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Drukken Steps

April 14, 2024

The Drukken, Drucken Steps or Drunken Steps were stepping stones across the Red Burn in Irvine, North Ayrshire, Scotland and are associated with Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns. Drukken is used on the commemorative cairn plaque,[2] but Druken or Drucken may also be used.

The site of the Drukken Steps over the Red Burn on the 1774 Toll road to Millburn via Higgens House[1]

The site of the Drukken Steps edit

 
The 1960s bridge abutment at the site of the old Drukken Steps of circa 1966 with the old Toll Road route in the background
 
The site of the Drukken Steps.

The Drukken, or in English, the 'Drunken Steps' in the old Eglinton Woods near Stanecastle at NS 329 404, were a favourite haunt of Burns and his friend Richard Brown whilst the two were in Irvine in 1781 – 82. A commemorative cairn off Bank Street at MacKinnon Terrace in Irvine, next to the expressway, stands several hundred yards from the site of the Drukken stepping stones across the Red Burn, also said to be the site of Saint Bryde's, Brides or Bridget's well. Until 2009 it was generally thought that the Drukken Steps had been buried beneath the road surface of the Kilwinning bypass.[3]

In 1799 the Earl closed the road beyond the Drucken Steps to 'protect' his new policies, providing a diversion which ran via Knadgerhill.[4]

The stepping stones remained in situ without any bridge present until at least the late 1960s. The Red Burn was wider with a greater flow at that time, and the flow would have been even greater when Littlestane Loch, located near the old farm of that name, still existed.

The original plaque had been inserted in the old estate boundary wall at the site of the stepping stones, having been donated to the Irvine Burns Club by Sir Andrew R. Duncan of Irvine in 1927.[5]

Origin of the name edit

The name 'Drukken' steps derives from a person's apparently drunken gait as they stepped from stone to stone whilst crossing the burn. Seven or more stones were originally set in the Red Burn which was much wider than now (2009).[citation needed] Burns himself used the Scots spelling 'Drucken' rather than 'Drukken' or 'Druken'.[6] The Scots word 'drouk', meaning 'drench' is another possible derivation. Strawhorn refers to the site as the 'Drunken Steps'[7] or 'Drucken Steps'.[4]

The commemorative cairn edit

 
The Drukken Steps / Saint Bryde's Well commemorative cairn as relocated in 1976.[8]
 
The old estate wall foundations at the Drukken Steps

The lower inscription (1927) on the commemorative cairn states:

Eglinton Woods, Drukken Steps (St Bryde's Well), Favourite Walk (1781–82) of Robert Burns and his sailor friend Richard Brown. "Do you recollect a Sunday we spent together in Eglinton Woods? R.B." 30 December 1787. Irvine Burns Club, 25 January 1927.

The upper inscription (1976) reads:

This cairn was erected for Irvine Burns Club to mark their 150th anniversary and to re-locate the plaque originally placed at the Drukken Steps (Drunken) / Saint Bride's Well.[9] 700 yards north west of this spot by W & C French (Construction) Ltd, builders of Irvine by-pass, January 1976.

The 'Steps Road' in Irvine commemorates the Drukken steps.[8]

The stepping stones and the 1774 toll road edit

 
The commemorative plaque on the Drukken Cairn as first unveiled by Sir Andrew Duncan, Irvine Burns Club President.[10]

The Drukken Steps therefore were stepping stones on the course of an old Road, later a Toll Road (1774), which ran from the west end of Irvine through the Eglinton policies to Kilwinning and Stevenston via Milnburn (sic) or Millburn;[11] crossing the Red burn near Knadgerhill (previously Knadgar and pronounced 'Nygerhill'[citation needed] as in the country.[12]) and running passed 'The Higgins' cottage, the 'Hygenhouse' of 1774,[11] now demolished. The name may be a personal name or may relate to the Scots word for a fence or hedge as the building lay close to the boundary of the estate.[13]55°37.902′N 004°39.355′W / 55.631700°N 4.655917°W / 55.631700; -4.655917 The Eglinton estate wall used to cut across the burn and join up with the perimeter wall of the cemetery. The remains of this wall can still be seen at the site of the stepping stones and it was to this wall that the original commemorative plaque had been attached. No gate or door existed here, entry being gained through a collapsed section. The nearby Knadgerhill Cemetery has one wall built from a continuation of this estate wall.

