Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR), or disarmament, demobilisation, repatriation, reintegration and resettlement (DDRRR) are strategies used as a component of peace processes,[1] and is generally the strategy employed by all UN Peacekeeping Operations following civil wars.
Disarmament means the physical removal of the means of combat from ex-belligerents (weapons, ammunition, etc.).
Demobilization means the disbanding of armed groups.
Reintegration means the process of reintegrating former combatants into civilian society, reducing the number of people immediately ready to engage in armed combat.
DDR is somewhat different from the blanket term "peacekeeping", in that DDR requires certain conditions to be effectively implemented. For demobilisation and reintegration to occur, there must first be a successful disarmament of armed groups. In general terms, parties to a conflict must be willing to negotiate a peace settlement and bring an end to the conflict. If there is no end in sight, or not all parties are willing to negotiate a peace, this will make it difficult to establish trust between each party. Disarmament measures must also be applied to all parties of a conflict. One case that highlights both these elements is that of Somalia. The UN and US began disarming selected armed groups but not all, and there was no peace agreement agreed or on-going. Those groups who had been disarmed were then targeted by groups who had not been disarmed, and the violence continued.
As mentioned above, trust is also a key factor of successful DDR, specifically in relation to disarming armed groups. Small scale acts may help engender trust on both sides, such as public appearances of group leaders together with international mediators. To strengthen trust, public bonfires of weapons taken from all parties to violence will show the disarming groups that the other groups are also handing over their weapons.
Challenges of DDREdit
One challenge or difficulty, as highlighted above, is that of forming trust between the different armed groups. If no peace agreement has already been reached but armed groups wish to start the DDR process, then the underlying issues that led to the violence in the first instance must be addressed. DDR cannot be approached as a purely technocratic exercise, and to not address the grievances of each group may seriously undermine or negatively influence the peace process.[2]
Further challenges appear when we consider reintegration of ex-combatants. Unlike other aspects of peace agreements such as strengthening democratic institutions, introducing fair elections and governmental structures, the reintegration of ex-combatants back into civilian society may be difficult to accurately monitor. This in part is due to its social nature: how do you measure how ex-combatants have integrated with society? How can you measure the societal cohesion that DDR aims to promote throughout the affected region?
Civil war often involves high degrees of communal violence, and this poses a particular challenge for fighters who may have joined armed groups that committed violent acts in the ex-combatants' communities. Even if the individual ex-combatant in question did not commit violent acts against their own community, they may still face difficulties being accepted back if associated with a group that did. This may lead to disjointed familial ties, communal tensions, or ex-fighters choosing not to return home altogether. As such, it may be possible to successfully reintegrate fighters back into civilian society, but reintegrating them back into their own communities may be a much harder task.
Requirements for successful DDR implementationEdit
There are 6 aspects to a successful DDR conversion:
Reduction of military expenditure
Reorientation of military research and development
To assess the impact of demobilization one has to consider the resources involved, the dynamic processes of production, redistribution and the different factors and actors in policy making and implementation.
^García Sotelo, Gilda M. (2006). Razones y sinrazones sobre las niñas soldados (1st ed.). Madrid: Sepha. p. 69. ISBN84-934837-4-5.
^Berdal, Mats R. (1996). "Introduction". The Adelphi Papers. 36 (303): 5–8. doi:10.1080/05679329608449368.
