Dutch Harbor

This article is about the harbor. For the city it is located in, see Unalaska, Alaska.

Dutch Harbor is a harbor on Amaknak Island in Unalaska, Alaska. It was the location of the Battle of Dutch Harbor in June 1942 and was one of the few sites in the United States to be subjected to aerial bombardment by a foreign power during World War II. It was also one of the few sites, besides the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, in incorporated U.S. territory to be bombed by the Japanese in the war.^[2]

Dutch Harbor
Harbor
Natural-color image of Dutch Harbor
Flag
Dutch Harbor Show map of Unalaska Dutch Harbor Show map of Alaska
Coordinates: 53°54′10.5″N 166°31′06.2″W / 53.902917°N 166.518389°W / 53.902917; -166.518389
Country	United States
City	Unalaska, Alaska
Time zone	UTC-9 (Alaska (AKST))
• Summer (DST)	UTC-8 (AKDT)
ZIP code	99692^[1]
Area code	907

Dutch Harbor is now the home of an important fishing industry.^[3]

History

Russian to American

Druzhinin, the commander of the Russian ship Zakharii I Elisaveta, is credited for discovering the deep-water harbor now known as Dutch Harbor.

Dutch Harbor is located within the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, more precisely on Amaknak Island in the Fox Islands. A mile-long spit extending from the northeast end of Amaknak Island makes Dutch Harbour a natural port, protecting ships from the waves and currents of the Bering Sea, although winds off the Bering Sea have tossed shipments from decks of ships. Dutch Harbour is close to some of the richest fishing in the world, and it is ice-free.

The native people are known as Aleut. When the Russians arrived, they exploited the Aleut by taxing them in fur pelts. The Aleut accepted the Russian Orthodox Church because it offered them support and educated their children.^{[citation needed]}

The Russian-American Company operated from 1799 through the mid-1800s. It used Dutch Harbour in the transport of goods, mainly seal and sea otter fur. In 1867, Russia sold Alaska to the United States. Fur was the main export in Alaska after the United States took control. Hutchinson, Kohl, & Company of San Francisco took over the assets of the Russian America Company in 1867, but it sold out in 1868, to the Alaska Commercial Company. A decline in the sea otter population slowed trade in 1895.

The year 1897 brought a crowd of potential prospectors looking to get rich from the Alaska gold rush.^[4]

World War II

See also: Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army and Aleutian World War II National Historic Area

World War II brought the U.S. Army and Navy, and their supplies, to Dutch Harbour at the Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army. The first army troops arrived in June 1941 and the navy air base was finished in September 1941. During the war, Dutch Harbour was also used to house refugees evacuated from other Aleutian Islands.

U.S. Army troops and civilian workers alike spent time at "Blackies", the only bar in the area. This establishment had cheap beer and 50-cent shots of whiskey, but no stools or chairs as they "splintered too easily in the event of a fight". Other entertainment included a brothel named "Pleasure Island", but this was closed in 1941 and later replaced by part of the U.S. Navy submarine base. The 500-man mess hall doubled as a theater. The tickets for the military were 15 cents and 35 cents for civilian workers.^[4]

In early 1942, intelligence officers of the U.S. Navy predicted that there would be a Japanese attack in the North Pacific area, and naval codebreakers warned Dutch Harbour of the impending attack. On June 3, 1942, at 5:45 a.m., 20 Japanese planes from two aircraft carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy bombed Dutch Harbor in the "Battle of Dutch Harbor," targeting the radio station and the petroleum storage tanks, and continuing the fight a day later. It was the first aerial attack on the continental United States during World War II.

By mid-1942, a small submarine base was in place, with a squadron of old U.S. Navy S-class submarines; these were withdrawn by late 1943 due to the availability of longer-range submarines (such as the Gato class) operating elsewhere.^[5]

By May 1943, a peak of 10,151 sailors and 9,976 soldiers were stationed at the base.^{[citation needed]}

Post-World War II

In 1947, the last units of the U.S. Navy left Dutch Harbor, and the base was decommissioned.

In 1952, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers stored 232 surplus buildings on 448 acres of land of the Fort Mears Military Reservation.

During the mid-1980s, the U.S. government finally funded the cleanup of the derelict fort, and the area was turned over for commercial use. The U.S. Navy also scrapped its air base on it.

Current events

The harbor is prominently featured in the Discovery Channel reality television series Deadliest Catch, which has originated there since 2005.

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1930	17		—
1940	52		205.9%
U.S. Decennial Census^[6]

Dutch Harbour first appeared on the 1930 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It returned lastly in 1940 and did not appear again separately afterward. It was later annexed into Unalaska.

Fishing

Dutch Harbour is ranked as a top fishing port with more than a billion dollars transferred each year. Huge harvests of pollock and cod in the Bering Sea are part of this total. The Bering Sea has a continental shelf that is one of the world's largest, and supports a rich ecosystem.^[7]

•  

  Dutch Harbour attacked in WW2 - June 1942

•  

  Buildings burning after the first Japanese attack, 3 June 1942.

•  

  The Naval Operating Base in 1972

•  

  The building at Dutch Harbour airport was used as a communication room and terminal with the old U.S. Navy Aero Unit insignia in August 1972

•  

  View of Dutch Harbour ramp area with a USCG C-130 Hercules on stand-by for an emergency flight.

•  

  Crab boats docked at Dutch Harbour in January 2009.

References

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dutch Harbor.

 

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dutch Harbor-Unalaska.

1. "Dutch Harbor ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
2. Unalaska – History of Unalaska
3. . Archived from the original on 2012-10-02. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
4. Campbell, L. J., & Alaska Geographic Society. (1991). Unalaska/Dutch Harbour. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Geographic Society.
5. Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 142. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
6. "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
7. "Kloosterboer Dutch Harbor; Kloosterboer Forecasts Busy 2010 for Expanded Dutch Harbor Port Facility". 26 December 2009. p. 31. ProQuest 201731337. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)