 
Knadgerhill Cemetery wall, incorporating the estate wall.

Land in the vicinity of the Drukken Steps was locally known as the Spittal Meadow,[14] held in 1666 by the Laird of Corsbie or Crosbie and Robert Woodside or Robert of Woodside.[15] Spittal was a term chiefly applied to lands, the revenues of which supported a hospice but, in some instances, the reference maybe to the site of a hospice for the infirm, lepers, etc. This name is also recorded in a document dated 1542.[2][16] This could have formed part of the lands of the nunnery at Stanecastle which could have been the site of the spittal in question. Other spittals in Ayrshire were located in Ayr, Prestwick, Symington, Fail, Maybole, Mauchline, Stewarton and Kilmarnock.[2][17]

A Chapel of Saint Bridget (capelle sancte Brigide)[2] near Stanecastle is mentioned in 1417, however this seems to have been secularised by the early 17th century.[2] A secondary source makes reference to a chapel at the site of the Hill Cottage and it is indicated that the well at this site produced an abundance of water.[18] A Cruceford or Crossford was also located further down the Redburn on the Knights Templar lands of Redburn where the burn now crosses under the main road near Kidsneuk and Rood meadow. Roodmeadow was held by William Cuninghame and Robert Hamilton in 1666.[19] The term 'rood' may refer to the True Cross, the specific wooden cross used in Christ's crucifixion; the name 'Red' may also derive from this.[2]

Knadgerhill was only acquired by the Earls of Eglinton in 1851 when the burgh excambied part of the lands of Bogside Flats for them. This allowed the construction of the new entrance to the policies at Stanecastle via Long Drive.[20]

Coal heughs were shallow pits and in 1686 they had been sunk at Doura and Armsheugh, the coal being taken down to Irvine via the Drukken steps or via Stanecastle.[21]

The association with Robert Burns edit

 
The Red Burn from the Drukken Steps.

During the years 1781–82 Robert Burns lived in Irvine,[22][23] During this time he took regular walks into the Eglinton Woods via the old Irvine to Kilwinning toll road and the Drukken (Drunken)[9] Steps and back via the site of the old Saint Brides or Bryde's Well at Stanecastle.[24]

Robert Burns wrote to Richard Brown or Ritchie Broun (1753–1833), on 30 December 1787, saying ..do you remember a Sunday we spent together in Eglinton Woods? You told me, on my repeating some verses to you that you wondered I could resist the temptation of sending verses of such merit to a magazine.[25] Burns wrote the following to Brown, Twas actually this that gave me an idea of my own pieces which encouraged me to endeavour at the character of a Poet.[25][26]

Higgens House existed as far back as 1761 and would have been familiar to users of the old road during Burns' time in Irvine, however in 1799[4] the earl closed this route and provided a diversion via Knadgerhill.[7]

The sites of the Drukken Steps and Saint Bride's well edit

 
An old path in the Higgins Plantation
 
A view of the bluebell woodlands at Higgins Plantation

The site of the old toll road crossing of the Red Burn is still extant near the original Eglinton Estate's Long Drive[citation needed] and the site of Saint Bride's well, now covered over, was at Stanecastle as is shown on the first edition of the OS map. The well site may even have been near the Annick Water.[27]

The commemorative cairn carries the re-located 1927 plaque that was attached to the now demolished estate boundary wall. The Drukken Steps / Saint Bride's Well site still exists, much altered. The 1966 1:2500 map shows the Drukken Steps in a position that still exists as a small wooden bridge and this has confirmed by several local people who knew the old ford when the stepping stones and boundary wall were still in existence.[28]

The reference to Saint Bride's Well at Stanecastle may reflect the poet and his companion's logical return journey via Millburn, Auchenwincie, Sourlie, Littlestane, Girdle Gate, Stanecastle and then back to the old Toll Road and into Irvine.

