fbpx
Wikipedia

Diaphragm pacing

March 16, 2024

Diaphragm pacing (and even earlier as electrophrenic respiration[1][2]) is the rhythmic application of electrical impulses to the diaphragm to provide artificial ventilatory support for respiratory failure or sleep apnea.[3][4] Historically, this has been accomplished through the electrical stimulation of a phrenic nerve by an implanted receiver/electrode,[5] though today an alternative option of attaching percutaneous wires to the diaphragm exists.[6]

Diaphragm pacing
Electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve has been known to stimulate respiration for centuries.
Other namesphrenic nerve pacing
[edit on Wikidata]

History edit

The idea of stimulating the diaphragm through the phrenic nerve was first firmly postulated by German physician Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, who in 1783 proposed that such a technique could be applied as a treatment for asphyxia.[7][8]: 545–549  French neurologist Duchenne de Boulogne made a similar proposal in 1855, though neither of them tested it.[9] It was not until a year later that Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen demonstrated diaphragm pacing on a 27-year-old woman asphyxiated on charcoal fumes by rhythmically faradizing her phrenic nerves, saving her life.[8][10]: 49  Duchenne would later in 1872 declare the technique the "best means of imitating natural respiration".[11] However, advances in mechanical ventilation by the likes of George Poe in the early twentieth century[12] ended up being initially favored over phrenic nerve stimulation.

Harvard researchers Sarnoff et al. revisited diaphragm pacing via the phrenic nerve in 1948, publishing their experimental results on dogs.[1] In a separate publication a few days before, the same group also revealed they had an opportunity to use the technique "on a five-year-old boy with complete respiratory paralysis following rupture of a cerebral aneurysm". Referring to the process as "electrophrenic respiration", Sarnoff was able to artificially respirate the young boy for 52 hours.[13] The technology behind diaphragm pacing was advanced further in 1968 with the publication of doctors John P. Judson and William W. L. Glenn's research on the use of radio-frequency transmission to at whim "adjust the amplitude of stimulation and to control the rate of stimulation externally".[14] Teaming up with Avery Laboratories, Glenn brought his prototype device to the commercial market in the early 1970s.[15] The Avery Breathing Pacemaker received pre-market approval from the FDA in 1987 for "chronic ventilatory support because of upper motor neuron respiratory muscle paralysis" in patients of all ages.[16] In the 1980s, "sequential multipole stimulation" was developed in Tampere, Finland. This technology was commercialized as the Atrostim PNS system and became commercially available in Europe in 1990.[17]

By the early 1990s, long-term evaluations of the technology were being published, with some researchers such as Bach and O'Connor stating that phrenic nerve pacing is a valid option "for the properly screened patient but that expense, failure rate, morbidity, and mortality remain excessive and that alternative methods of ventilatory support should be explored".[18] Others such as Brouillette and Marzocchi suggested that advances in encapsulation and electrode technologies could improve system longevity and reduce damage to diaphragm muscle.[19] Additionally, new surgical techniques such as a thoracoscopic approach began to appear in the late 1990s.[20]

In the mid-2000s, U.S. company Synapse Biomedical began researching a new diaphragm pacing system that would not have to attach to the phrenic nerve but instead depended on "four electrodes implanted in the muscle of the diaphragm to electronically stimulate contraction". The marketed NeuRx device received several FDA approvals under a Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE), one in 2008 and another in 2011.[21]

Methodology and devices edit

The basic principle behind a diaphragm pacing device (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration identifies the device as a "diaphragmatic/phrenic nerve stimulator"[22]) involves passing an electric current through electrodes that are attached internally. The diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest cavity, and causing air to be sucked into the lungs (inspiration). When not stimulated, the diaphragm relaxes and air moves out of the lungs (expiration).

