The dusky leaftosser or South American leaftosser (Sclerurus obscurior) is a bird in subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Giana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.[1][2]
The North American Classification Committee of the AOS and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) retain an older treatment. They place these subspecies within S. mexicanus, which they respectively call the Middle American leaftosser and the tawny-throated leaftosser.[5][6]
This article treats the dusky leaftosser as a species with five subspecies.
DescriptionEdit
The dusky leaftosser is 15 to 17 cm (5.9 to 6.7 in) long and weighs 20 to 30 g (0.71 to 1.1 oz). The sexes are alike. Adults of the nominate subspeciesS. o. obscurior have dark reddish to chestnut brown upperparts, with their rump and uppertail coverts being more chestnut than the reddish back. Their wings are darker brown than their back and their tail is dark brown to black brown. Their face is brownish, their throat is tawny chestnut, and their chest and breast are a darker chestnut. Their bill is fairly long and straight with a dark maxilla and a bicolored mandible. Their iris is brown and their legs and feet are dusky to black. Juveniles are similar to adults but are overall duller and have light streaks on their breast and a light scaly appearance on their throat and chest.[7]
Subspecies S. o. andinus is generally paler than the nominate but has a brighter rufous cast to its rump. S. o. peruvianus has entirely dark reddish brown upperparts without the chestnut rump of the nominate and andinus. S. o. macconnelli is similar to peruvianus but is somewhat olivaceous overall with a more tawny throat. S. o. bahiae has a browner back, a much brighter chestnut rump, and a darker throat than the other subspecies.[7]
Distribution and habitatEdit
The distribution of the subspecies of the dusky leaftosser are in dispute. According to the IOC and Clements, they are found thus:[1][4]
S. o. andinus, from eastern Panama east through northern Colombia and Venezuela into western Guyana
S. o. obscurior, the Andes of western Colombia and western Ecuador
S. o. obscurior, the Chocó lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador and possibly Panama
S. o. peruvianus, the lower elevations from the Colombian Andes south through eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru and east through Bolivia into Brazil north of the Amazon River and west of the Rio Negro
With the exception of disjunctS. o. bahiae, the exact spacial and elevational boundaries between the subspecies are not known.[7]
The dusky leaftosser generally inhabits moist tropical evergreen forest throughout its range, from lowland rainforest to humid sub-montane forest. In elevation the various subspecies range from near sea level to about 1,100 m (3,600 ft) in Brazil, 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in Ecuador, 2,100 m (6,900 ft) in Colombia, and 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in much the rest of the Andes.[7][8][9][10]
BehaviorEdit
MovementEdit
The dusky leaftosser is a year-round resident throughout its range.[7]
FeedingEdit
The dusky leaftosser forages mostly on the ground, flipping aside leaves and pecking at leaf litter and rotting logs while hopping rather than walking. It typically forages alone or in pairs. Its diet is mostly invertebrates; though it has not been described in detail it is known to include spiders, beetles, ants, roaches, and their larvae.[7]
BreedingEdit
The dusky leaftosser is believed to be monogamous. Its breeding season has not been defined range-wide but is known to include April and May in Colombia and April in French Guiana. It nests in a burrow in the ground with a loose cup of dry twigs in a chamber at its end. The clutch is two eggs.[7]
Songs and calls
Listen to dusky leaftosser on xeno-canto
VocalizationEdit
The song of the dusky leaftosser varies somewhat in pitch and number of notes among the subspecies, but is generally "a melodious descending series of 4‒15 upslurred whistles". It may start with "a sharp spik! note" and end with a "few stuttering short notes". Its principal call is a "short sharp explosive single note Tseek!". The call is typically made at irregular intervals except when exited, when it forms a long series.[7]
StatusEdit
The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has not assessed the dusky leaftosser separately from the tawny-throated leaftosser sensu lato.[11] Forest fragmentation and degradation have led to some local declines and extirpation.[7]
ReferencesEdit
^ abcGill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
^Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. 30 January 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
^Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 January 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
^ abClements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
^Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.americanornithology.org/taxa
^ abcdefghijCooper, J. C., D. F. Barragán, R. Juárez, and P. F. D. Boesman (2021). South American Leaftosser (Sclerurus obscurior), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.soalea1.01 retrieved April 27, 2023
^van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 228. ISBN978-0-19-530155-7.
^Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 375–376. ISBN978-0-8014-8721-7.
^McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: ProAves. p. 115. ISBN978-0-9827615-0-2.
^BirdLife International (2020). "Tawny-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22702962A140072384. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22702962A140072384.en. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
August 26, 2023
dusky, leaftosser, dusky, leaftosser, south, american, leaftosser, sclerurus, obscurior, bird, subfamily, sclerurinae, leaftossers, miners, ovenbird, family, furnariidae, found, bolivia, brazil, colombia, ecuador, french, giana, guyana, panama, peru, suriname,. The dusky leaftosser or South American leaftosser Sclerurus obscurior is a bird in subfamily Sclerurinae the leaftossers and miners of the ovenbird family Furnariidae It is found in Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador French Giana Guyana Panama Peru Suriname and Venezuela 1 2 Dusky leaftosserScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily FurnariidaeGenus SclerurusSpecies S obscuriorBinomial nameSclerurus obscuriorHartert 1901 Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Movement 4 2 Feeding 4 3 Breeding 4 4 Vocalization 5 Status 6 ReferencesTaxonomy and systematics EditThe dusky leaftosser s taxonomy is unsettled The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society AOS the International Ornithological Committee IOC and the Clements taxonomy assign it these five subspecies 3 1 4 S o andinus Chapman 1914 S o obscurior Hartert 1901 S o peruvianus Chubb C 1919 S o macconnelli Chubb C 1919 S o bahiae Chubb C 1919The North American Classification Committee of the AOS and BirdLife International s Handbook of the Birds of the World HBW retain an older treatment They place these subspecies within S mexicanus which they respectively call the Middle American leaftosser and the tawny throated leaftosser 5 6 This article treats the dusky leaftosser as a species with five subspecies Description EditThe dusky leaftosser is 15 to 17 cm 5 9 to 6 7 in long and weighs 20 to 30 g 0 71 to 1 1 oz The sexes are alike Adults of the nominate subspecies S o obscurior have dark reddish to chestnut brown upperparts with their rump and uppertail coverts being more chestnut than the reddish back Their wings are darker brown than their back and their tail is dark brown to black brown Their face is brownish their throat is tawny chestnut and their chest and breast are a darker chestnut Their bill is fairly long and straight with a dark maxilla and a bicolored mandible Their iris is brown and their legs and feet are dusky to black Juveniles are similar to adults but are overall duller and have light streaks on their breast and a light scaly appearance on their throat and chest 7 Subspecies S o andinus is generally paler than the nominate but has a brighter rufous cast to its rump S o peruvianus has entirely dark reddish brown upperparts without the chestnut rump of the nominate and andinus S o macconnelli is similar to peruvianus but is somewhat olivaceous overall with a more tawny throat S o bahiae has a browner back a much brighter chestnut rump and a darker throat than the other subspecies 7 Distribution and habitat EditThe distribution of the subspecies of the dusky leaftosser are in dispute According to the IOC and Clements they are found thus 1 4 S o andinus from eastern Panama east through northern Colombia and Venezuela into western Guyana S o obscurior the Andes of western Colombia and western Ecuador S o peruvianus the western Amazon Basin S o macconnelli the Guianas and northern Brazil S o bahiae eastern BrazilAccording to other sources detailed in Cooper et al they are distributed thus 7 S o andinus from the Serrania del Perija of Venezuela south in the Andes through Colombia to central Ecuador S o obscurior the Choco lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador and possibly Panama S o peruvianus the lower elevations from the Colombian Andes south through eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru and east through Bolivia into Brazil north of the Amazon River and west of the Rio Negro S o macconnelli eastern Venezuela the Guianas north central Brazil and the Madre de Dios River basin of Peru S o bahiae eastern Brazil between Pernambuco and Sao Paulo statesWith the exception of disjunct S o bahiae the exact spacial and elevational boundaries between the subspecies are not known 7 