In 1761 the council records state that the "low ground of the Knadgerhill from the Drunken Steps near Higgens House southwards and to the east to the march with Stanecastle has been surveyed and laid out in eight plots".[7] As previously stated, In 1851 this land became part of the Eglinton Estate after the earl exchanged or excambied land at Bogside for this property, allowing him to build 'Long Drive' and a new controlled entrance, the Stanecastle Gates.[20]

See also edit

References edit

Notes
  1. ^ McClure, page 61
  2. ^ a b c d e f Strawhorn, page 31
  3. ^ Love, page 60.
  4. ^ a b c Strawhorn, Page 95
  5. ^ McJannet, Page 231
  6. ^ Scotch Drink
  7. ^ a b c Strawhorn, Page 74
  8. ^ a b Strawhorn, Page 223
  9. ^ a b Scots Dictionary 20 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Strawhorn, Page 191
  11. ^ a b McLure, page 53.
  12. ^ Irvine Herald.
  13. ^ Scots Dictionary
  14. ^ Strawhorn, Map C6
  15. ^ Muniments,Page 188
  16. ^ Hall, Page 51
  17. ^ Online Dictionary.
  18. ^ Eglinton Archive, Eglinton Country Park
  19. ^ Muniment, Page 188
  20. ^ a b Strawhorn, Page 125
  21. ^ Strawhorn, Page 58
  22. ^ Dougall, page 232.
  23. ^ Douglas, page 24.
  24. ^ Boyle, page 48.
  25. ^ a b Kilwinning 2000, page 36.
  26. ^ Burns Letters 1787
  27. ^ McJannet, page 11 and page 67.
  28. ^ Ordnance Survey.
Bibliography and Sources
  1. Aikman, James (1839). An Account of the Tournament at Eglinton. Edinburgh : Hugh Paton, Carver and Guilder.
  2. Boyle, A. M. (1996), The Ayrshire Book of Burns-Lore. Darvel : Alloway Publishing. ISBN 0-907526-71-3.
  3. Burns, Robert (1787). Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect. Edinburgh : William Creech.
  4. Chambers, Robert, Editor (1891). The Life and Works of Robert Burns. Edinburgh : W & R Chambers.
  5. Dougall, Charles E. (1911). The Burns Country. London : Adam and Charles Black.
  6. Douglas, Hugh (1968). Portrait of the Burns Country (and Galloway). London : Robin Hale. ISBN 0-7091-0113-9.
  7. Eglinton Archive, Eglinton Country Park.
  8. Hall, Derek (2006). Scottish Monastic Landscapes. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-4012-8.
  9. Harvey, William, Picturesque Ayrshire. Dundee : Valentine & Sons.
  10. Hill, Rev John C. (1933). The Life and Work of Robert Burns in Irvine. London : Lincoln Williams.
  11. Hogg, Patrick Scott (2008). Robert Burns. The Patriot Bard. Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84596-412-2.
  12. Kilwinning 2000, Millennium Souvenir Programme. Rotary & North Ayrshire Council.
  13. Love, Dane (2003), Ayrshire : Discovering a County. Ayr : Fort Publishing. ISBN 0-9544461-1-9.
  14. Mackay, James. A Biography of Robert Burns. Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-85158-462-5.
  15. McJannet, Arnold F. (1938). The Royal Burgh of Irvine. Glasgow : Civil Press.
  16. McLure, David (1994), Tolls and Tacksmen. 18th century Roads in the County of John Loudoun McAdam. Ayrshire Monographs No. 13. Ayr Arch & Nat Hist Soc. ISBN 0-9502698-5-9.
  17. McQueen, Colin Hunter (1999). Rantin, Rovin Robin. Irvine : Irvine Burns Club and Ayrshire Association. ISBN 1-899316-41-8.
  18. Muniments of the Royal Burgh of Irvine. Ayrshire & Galloway Archaeological Association. 1891.
  19. Ordnance Survey sheet 3240, 1966, 1 : 2500.
  20. Rackham, Oliver (1994). The Illustrated History of the Countryside. London : BCA.
  21. Ross, J. D. (1927). Who's Who in Burns. Stirling : Eneas Mackay.
  22. Service, John (1913), The Memorables of Robin Cummell Paisley : Alexander Gardner.
  23. Strawhorn, John (1985). The History of Irvine. Edinburgh : John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-140-1.
  24. Wilson, Professor and Chalmers, Robert (1840), The Land of Burns. Glasgow : Blackie & Son.