According to the United States Medicare system, phrenic nerve stimulators are indicated for "selected patients with partial or complete respiratory insufficiency" and "can be effective only if the patient has an intact phrenic nerve and diaphragm".[23] Common patient diagnoses for phrenic nerve pacing include patients with spinal cord injury, central sleep apnea, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (i.e., Ondine's curse), and diaphragm paralysis.[21][23]

There are currently three commercially distributed diaphragm pacing devices: Synapse Biomedical, Inc.'s NeuRx (US), Avery Biomedical Devices, Inc.'s Mark IV Breathing Pacemaker (US),[21] and Atrotech OY's Atrostim PNS (Finland).[24] The Synapse and Avery devices are distributed worldwide and approved for use in the United States.[21] The Atrotech device is not available in the U.S. As of December 2019, FDA Premarket Approval was given to Avery's Spirit Transmitter Device, replacing the Mark IV transmitter.[25]

In May 2020, Canadian company Lungpacer Medical received approval for emergency use by the USFDA amid the COVID-19 pandemic.[26]

Surgical procedure edit

In the case of the Atrostim and Mark IV devices, several surgical techniques may be used. Surgery is typically performed by placing an electrode around the phrenic nerve, either in the neck (i.e., cervically; an older technique), or in the chest (i.e., thoracically; more modern). This electrode is connected to a radiofrequency receiver which is implanted just under the skin. An external transmitter sends radio signals to the device by an antenna that is worn over the receiver.[27] For the cervical surgical technique, the phrenic nerve is approached via a small (~5 cm) incision slightly above, and midline to, the clavic. The phrenic nerve is then isolated under the scalenus anticus muscle. For the thoracic surgical technique, a small (~5 cm) incisions over the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space. The electrodes are placed around the phrenic nerves alongside the pericardium. The use of a thorascope allows for this technique to be performed in a minimally-invasive manner.[27]

In the case of the NeuRx device, a series of four incisions are made in the abdominal skin. Several tools such as a laparoscope and probe are used to find the best four locations on the diaphragm to attach four electrodes, which have connections outside the body. A fifth electrode is placed just under the skin in the same area. All these connect to the device.[28]

Research edit

Research into the efficacy of diaphragmatic pacing (DP) for ventilatory support has had mixed results, that depend largely on the disease process of the patient population being studied.[29]

Numerous studies have shown that DP can be a very effective tool for patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI).[30][31][32][29] One retrospective long-term multivariate analysis of patients with cervical SCI injuries, found that DP produced better survival rates and updated self-reported quality of life ratings than did the use of mechanical ventilation (MV) .[31]