The dusky leaftosser generally inhabits moist tropical evergreen forest throughout its range from lowland rainforest to humid sub montane forest In elevation the various subspecies range from near sea level to about 1 100 m 3 600 ft in Brazil 1 500 m 4 900 ft in Ecuador 2 100 m 6 900 ft in Colombia and 2 000 m 6 600 ft in much the rest of the Andes 7 8 9 10 Behavior EditMovement Edit The dusky leaftosser is a year round resident throughout its range 7 Feeding Edit The dusky leaftosser forages mostly on the ground flipping aside leaves and pecking at leaf litter and rotting logs while hopping rather than walking It typically forages alone or in pairs Its diet is mostly invertebrates though it has not been described in detail it is known to include spiders beetles ants roaches and their larvae 7 Breeding Edit The dusky leaftosser is believed to be monogamous Its breeding season has not been defined range wide but is known to include April and May in Colombia and April in French Guiana It nests in a burrow in the ground with a loose cup of dry twigs in a chamber at its end The clutch is two eggs 7 Songs and callsListen to dusky leaftosser on xeno canto Vocalization Edit The song of the dusky leaftosser varies somewhat in pitch and number of notes among the subspecies but is generally a melodious descending series of 4 15 upslurred whistles It may start with a sharp spik note and end with a few stuttering short notes Its principal call is a short sharp explosive single note Tseek The call is typically made at irregular intervals except when exited when it forms a long series 7 Status EditThe IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has not assessed the dusky leaftosser separately from the tawny throated leaftosser sensu lato 11 Forest fragmentation and degradation have led to some local declines and extirpation 7 References Edit a b c Gill F Donsker D Rasmussen P eds January 2023 Ovenbirds woodcreepers IOC World Bird List v 13 1 Retrieved April 27 2023 Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt A Jaramillo D F Lane J F Pacheco M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer 30 January 2023 Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCCountryLists htm retrieved January 30 2023 Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt A Jaramillo D F Lane J F Pacheco M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer Version 30 January 2023 A classification of the bird species of South America American Ornithological Society https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCBaseline htm retrieved January 30 2023 a b Clements J F T S Schulenberg M J Iliff T A Fredericks J A Gerbracht D Lepage S M Billerman B L Sullivan and C L Wood 2022 The eBird Clements checklist of birds of the world v2022 Downloaded from https www birds cornell edu clementschecklist download retrieved November 10 2022 Chesser R T S M Billerman K J Burns C Cicero J L Dunn B E Hernandez Banos R A Jimenez A W Kratter N A Mason P C Rasmussen J V Remsen Jr D F Stotz and K Winker 2022 Check list of North American Birds online American Ornithological Society https checklist americanornithology org taxa HBW and BirdLife International 2022 Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 7 Available at http datazone birdlife org userfiles file Species Taxonomy HBW BirdLife Checklist v7 Dec22 zip retrieved December 13 2022 a b c d e f g h i j Cooper J C D F Barragan R Juarez and P F D Boesman 2021 South American Leaftosser Sclerurus obscurior version 1 0 In Birds of the World T S Schulenberg Editor Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA https doi org 10 2173 bow soalea1 01 retrieved April 27 2023 van Perlo Ber 2009 A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil New York Oxford University Press p 228 ISBN 978 0 19 530155 7 Ridgely Robert S Greenfield Paul J 2001 The Birds of Ecuador Field Guide Vol II Ithaca Cornell University Press pp 375 376 ISBN 978 0 8014 8721 7 McMullan Miles Donegan Thomas M Quevedo Alonso 2010 Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia Bogota ProAves p 115 ISBN 978 0 9827615 0 2 BirdLife International 2020 Tawny throated Leaftosser Sclerurus mexicanus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T22702962A140072384 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T22702962A140072384 en Retrieved 27 April 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dusky leaftosser amp oldid 1160076665, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