External links edit

  • YouTube video of the Drucken Steps and Robert Burns
  • YouTube video of Higgin's House and the old road to Kilwinning
  • [1] S1 Kilwinning Article
  • Irvine Burns Club site.
  • Drukken Steps
  • Irvine's Burns Statue
  • Original of the letter to the Earl of Eglinton
  • Letter to Richard Brown
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drukken Steps.

April 14, 2024
drukken, steps, drukken, drucken, steps, drunken, steps, were, stepping, stones, across, burn, irvine, north, ayrshire, scotland, associated, with, scotland, national, poet, robert, burns, drukken, used, commemorative, cairn, plaque, druken, drucken, also, use. The Drukken Drucken Steps or Drunken Steps were stepping stones across the Red Burn in Irvine North Ayrshire Scotland and are associated with Scotland s national poet Robert Burns Drukken is used on the commemorative cairn plaque 2 but Druken or Drucken may also be used The site of the Drukken Steps over the Red Burn on the 1774 Toll road to Millburn via Higgens House 1 Contents 1 The site of the Drukken Steps 1 1 Origin of the name 2 The commemorative cairn 3 The stepping stones and the 1774 toll road 4 The association with Robert Burns 5 The sites of the Drukken Steps and Saint Bride s well 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksThe site of the Drukken Steps edit nbsp The 1960s bridge abutment at the site of the old Drukken Steps of circa 1966 with the old Toll Road route in the background nbsp The site of the Drukken Steps The Drukken or in English the Drunken Steps in the old Eglinton Woods near Stanecastle at NS 329 404 were a favourite haunt of Burns and his friend Richard Brown whilst the two were in Irvine in 1781 82 A commemorative cairn off Bank Street at MacKinnon Terrace in Irvine next to the expressway stands several hundred yards from the site of the Drukken stepping stones across the Red Burn also said to be the site of Saint Bryde s Brides or Bridget s well Until 2009 it was generally thought that the Drukken Steps had been buried beneath the road surface of the Kilwinning bypass 3 In 1799 the Earl closed the road beyond the Drucken Steps to protect his new policies providing a diversion which ran via Knadgerhill 4 The stepping stones remained in situ without any bridge present until at least the late 1960s The Red Burn was wider with a greater flow at that time and the flow would have been even greater when Littlestane Loch located near the old farm of that name still existed The original plaque had been inserted in the old estate boundary wall at the site of the stepping stones having been donated to the Irvine Burns Club by Sir Andrew R Duncan of Irvine in 1927 5 Origin of the name edit The name Drukken steps derives from a person s apparently drunken gait as they stepped from stone to stone whilst crossing the burn Seven or more stones were originally set in the Red Burn which was much wider than now 2009 citation needed Burns himself used the Scots spelling Drucken rather than Drukken or Druken 6 The Scots word drouk meaning drench is another possible derivation Strawhorn refers to the site as the Drunken Steps 7 or Drucken Steps 4 The commemorative cairn edit nbsp The Drukken Steps Saint Bryde s Well commemorative cairn as relocated in 1976 8 nbsp The old estate wall foundations at the Drukken StepsThe lower inscription 1927 on the commemorative cairn states Eglinton Woods Drukken Steps St Bryde s Well Favourite Walk 1781 82 of Robert Burns and his sailor friend Richard Brown Do you recollect a Sunday we spent together in Eglinton Woods R B 30 December 1787 Irvine Burns Club 25 January 1927 The upper inscription 1976 reads This cairn was erected for Irvine Burns Club to mark their 150th anniversary and to re locate the plaque originally placed at the Drukken Steps Drunken Saint Bride s Well 9 700 yards north west of this spot by W amp C French Construction Ltd builders of Irvine by pass January 1976 The Steps Road in Irvine commemorates the Drukken steps 8 The stepping stones and the 1774 toll road edit nbsp The commemorative plaque on the Drukken Cairn as first unveiled by Sir Andrew Duncan Irvine Burns Club President 10 The Drukken Steps therefore were stepping stones on the course of an old Road later a Toll Road 1774 which ran from the west end of Irvine through the