According to a number of high profile studies, diaphragm pacing should not be used to treat respiratory failure in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).[33][34] Studies have demonstrated a significantly higher mortality rate in patients with activated DP implants, than those who received the traditional MV for treatment in later stages of ALS. There have been virtually no clinical trials published on the efficacy of DP in patients with ALS since around 2016, due to the results of the DiPALS study, that showed a mortality rate of 76% of patients with the implant compared to 51% of patients who received MV alone.[34] The USA has allowed the implementation of DP for patients with ALS using a “Compassionate Authorization”, however Europe has stopped all authorization for DP in patients with ALS.[35]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Sarnoff, S.J.; Whittenberger, J.L.; Hardenbergh, E. (1948). "Electrophrenic respiration. Mechanism of the inhibition of spontaneous respiration". American Journal of Physiology. 155 (2): 203–207. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1948.155.2.203. PMID 18107083.
  2. ^ Marshall, L.B., ed. (1951). "Electrophrenic Respiration". United States Navy Medical News Letter. 18 (4): 10–12.
  3. ^ Bhimji, S. (16 December 2015). Mosenifar, Z. (ed.). "Overview - Indications and Contraindications". Medscape - Diaphragm Pacing. WebMD LLC. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  4. ^ Khanna, V.K. (2015). "Chapter 19: Diaphragmatic/Phrenic Nerve Stimulation". Implantable Medical Electronics: Prosthetics, Drug Delivery, and Health Monitoring. Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland. p. 453. ISBN 9783319254487. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  5. ^ Chen, M.L.; Tablizo, M.A.; Kun, S.; Keens, T.G. (2005). "Diaphragm pacers as a treatment for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome". Expert Review of Medical Devices. 2 (5): 577–585. doi:10.1586/17434440.2.5.577. PMID 16293069. S2CID 12142444.
  6. ^ "Use and Care of the NeuRx Diaphragm Pacing System" (PDF). Synapse Biomedical, Inc. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  7. ^ Hufeland, C.W. (1783). Usum uis electriciae in asphyxia experimentis illustratum. Dissertatio inauguralis medica sistens.
  8. ^ a b Althaus, Julius (1870). A Treatise on Medical Electricity, Theoretical and Practical: And Its Use in the Treatment of Paralysis, Neuralgia and Other Diseases (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 676. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  9. ^ Duchenne, G.B.A. (1855). De l'electrisation localisée et de son application a la physiologie, a la pathologie et a la thérapeutique. Paris: Baillière. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  10. ^ von Ziemssen, H.W. (1857). Die Electricität in der Medicin Studien. Berlin: Hirschwald. p. 106. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  11. ^ Duchenne, G.B.A. (1872). De l'électrisation localisée et de son application à la pathologie et à la thérapeutique par courants induits et par courants galvaniques interrompus et continus. Paris: Baillière. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  12. ^ "Smother Small Dog To See it Revived". The New York Times. 29 May 1908. Retrieved 19 February 2016 – via WikiMedia Commons.
  13. ^ Sarnoff, S.J.; Hardenbergh, E.; Whittenberger, J.L. (1948). "Electrophrenic Respiration". Science. 108 (2809): 482. Bibcode:1948Sci...108..482S. doi:10.1126/science.108.2809.482. PMID 17733839.
  14. ^ Judson, J.P.; Glenn, W.W.L. (1968). "Radio-Frequency electrophrenic respiration: Long-term application to a patient with primary hypoventilation". JAMA. 203 (12): 1033–1037. doi:10.1001/jama.1968.03140120031007. PMID 5694362.
  15. ^ "History of Pacing". Avery Biomedical Devices, Inc. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  16. ^ Wang, Diep (June 2015). "Diaphragm Pacing without Tracheostomy in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Patients". Respiration. 89 (6). Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  17. ^ "Phrenic Nerve Stimulation". Atrotech. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  18. ^ Bach, J.R.; O'Connor, K. (1991). "Electrophrenic ventilation: A different perspective". The Journal of the American Paraplegia Society. 14 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1080/01952307.1991.11735829. PMID 2022962.
  19. ^ Brouillette, R.T.; Marzocchi, M. (1994). "Diaphragm pacing: clinical and experimental results". Biology of the Neonate. 65 (3–4): 265–271. doi:10.1159/000244063. PMID 8038293.
