006 p 324 n 1 Broun 2004b p 117 o Corrain 1998a 38 o Corrain 1998b p 331 Dumville DN 1999 p 110 Woolf 1998 pp 159 160 160 161 n 61 Williams Smyth Kirby 1991 p 134 Hudson 1994 pp 72 110 Macquarrie 1986 p 21 Anderson 1922 pp clvii clviii Phillimore 1888 pp 172 173 Skene 1867 p 15 Oram 2011 ch 2 Clarkson 2014 ch 4 12 Hudson 1998 p 157 n 39 Clarkson 2010 ch 9 4 Hudson 1994 pp 56 72 173 genealogy 6 Clarkson 2010 ch 9 4 Bartrum 2009 p 286 Clancy 2006a Bhreathnach 2005 p 270 Hudson 2004 Hudson 1994 pp 56 171 genealogy 4 173 genealogy 6 174 n 6 Dobbs 1931 p 188 Driscoll ST 2015 pp 5 6 Edmonds 2015 p 44 Edmonds 2014 p 200 Charles Edwards 2013b pp 9 480 Clarkson 2012a ch 8 21 Clarkson 2012b ch 11 46 Clarkson 2010 ch 8 20 Davies 2009 p 73 Downham 2007 pp 66 142 162 Clancy 2006b Forsyth 2005 p 32 Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 p 8 Foley 2017 Driscoll ST 2015 pp 5 7 Clarkson 2014 chs 1 23 3 11 12 Edmonds 2014 p 201 Charles Edwards 2013b pp 9 480 481 Clarkson 2012a ch 8 23 Clarkson 2012b ch 11 46 Clarkson 2010 ch 8 22 Davies 2009 p 73 Oram 2008 p 169 Downham 2007 p 169 Clancy 2006b Driscoll S 2006 Forsyth 2005 p 32 Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 pp 8 10 Driscoll ST 2003 pp 81 82 Hicks 2003 pp 32 34 Driscoll ST 2001a Driscoll ST 2001b Driscoll ST 1998 p 112 Driscoll ST 2015 pp 5 7 Clarkson 2014 ch 3 13 Clarkson 2012a ch 8 23 Clarkson 2012b ch 11 46 Clarkson 2010 ch 8 22 Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 pp 8 10 Driscoll ST 2015 p 5 Clarkson 2014 ch 3 11 Edmonds 2014 pp 200 201 Clarkson 2012a ch 8 23 Clarkson 2012b ch 11 46 Clarkson 2010 ch 8 26 Downham 2007 p 162 n 158 Clancy 2006b Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 pp 8 10 Hicks 2003 pp 15 16 30 Clarkson 2014 chs 1 23 3 18 Dumville DN 2018 p 118 Driscoll ST 2015 pp 6 7 Edmonds 2015 p 44 James 2013 pp 71 72 Parsons 2011 p 123 Davies 2009 p 73 Downham 2007 pp 160 161 161 n 146 Woolf 2007 p 153 Breeze 2006 pp 327 331 Clancy 2006b Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 pp 9 10 Hicks 2003 pp 35 38 36 n 78 Dumville DN 2018 pp 72 110 118 Edmonds 2015 pp 44 53 62 Charles Edwards 2013a p 20 Charles Edwards 2013b pp 9 481 Oram 2011 ch 2 Parsons 2011 p 138 n 62 Clarkson 2010 ch 9 10 Davies 2009 p 73 73 n 40 Downham 2007 p 165 Woolf 2007 p 154 Clancy 2006b Todd 2005 p 96 Hicks 2003 pp 35 38 Stenton 1963 p 328 Lewis 2016 p 15 Charles Edwards 2013b pp 9 481 482 Oram 2011 ch 2 Breeze 2006 pp 327 331 Hicks 2003 pp 35 38 36 n 78 Woolf 2001 Macquarrie 1998 p 19 Fellows Jensen 1991 p 80 Evans 2015 pp 150 151 Charles Edwards 2013b pp 481 482 James 2013 p 72 James 2011 James 2009 p 144 144 n 27 Millar 2009 p 164 Charles Edwards 2013b p 482 Clarkson 2010 ch 8 24 Downham 2007 pp 162 170 Clarkson 2010 ch 9 4 Downham 2007 p 163 Hudson 1998 p 157 n 39 Clarkson 2014 ch 4 13 4 n 11 Clarkson 2010 ch 9 4 17 Downham 2007 pp 163 164 Woolf 2007 pp 126 128 157 Broun 2004b pp 132 133 Davidson 2002 pp 129 n 96 130 Hudson 2002 p 37 Dumville D 2000 p 77 Hudson 