Eglinton policies to Kilwinning and Stevenston via Milnburn sic or Millburn 11 crossing the Red burn near Knadgerhill previously Knadgar and pronounced Nygerhill citation needed as in the country 12 and running passed The Higgins cottage the Hygenhouse of 1774 11 now demolished The name may be a personal name or may relate to the Scots word for a fence or hedge as the building lay close to the boundary of the estate 13 55 37 902 N 004 39 355 W 55 631700 N 4 655917 W 55 631700 4 655917 The Eglinton estate wall used to cut across the burn and join up with the perimeter wall of the cemetery The remains of this wall can still be seen at the site of the stepping stones and it was to this wall that the original commemorative plaque had been attached No gate or door existed here entry being gained through a collapsed section The nearby Knadgerhill Cemetery has one wall built from a continuation of this estate wall nbsp Knadgerhill Cemetery wall incorporating the estate wall Land in the vicinity of the Drukken Steps was locally known as the Spittal Meadow 14 held in 1666 by the Laird of Corsbie or Crosbie and Robert Woodside or Robert of Woodside 15 Spittal was a term chiefly applied to lands the revenues of which supported a hospice but in some instances the reference maybe to the site of a hospice for the infirm lepers etc This name is also recorded in a document dated 1542 2 16 This could have formed part of the lands of the nunnery at Stanecastle which could have been the site of the spittal in question Other spittals in Ayrshire were located in Ayr Prestwick Symington Fail Maybole Mauchline Stewarton and Kilmarnock 2 17 A Chapel of Saint Bridget capelle sancte Brigide 2 near Stanecastle is mentioned in 1417 however this seems to have been secularised by the early 17th century 2 A secondary source makes reference to a chapel at the site of the Hill Cottage and it is indicated that the well at this site produced an abundance of water 18 A Cruceford or Crossford was also located further down the Redburn on the Knights Templar lands of Redburn where the burn now crosses under the main road near Kidsneuk and Rood meadow Roodmeadow was held by William Cuninghame and Robert Hamilton in 1666 19 The term rood may refer to the True Cross the specific wooden cross used in Christ s crucifixion the name Red may also derive from this 2 Knadgerhill was only acquired by the Earls of Eglinton in 1851 when the burgh excambied part of the lands of Bogside Flats for them This allowed the construction of the new entrance to the policies at Stanecastle via Long Drive 20 Coal heughs were shallow pits and in 1686 they had been sunk at Doura and Armsheugh the coal being taken down to Irvine via the Drukken steps or via Stanecastle 21 The association with Robert Burns edit nbsp The Red Burn from the Drukken Steps During the years 1781 82 Robert Burns lived in Irvine 22 23 During this time he took regular walks into the Eglinton Woods via the old Irvine to Kilwinning toll road and the Drukken Drunken 9 Steps and back via the site of the old Saint Brides or Bryde s Well at Stanecastle 24 Robert Burns wrote to Richard Brown or Ritchie Broun 1753 1833 on 30 December 1787 saying do you remember a Sunday we spent together in Eglinton Woods You told me on my repeating some verses to you that you wondered I could resist the temptation of sending verses of such merit to a magazine 25 Burns wrote the following to Brown Twas actually this that gave me an idea of my own pieces which encouraged me to endeavour at the character of a Poet 25 26 Higgens House existed as far back as 1761 and would have been familiar to users of the old road during Burns time in Irvine however in 1799 4 the earl closed this route and provided a diversion via Knadgerhill 7 The sites of the Drukken Steps and Saint Bride s well edit nbsp An old path in the Higgins Plantation nbsp A view of the bluebell woodlands at Higgins PlantationThe site of the old toll road crossing of the Red Burn is still extant near the original Eglinton Estate s Long Drive citation needed and the site of Saint Bride s well now covered over was at Stanecastle as is shown on the first edition of the OS map The well site may even have been near the Annick Water 27 The commemorative cairn carries the re located 1927 plaque that was attached to the now demolished estate