  20. ^ Shaul, D.B.; Danielson, P.D.; McComb, J.G.; Keens, T.G. (2002). "Thoracoscopic placement of phrenic nerve electrodes for diaphragmatic pacing in children". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 37 (7): 974–978. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2002.33821. PMID 12077752.
  21. ^ a b c d "Diaphragmatic/Phrenic Nerve Stimulation and Diaphragm Pacing Systems". Policy # MED.00100. Anthem Insurance Companies, Inc. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  22. ^ "PART 882 -- NEUROLOGICAL DEVICES". CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 21 August 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  23. ^ a b "Chapter 1, Part 2, Section 160.19: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator" (PDF). Medicare National Coverage Determinations Manual. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  24. ^ "Phrenic Nerve Stimulation". Atrotech OY. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  25. ^ "Premarket Approval". fda.gov. US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  26. ^ SFU professor's invention to help recovery of ventilator patients approved for emergency use in U.S. - Meera Bains, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 8 May 2020
  27. ^ a b Bhimji, S. (16 December 2015). Mosenifar, Z. (ed.). "Technique - Insertion of Pacemaker". Medscape - Diaphragm Pacing. WebMD LLC. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  28. ^ "Surgery: What to Expect" (PDF). NeuRx Diaphragm Pacing System Patient/Caregiver Information and Instruction Manual. Synapse Biomedical, Inc. 2011. p. 18. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  29. ^ a b Woo, A-la; Tchoe, Ha-jin; Shin, Hae-won; Shin, Chae-min; Lim, Chae-Man (2020). "Assisted Breathing with a Diaphragm Pacing System: A Systematic Review". Yonsei Medical Journal. 61 (12): 1024. doi:10.3349/ymj.2020.61.12.1024. ISSN 0513-5796. PMC 7700882.
  30. ^ Wijkstra, Peter J.; van der Aa, Hans; Hofker, H. Sijbrand; Curto, Francesco; Giacomini, Matteo; Stagni, Giuliana; Dura Agullo, Maria Asuncion; Curià Casanoves, Francesc Xavier; Benito-Penalva, Jesús; Martinez-Barenys, Carlos; Vidal, Joan (2022). "Diaphragm Pacing in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A European Experience". Respiration. 101 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1159/000517401. ISSN 0025-7931.
  31. ^ a b Romero, F J; Gambarrutta, C; Garcia-Forcada, A; Marín, M A; Diaz de la Lastra, E; Paz, F; Fernandez-Dorado, M T; Mazaira, J (16 July 2021). "Long-term evaluation of phrenic nerve pacing for respiratory failure due to high cervical spinal cord injury". Spinal Cord. 50 (12): 895–898. doi:10.1038/sc.2012.74. ISSN 1362-4393.
  32. ^ Posluszny, Joseph A.; Onders, Raymond; Kerwin, Andrew J.; Weinstein, Michael S.; Stein, Deborah M.; Knight, Jennifer; Lottenberg, Lawrence; Cheatham, Michael L.; Khansarinia, Saeid; Dayal, Saraswati; Byers, Patricia M.; Diebel, Lawrence (1 February 2014). "Multicenter review of diaphragm pacing in spinal cord injury: Successful not only in weaning from ventilators but also in bridging to independent respiration". Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 76 (2): 303–310. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000000112. ISSN 2163-0755.
  33. ^ Gonzalez-Bermejo, Jésus; Morélot-Panzini, Capucine; Tanguy, Marie-Laure; Meininger, Vincent; Pradat, Pierre-François; Lenglet, Timothée; Bruneteau, Gaëlle; Forestier, Nadine Le; Couratier, Philippe; Guy, Nathalie; Desnuelle, Claude; Prigent, Hélène; Perrin, Christophe; Attali, Valérie; Fargeot, Catherine (11 October 2016). "Early diaphragm pacing in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (RespiStimALS): a randomised controlled triple-blind trial". The Lancet Neurology. 15 (12): 1217–1227. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30233-2.
  34. ^ a b "Safety and efficacy of diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory insufficiency due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (DiPALS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial". The Lancet Neurology. 14 (9): 883–892. 30 July 2015. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00152-0. hdl:10026.1/3556.
  35. ^ Le Pimpec-Barthes, Francoise; Legras, Antoine; Arame, Alex; Pricopi, Ciprian; Boucherie, Jean-Claude; Badia, Alain; Panzini, Capucine Morelot (8 April 2016). "Diaphragm pacing: the state of the art". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 8 (S4): S376–S386. doi:10.21037/jtd.2016.03.97. PMC 4856845.