1998 pp 140 150 156 157 156 n 38 157 nn 39 42 Broun 1997 pp 118 119 n 35 Hudson 1994 pp 56 71 174 n 5 Anderson 1922 pp 445 446 Skene 1867 p 9 McGuigan 2015 p 137 Clarkson 2014 ch 4 13 Clancy 2011 p 373 Oram 2011 ch 2 Clarkson 2010 ch 9 17 Downham 2007 pp 163 164 Woolf 2007 p 157 Forte Oram Pedersen 2007 p 99 Broun 2004a Broun 2004b pp 132 133 Davidson 2002 p 129 129 n 96 Hudson 1998 p 140 Hudson 1994 p 71 Downham 2007 p 163 Davidson 2002 p 130 Clarkson 2014 ch 4 14 Clarkson 2014 chs genealogical tables 1 13 4 14 Charles Edwards 2013b p 572 fig 17 4 Clarkson 2010 chs genealogical tables 9 17 Broun 2004b p 135 tab Hudson 1994 pp 72 173 genealogy 6 Clarkson 2010 ch 9 17 Hudson 1994 p 72 Broun 2004b p 136 Ewart Pringle Caldwell et al 2004 p 7 Hicks 2003 p 147 147 n 20 References editPrimary sources edit Anderson AO ed 1922 Early Sources of Scottish History A D 500 to 1286 Vol 1 London Oliver and Boyd OL 14712679M Dobbs ME ed 1931 The Ban Shenchus Revue Celtique 48 163 234 Phillimore E 1888 The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies From Harleian MS 3859 Y Cymmrodor 9 141 183 Hudson BT 1998 The Scottish Chronicle Scottish Historical Review 77 2 129 161 doi 10 3366 shr 1998 77 2 129 eISSN 1750 0222 ISSN 0036 9241 JSTOR 25530832 Lat 4126 n d Skene WF ed 1867 Chronicles of the Picts Chronicles of the Scots and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History Edinburgh H M General Register House OL 23286818M Secondary sources edit Bartrum PC 2009 1993 A Welsh Classical Dictionary People in History and Legend up to About A D 1000 The National Library of Wales Bhreathnach E 2005 The Kingship and Landscape of Tara Dublin Four Courts Press Breeze A 2006 Britons in the 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JM 2005 British Cumbric Place Names in the Barony of Gilsland Cumbria PDF Transactions of the Cumberland amp Westmorland Antiquarian amp Archaeological Society 5 89 102 doi 10 5284 1032950 Williams A Smyth AP Kirby DP 1991 A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain England Scotland and Wales c 500 c 1050 London Seaby ISBN 1 85264 047 2 Woolf A 1998 Pictish Matriliny Reconsidered The Innes Review 49 2 147 167 doi 10 3366 inr 1998 49 2 147 eISSN 1745 5219 ISSN 0020 157X Woolf A 2001 Anglo Scottish Relations 1 900 1100 In Lynch M ed The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford Companions Oxford Oxford University Press pp 8 10 ISBN 0 19 211696 7 Woolf A 2007 From Pictland to Alba 789 1070 The New Edinburgh History of Scotland Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 1233 8 Dyfnwal Died 908 915Regnal titlesUnknownLast known title holder Rhun ab Arthgal1 King of Strathclyde Succeeded byOwain ap DyfnwalNotes and references1 It is possible that Rhun s son Eochaid held the kingship after Rhun Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dyfnwal King of Strathclyde amp oldid 1180948813, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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