boundary wall The Drukken Steps Saint Bride s Well site still exists much altered The 1966 1 2500 map shows the Drukken Steps in a position that still exists as a small wooden bridge and this has confirmed by several local people who knew the old ford when the stepping stones and boundary wall were still in existence 28 The reference to Saint Bride s Well at Stanecastle may reflect the poet and his companion s logical return journey via Millburn Auchenwincie Sourlie Littlestane Girdle Gate Stanecastle and then back to the old Toll Road and into Irvine In 1761 the council records state that the low ground of the Knadgerhill from the Drunken Steps near Higgens House southwards and to the east to the march with Stanecastle has been surveyed and laid out in eight plots 7 As previously stated In 1851 this land became part of the Eglinton Estate after the earl exchanged or excambied land at Bogside for this property allowing him to build Long Drive and a new controlled entrance the Stanecastle Gates 20 See also editEglinton Country Park Robert Burns Robert Burns and the Eglinton EstateReferences editNotes McClure page 61 a b c d e f Strawhorn page 31 Love page 60 a b c Strawhorn Page 95 McJannet Page 231 Scotch Drink a b c Strawhorn Page 74 a b Strawhorn Page 223 a b Scots Dictionary Archived 20 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Strawhorn Page 191 a b McLure page 53 Irvine Herald Scots Dictionary Strawhorn Map C6 Muniments Page 188 Hall Page 51 Online Dictionary Eglinton Archive Eglinton Country Park Muniment Page 188 a b Strawhorn Page 125 Strawhorn Page 58 Dougall page 232 Douglas page 24 Boyle page 48 a b Kilwinning 2000 page 36 Burns Letters 1787 McJannet page 11 and page 67 Ordnance Survey Bibliography and SourcesAikman James 1839 An Account of the Tournament at Eglinton Edinburgh Hugh Paton Carver and Guilder Boyle A M 1996 The Ayrshire Book of Burns Lore Darvel Alloway Publishing ISBN 0 907526 71 3 Burns Robert 1787 Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect Edinburgh William Creech Chambers Robert Editor 1891 The Life and Works of Robert Burns Edinburgh W amp R Chambers Dougall Charles E 1911 The Burns Country London Adam and Charles Black Douglas Hugh 1968 Portrait of the Burns Country and Galloway London Robin Hale ISBN 0 7091 0113 9 Eglinton Archive Eglinton Country Park Hall Derek 2006 Scottish Monastic Landscapes Tempus Publishing ISBN 0 7524 4012 8 Harvey William Picturesque Ayrshire Dundee Valentine amp Sons Hill Rev John C 1933 The Life and Work of Robert Burns in Irvine London Lincoln Williams Hogg Patrick Scott 2008 Robert Burns The Patriot Bard Edinburgh Mainstream Publishing ISBN 978 1 84596 412 2 Kilwinning 2000 Millennium Souvenir Programme Rotary amp North Ayrshire Council Love Dane 2003 Ayrshire Discovering a County Ayr Fort Publishing ISBN 0 9544461 1 9 Mackay James A Biography of Robert Burns Edinburgh Mainstream Publishing ISBN 1 85158 462 5 McJannet Arnold F 1938 The Royal Burgh of Irvine Glasgow Civil Press McLure David 1994 Tolls and Tacksmen 18th century Roads in the County of John Loudoun McAdam Ayrshire Monographs No 13 Ayr Arch amp Nat Hist Soc ISBN 0 9502698 5 9 McQueen Colin Hunter 1999 Rantin Rovin Robin Irvine Irvine Burns Club and Ayrshire Association ISBN 1 899316 41 8 Muniments of the Royal Burgh of Irvine Ayrshire amp Galloway Archaeological Association 1891 Ordnance Survey sheet 3240 1966 1 2500 Rackham Oliver 1994 The Illustrated History of the Countryside London BCA Ross J D 1927 Who s Who in Burns Stirling Eneas Mackay Service John 1913 The Memorables of Robin Cummell Paisley Alexander Gardner Strawhorn John 1985 The History of Irvine Edinburgh John Donald ISBN 0 85976 140 1 Wilson Professor and Chalmers Robert 1840 The Land of Burns Glasgow Blackie amp Son External links editYouTube video of the Drucken Steps and Robert Burns YouTube video of Higgin s House and the old road to Kilwinning 1 S1 Kilwinning Article Irvine Burns Club site Drukken Steps Irvine s Burns Statue Original of the letter to the Earl of Eglinton Letter to Richard Brown nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drukken Steps Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Drukken Steps amp oldid 1146536495, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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