Further reading edit

  • Bhimji, S. (16 December 2015). Mosenifar, Z. (ed.). "Diaphragm Pacing". Medscape. WebMD LLC.
  • Khanna, V.K. (2015). "Chapter 19: Diaphragmatic/Phrenic Nerve Stimulation". Implantable Medical Electronics: Prosthetics, Drug Delivery, and Health Monitoring. Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland. p. 453. ISBN 9783319254487.

March 16, 2024
diaphragm, pacing, even, earlier, electrophrenic, respiration, rhythmic, application, electrical, impulses, diaphragm, provide, artificial, ventilatory, support, respiratory, failure, sleep, apnea, historically, this, been, accomplished, through, electrical, s. Diaphragm pacing and even earlier as electrophrenic respiration 1 2 is the rhythmic application of electrical impulses to the diaphragm to provide artificial ventilatory support for respiratory failure or sleep apnea 3 4 Historically this has been accomplished through the electrical stimulation of a phrenic nerve by an implanted receiver electrode 5 though today an alternative option of attaching percutaneous wires to the diaphragm exists 6 Diaphragm pacingElectrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve has been known to stimulate respiration for centuries Other namesphrenic nerve pacing edit on Wikidata Contents 1 History 2 Methodology and devices 3 Surgical procedure 4 Research 5 References 6 Further readingHistory editThe idea of stimulating the diaphragm through the phrenic nerve was first firmly postulated by German physician Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland who in 1783 proposed that such a technique could be applied as a treatment for asphyxia 7 8 545 549 French neurologist Duchenne de Boulogne made a similar proposal in 1855 though neither of them tested it 9 It was not until a year later that Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen demonstrated diaphragm pacing on a 27 year old woman asphyxiated on charcoal fumes by rhythmically faradizing her phrenic nerves saving her life 8 10 49 Duchenne would later in 1872 declare the technique the best means of imitating natural respiration 11 However advances in mechanical ventilation by the likes of George Poe in the early twentieth century 12 ended up being initially favored over phrenic nerve stimulation Harvard researchers Sarnoff et al revisited diaphragm pacing via the phrenic nerve in 1948 publishing their experimental results on dogs 1 In a separate publication a few days before the same group also revealed they had an opportunity to use the technique on a five year old boy with complete respiratory paralysis following rupture of a cerebral aneurysm Referring to the process as electrophrenic respiration Sarnoff was able to artificially respirate the young boy for 52 hours 13 The technology behind diaphragm pacing was advanced further in 1968 with the publication of doctors John P Judson and William W L Glenn s research on the use of radio frequency transmission to at whim adjust the amplitude of stimulation and to control the rate of stimulation externally 14 Teaming up with Avery Laboratories Glenn brought his prototype device to the commercial market in the early 1970s 15 The Avery Breathing Pacemaker received pre market approval from the FDA in 1987 for chronic ventilatory support because of upper motor neuron respiratory muscle paralysis in patients of all ages 16 In the 1980s sequential multipole stimulation was developed in Tampere Finland This technology was commercialized as the Atrostim PNS system and became commercially available in Europe in 1990 17 By the early 1990s long term evaluations of the technology were being published with some researchers such as Bach and O Connor stating that phrenic nerve pacing is a valid option for the properly screened patient but that expense failure rate morbidity and mortality remain excessive and that alternative methods of ventilatory support should be explored 18 Others such as Brouillette and Marzocchi suggested that advances in encapsulation and electrode technologies could improve system longevity and reduce damage to diaphragm muscle 19 Additionally new surgical techniques such as a thoracoscopic approach began to appear in the late 1990s 20 In the mid 2000s U S company Synapse Biomedical began researching a new diaphragm pacing system that would not have to attach to the phrenic nerve but instead depended on four electrodes implanted in the muscle of the diaphragm to electronically stimulate contraction The marketed NeuRx device received several FDA approvals under a Humanitarian Device Exemption HDE one in 2008 and another in 2011 21 Methodology and devices editThe basic principle behind a diaphragm pacing device the U S Food and Drug Administration identifies the device as a diaphragmatic phrenic nerve stimulator 22 involves passing an electric current through electrodes that are attached internally The diaphragm contracts expanding the chest cavity and causing air to be sucked into the lungs inspiration When not stimulated the diaphragm relaxes and air moves out of the lungs expiration According to the United States Medicare system phrenic nerve stimulators are indicated for selected patients with partial or complete respiratory insufficiency and can be effective only if the patient has an intact phrenic nerve and diaphragm 23 Common patient diagnoses for phrenic nerve pacing include patients with spinal cord injury central sleep