External linksEdit
GFN-SSR A library of DDR publications and article summaries
United Nations DDR Resource Center
"Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants" - A KnowledgeBase Essay
United Nations Peacekeeping
Caramés, A. and Sanz, E. (2009): Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in the World during 2008
ICTJ; Patel, Ana Cutter, Pablo de Greiff and Lars Waldorf (Eds.) (2010): "Disarming the Past: Transitional Justice and Ex-combatants"
Position paper on DDR by Palestinian experts
September 01, 2023
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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Disarmament demobilization and reintegration news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor s personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Disarmament demobilisation and reintegration DDR or disarmament demobilisation repatriation reintegration and resettlement DDRRR are strategies used as a component of peace processes 1 and is generally the strategy employed by all UN Peacekeeping Operations following civil wars Contents 1 Definition 2 Factors for successful DDR 3 Challenges of DDR 4 Requirements for successful DDR implementation 5 Assessment 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksDefinition EditDisarmament means the physical removal of the means of combat from ex belligerents weapons ammunition etc Demobilization means the disbanding of armed groups Reintegration means the process of reintegrating former combatants into civilian society reducing the number of people immediately ready to engage in armed combat Factors for successful DDR Edit nbsp Former combattants of the Seleka engaged in a DDR process in the Central African Republic February 2017 DDR is somewhat different from the blanket term peacekeeping in that DDR requires certain conditions to be effectively implemented For demobilisation and reintegration to occur there must first be a successful disarmament of armed groups In general terms parties to a conflict must be willing to negotiate a peace settlement and bring an end to the conflict If there is no end in sight or not all parties are willing to negotiate a peace this will make it difficult to establish trust between each party Disarmament measures must also be applied to all parties of a conflict One case that highlights both these elements is that of Somalia The UN and US began disarming selected armed groups but not all and there was no peace agreement agreed or on going Those groups who had been disarmed were then targeted by groups who had not been disarmed and the violence continued As mentioned above trust is also a key factor of successful DDR specifically in relation to disarming armed groups Small scale acts may help engender trust on both sides such as public appearances of group leaders together with international mediators To strengthen trust public bonfires of weapons taken from all parties to violence will show the disarming groups that the other groups are also handing over their weapons Challenges of DDR EditOne challenge or difficulty as highlighted above is that of forming trust between the different armed groups If no peace agreement has already been reached but armed groups wish to start the DDR process then the underlying issues that led to the violence in the first instance must be addressed DDR cannot be approached as a purely technocratic exercise and to not address the grievances of each group may seriously undermine or negatively influence the peace process 2 Further challenges appear when we consider reintegration of ex combatants Unlike other aspects of peace agreements such as strengthening democratic institutions introducing fair elections and governmental structures the reintegration of ex combatants back into civilian society may be difficult to accurately monitor This in part is due to its social nature how do you measure how ex combatants have integrated with society How can you measure the societal cohesion that DDR aims to promote throughout the affected region Civil war often involves high degrees of communal violence and this poses a particular challenge for fighters who may have joined armed groups that committed violent acts in the ex combatants communities Even if the individual ex combatant in question did not commit violent acts against their own community they may still face difficulties being accepted back if associated with a group that did This may lead to disjointed familial ties communal tensions or ex fighters choosing not to return home altogether As such it may be possible to successfully reintegrate fighters back into civilian society but reintegrating them back into their own communities may be a much harder task Requirements for successful DDR implementation EditThere are 6 aspects to a successful DDR conversion Reduction of military expenditure Reorientation of military research and development Conversion of the arms industry Demobilization and reintegration Redevelopment of troops Safe disposal and management of surplus weapons Demobilization is one aspect of conversion Assessment EditTo assess the impact of demobilization one has to consider the resources involved the dynamic processes of production redistribution and the different factors and actors in policy making and implementation See also EditPeacekeeping Security sector reform UN Peacekeeping Operations United Nations Developmental psychology of children in chronic war zonesReferences Edit Garcia Sotelo Gilda M 2006 Razones y sinrazones sobre las ninas soldados 1st ed Madrid Sepha p 69 ISBN 84 934837 4 5 Berdal Mats R 1996 Introduction The Adelphi Papers 36 303 5 8 doi 10 1080 05679329608449368 External links EditGFN SSR A library of DDR publications and article summaries United Nations DDR Resource Center Hanggi H and Bryden A Eds 2005 Security Governance in Post Conflict Peacebuilding Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex Combatants A KnowledgeBase Essay United Nations Peacekeeping Carames A and Sanz E 2009 Analysis of Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration DDR programmes in the World during 2008 ICTJ Patel Ana Cutter Pablo de Greiff and Lars Waldorf Eds 2010 Disarming the Past Transitional Justice and Ex combatants Position paper on DDR by Palestinian experts Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Disarmament demobilization and reintegration amp oldid 1126236049, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