apnea congenital central hypoventilation syndrome i e Ondine s curse and diaphragm paralysis 21 23 There are currently three commercially distributed diaphragm pacing devices Synapse Biomedical Inc s NeuRx US Avery Biomedical Devices Inc s Mark IV Breathing Pacemaker US 21 and Atrotech OY s Atrostim PNS Finland 24 The Synapse and Avery devices are distributed worldwide and approved for use in the United States 21 The Atrotech device is not available in the U S As of December 2019 FDA Premarket Approval was given to Avery s Spirit Transmitter Device replacing the Mark IV transmitter 25 In May 2020 Canadian company Lungpacer Medical received approval for emergency use by the USFDA amid the COVID 19 pandemic 26 Surgical procedure editIn the case of the Atrostim and Mark IV devices several surgical techniques may be used Surgery is typically performed by placing an electrode around the phrenic nerve either in the neck i e cervically an older technique or in the chest i e thoracically more modern This electrode is connected to a radiofrequency receiver which is implanted just under the skin An external transmitter sends radio signals to the device by an antenna that is worn over the receiver 27 For the cervical surgical technique the phrenic nerve is approached via a small 5 cm incision slightly above and midline to the clavic The phrenic nerve is then isolated under the scalenus anticus muscle For the thoracic surgical technique a small 5 cm incisions over the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space The electrodes are placed around the phrenic nerves alongside the pericardium The use of a thorascope allows for this technique to be performed in a minimally invasive manner 27 In the case of the NeuRx device a series of four incisions are made in the abdominal skin Several tools such as a laparoscope and probe are used to find the best four locations on the diaphragm to attach four electrodes which have connections outside the body A fifth electrode is placed just under the skin in the same area All these connect to the device 28 Research editResearch into the efficacy of diaphragmatic pacing DP for ventilatory support has had mixed results that depend largely on the disease process of the patient population being studied 29 Numerous studies have shown that DP can be a very effective tool for patients with spinal cord injuries SCI 30 31 32 29 One retrospective long term multivariate analysis of patients with cervical SCI injuries found that DP produced better survival rates and updated self reported quality of life ratings than did the use of mechanical ventilation MV 31 According to a number of high profile studies diaphragm pacing should not be used to treat respiratory failure in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS 33 34 Studies have demonstrated a significantly higher mortality rate in patients with activated DP implants than those who received the traditional MV for treatment in later stages of ALS There have been virtually no clinical trials published on the efficacy of DP in patients with ALS since around 2016 due to the results of the DiPALS study that showed a mortality rate of 76 of patients with the implant compared to 51 of patients who received MV alone 34 The USA has allowed the implementation of DP for patients with ALS using a Compassionate Authorization however Europe has stopped all authorization for DP in patients with ALS 35 References edit a b Sarnoff S J Whittenberger J L Hardenbergh E 1948 Electrophrenic respiration Mechanism of the inhibition of spontaneous respiration American Journal of Physiology 155 2 203 207 doi 10 1152 ajplegacy 1948 155 2 203 PMID 18107083 Marshall L B ed 1951 Electrophrenic Respiration United States Navy Medical News Letter 18 4 10 12 Bhimji S 16 December 2015 Mosenifar Z ed Overview Indications and Contraindications Medscape Diaphragm Pacing WebMD LLC Retrieved 19 February 2016 Khanna V K 2015 Chapter 19 Diaphragmatic Phrenic Nerve Stimulation Implantable Medical Electronics Prosthetics Drug Delivery and Health Monitoring Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland p 453 ISBN 9783319254487 Retrieved 19 February 2016 Chen M L Tablizo M A Kun S Keens T G 2005 Diaphragm pacers as a treatment for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Expert Review of Medical Devices 2 5 577 585 doi 10 1586 17434440 2 5 577 PMID 16293069 S2CID 12142444 Use and Care of the NeuRx Diaphragm Pacing System PDF Synapse Biomedical Inc Retrieved 19 February 2016 Hufeland C W 1783 Usum uis electriciae in asphyxia experimentis illustratum Dissertatio inauguralis medica sistens a b Althaus Julius 1870 A Treatise on Medical Electricity Theoretical and Practical And Its Use in the Treatment of Paralysis Neuralgia and Other Diseases 2nd ed London Longmans Green and Co p 676 Retrieved 19 February 2016 Duchenne G B A 1855 De l electrisation localisee et de son application a la physiologie a la pathologie et a la therapeutique Paris Bailliere Retrieved 19 February 2016 von Ziemssen H W 1857 Die Electricitat in der Medicin Studien Berlin Hirschwald p 106 Retrieved 19 February 2016 Duchenne G B A 1872 De l electrisation localisee et de son application a la pathologie et a la therapeutique par courants induits et par courants galvaniques interrompus et continus Paris Bailliere Retrieved 19 February 2016 Smother Small Dog To See it Revived The New York Times 29 May 1908 Retrieved 19 February 2016 via WikiMedia Commons Sarnoff S J Hardenbergh E Whittenberger J L 1948 Electrophrenic Respiration Science 108 2809 482 Bibcode 1948Sci 108 482S doi 10 1126 science 108 2809 482 PMID 17733839 Judson J P Glenn W W L 1968 Radio Frequency electrophrenic respiration Long term application to a patient with primary hypoventilation JAMA 203 12 1033 1037 doi 10 1001 jama 1968 03140120031007 PMID 5694362 History of Pacing Avery Biomedical Devices Inc Retrieved 19 February 2016 Wang Diep June 2015 Diaphragm Pacing without Tracheostomy in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Patients Respiration 89 6 Retrieved 2 December 2019 Phrenic Nerve Stimulation Atrotech Retrieved 2 December 2019 Bach J R O Connor K 1991 Electrophrenic ventilation A different perspective The Journal of the American Paraplegia Society 14 1 9 17 doi 10 1080 01952307 1991 11735829 PMID 2022962 Brouillette R T Marzocchi M 1994 Diaphragm pacing clinical and experimental results Biology of the Neonate 65 3 4 265 271 doi 10 1159 000244063 PMID 8038293 Shaul D B Danielson P D McComb J G Keens T G 2002 Thoracoscopic placement of phrenic nerve electrodes for diaphragmatic pacing in children Journal of Pediatric Surgery 37 7 974 978 doi 10 1053 jpsu 2002 33821 PMID 12077752 a b c d Diaphragmatic Phrenic Nerve Stimulation and Diaphragm Pacing Systems Policy MED 00100 Anthem Insurance Companies Inc 5 February 2015 Retrieved 19 February 2016 PART 882 NEUROLOGICAL DEVICES CFR Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 U S Food and Drug Administration 21 August 2015 Retrieved 19 February 2016 a b Chapter 1 Part 2 Section 160 19 Phrenic Nerve Stimulator PDF Medicare National Coverage Determinations Manual Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 27 March 2015 Retrieved 19 February 2016 Phrenic Nerve Stimulation Atrotech OY Retrieved 19 February 2016 Premarket Approval fda gov US Food and Drug Administration Retrieved 2 December 2019 SFU professor s invention to help recovery of ventilator patients approved for emergency use in U S Meera Bains Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 8 May 2020 a b Bhimji S 16 December 2015 Mosenifar Z ed Technique Insertion of Pacemaker Medscape Diaphragm Pacing WebMD LLC Retrieved 19 February 2016 Surgery What to Expect PDF NeuRx Diaphragm Pacing System Patient Caregiver Information and Instruction Manual Synapse Biomedical Inc 2011 p 18 Retrieved 19 February 2016 a b Woo A la Tchoe Ha jin Shin Hae won Shin Chae min Lim Chae Man 2020 Assisted Breathing with a Diaphragm Pacing System A Systematic Review Yonsei Medical Journal 61 12 1024 doi 10 3349 ymj 2020 61 12 1024 ISSN 0513 5796 PMC 7700882 Wijkstra Peter J van der Aa Hans Hofker H Sijbrand Curto Francesco Giacomini Matteo Stagni Giuliana Dura Agullo Maria Asuncion Curia Casanoves Francesc Xavier Benito Penalva Jesus Martinez Barenys Carlos Vidal Joan 2022 Diaphragm Pacing in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury A European Experience Respiration 101 1 18 24 doi 10 1159 000517401 ISSN 0025 7931 a b Romero F J Gambarrutta C Garcia Forcada A Marin M A Diaz de la Lastra E Paz F Fernandez Dorado M T Mazaira J 16 July 2021 Long term evaluation of phrenic nerve pacing for respiratory failure due to high cervical spinal cord injury Spinal Cord 50 12 895 898 doi 10 1038 sc 2012 74 ISSN 1362 4393 Posluszny Joseph A Onders Raymond Kerwin Andrew J Weinstein Michael S Stein Deborah M Knight Jennifer Lottenberg Lawrence Cheatham Michael L Khansarinia Saeid Dayal Saraswati Byers Patricia M Diebel Lawrence 1 February 2014 Multicenter review of diaphragm pacing in spinal cord injury Successful not only in weaning from ventilators but also in bridging to independent respiration Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 76 2 303 310 doi 10 1097 TA 0000000000000112 ISSN 2163 0755 Gonzalez Bermejo Jesus Morelot Panzini Capucine Tanguy Marie Laure Meininger Vincent Pradat Pierre Francois Lenglet Timothee Bruneteau Gaelle Forestier Nadine Le Couratier Philippe Guy Nathalie Desnuelle Claude Prigent Helene Perrin Christophe Attali Valerie Fargeot Catherine 11 October 2016 Early diaphragm pacing in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis RespiStimALS a randomised controlled triple blind trial The Lancet Neurology 15 12 1217 1227 doi 10 1016 S1474 4422 16 30233 2 a b Safety and efficacy of diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory insufficiency due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis DiPALS a multicentre open label randomised controlled trial The Lancet Neurology 14 9 883 892 30 July 2015 doi 10 1016 S1474 4422 15 00152 0 hdl 10026 1 3556 Le Pimpec Barthes Francoise Legras Antoine Arame Alex Pricopi Ciprian Boucherie Jean Claude Badia Alain Panzini Capucine Morelot 8 April 2016 Diaphragm pacing the state of the art Journal of Thoracic Disease 8 S4 S376 S386 doi 10 21037 jtd 2016 03 97 PMC 4856845 Further reading editBhimji S 16 December 2015 Mosenifar Z ed Diaphragm Pacing Medscape WebMD LLC Khanna V K 2015 Chapter 19 Diaphragmatic Phrenic Nerve Stimulation Implantable Medical Electronics Prosthetics Drug Delivery and Health Monitoring Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland p 453 ISBN 9783319254487 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Diaphragm pacing amp oldid 1193458810, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.